adaptive strategies:
DESCRIPTION
Adaptive Strategies:. Horticulture. Functional Consequences. Tribes or Chiefdoms Larger, more stable groups Sendentary or semi-sendentary villages Division of labor by sex & age Some specialization Egalitarian, with some stratification Private ownership of resources Larger kinship groups - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Adaptive Strategies:
Horticulture
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Functional Consequences
Tribes or Chiefdoms Larger, more stable groups Sendentary or semi-sendentary villages Division of labor by sex & age Some specialization Egalitarian, with some stratification Private ownership of resources Larger kinship groups Recognized leadership positions Territoriality & conflict over land Polytheistic, ancestor worship
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Horticulture
EXTENSIVE cultivation Forests—requires large expanse of
land, more investment in land Feed 10X
as many as H&G
Hand tools
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Swidden, Slash-and-Burn, Shifting Horticulture
Clear let dry burn
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Nutrient poor – nutrients are in trees/plantsAsh provides nutrients
(potassium), kills pests
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Inter-cropping
Symbiotic relationship
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Cultivate 1-3 years, abandon Long fallow (10-12 years)
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Kayapó Example Division of labor based on
age groups & gender
Complimentary tasks:
Men & boys fell trees, burn
Women plant, weed, harvest
Exchange of products from gardening, hunting, fishing
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Cultigens – 100s of Years of Selection
Knowledge of ecology Clouds River stages Mosaic of soil types Timing of burning
(before rains)
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Circular Fields: Center—Sweet potato high solar
energy efficiency, drought resistant, tolerant of sun Monocrop, more frequent burning,
weeding, soil aeration Second—Manioc, yams, corn, beans,
cotton, sugar cane, annatto (achiote) Diversity, lowest soil fertility, crops
tolerant of low nutrients Outer—Bananas, papaya, nutrient
-rich soils, receive nutrients from forest canopy Long-producing perennials
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Apêtê (forest islands)A complex form of soil
management Increases biodiversity, attracts
plants, animals LITTER, TERMITE NESTS, ANT
NESTS to create compost
Long fallow for reforestationDispersed fields limit plant
diseases, pests
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Variety of ActivitiesPlant new gardensTransplant plants to
enhance availability along forest trails
Nuture forest plants by weeding
Also hunt, fish, gather Trekking during dry
season
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KAYAPO RECOGNIZE 120 SPECIES OF PLANTS:
72% MEDICINAL 40% FOOD 25% FIREWOOD 12% FERTILIZERS 8% SHADE 30% OTHER (DYE FOR BODY
PAINTING, ETC.)
If you were in
a tropical
rainforest, how
well could you
survive?
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Kayapó Diet & ChangePre-contact: sweet potatoes,
palm hearts, meatPost-contact: manioc, rice,
beans, coffeeManioc is processed into
farinha, is labor intensive, requires machinery
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Food & Politics Women share harvest with husbands,
children, parents, brothers Men share meat with women But—since fuel & lubricants for the
manioc grinder are dispersed by the chief, men & women are obliged to conform to the organization & tempo directed by the chief
Sweet potatos are independent of chiefly control, thus involve ongoing reciprocity
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Meat Meat preparation is centralized &
controlled by elder men Men hunt in age grades, deliver meat
to elders, who cook & distribute it Rights to certain parts are inherited,
but conflicts arise; elders must keep the peace Unmarried youth & parents are
prohibited from eating the stomach & intestines
Men also hunt armadillos & tortoises Fish using poison from timbo vines
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Kayapó Society Population – 200-700 Politically autonomous villages
Rainy season-remain in village
Dry season-trekking Several nuclear families
share a residence & food
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Kayapó Age Grades Each of 7 or 8 age grades has
privileges & obligations Age 1-3
Receive ritual names 2 groups for boys, 2 for girls
Boys @ age 10 Move into men’s house Each is assigned to a warrior who
teaches the customs
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Warriors Are initiated at age 15 Have prestige, but no family
obligations Maintain order
Parents Join 1 of 2 cooperative work
groups
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Men’s Societies & “Chiefs”
Work as a group to hunt, garden, collect Brazil nuts
Men must participate to acquire trade goods needed for their production
The chief owns canoes & provides fuel (+farinha technology) thus men must be in good standing to borrow these
The chief controls collective activities, so household autonomy is illusory
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Each village has 1-2 chiefs with no authority But they are the ones with access
to outside technology They control by creating loyalties
through distribution of trade goods
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Kayapó are matrilineal & matrilocal
-Monogamy
-Arranged marriages-Adultery
Kayapó have shamans Sorcery is the cause of illness