adapting soil-water management to climate...
TRANSCRIPT
Adapting Soil-Water Management to Climate Change
Insights from a Portfolio Review
Susanne ScheierlingWater Anchor, TWIWA
Learning Session: Climate-Smart AgricultureARD Days 2011, March 23, 2011
1. Background on ESW
2. Methodology of Review
3. Overview of Portfolio
4. Key Findings
5. Conclusions
Outline
Measures for Addressing Groundwater Overexploitation (1)
ESW “Improving Water Management in Rainfed Agriculture” carried out by Water Anchor
Key Themes:
•Highlight importance of topic with a focus on water-constrained production systems
•Explore approaches for improving water management
•Review the project experience of the World Bank
•Analyze challenges related to improving water management
•Propose options and recommendations
•Disseminate insights to improve design and implementation of appropriate interventions
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience Background on ESW
Experience with Improving Groundwater Management
(i) Significance of rainfed agriculture
Of 1.5 billion ha cropland worldwide, 82 % is rainfed.
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience Importance of Topic
Experience with Improving Groundwater Management
(ii) Need for improving water management
Especially in dry subhumid regions, and temperate and tropical arid and semi-arid regions, water management is often a key determinant for agricultural production and productivity.
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience Importance of Topic
“With competition for water growing, the scope for further irrigation expansion is limited (with few exceptions, such as Sub-Saharan Africa). Thus agriculture must meet future food demand through water productivity improvements in both irrigated and rainfed areas. “
World Development Report, 2008.
Experience with Improving Groundwater Management
(iii) Relatively high share of rural population
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience Importance of Topic
One third (820 million) of the developing world’s rural population lives in less favored rainfed regions, characterized by frequent moisture stress (arid and semi-arid regions).
World Development Report, 2008.
Experience with Improving Groundwater Management
(iv) Impact of climate change is likely to be severe
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience Importance of Topic
“Rainfed agriculture, in particular, is highly vulnerable to reduced rainfall and shifts in rainfall timing and distribution.”
Strategic Framework for the WBG on Development and Climate Change, 2008.
Projected percentage change in yields of 11 major crops given current agricultural practices and crop varieties.
World Development Report, 2010
Inclusion of four main approaches:
(a) Promoting soil and water management techniques
(b) Accounting for watershed level impacts
(payments for environmental services, carbon sequestration)
(c) Ensuring a supportive agricultural policy environment,
including climate risk management
(d)Providing better hydroclimatic information
Experience with Improving Groundwater Management
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience Background on ESW
1. Background on ESW
2. Methodology of Review
3. Overview of Portfolio
4. Key Findings
5. Conclusions
Outline
Experience with Improving Groundwater Management
- Use of ARD database of agriculture-related projects
- Selection of period FY99 - FY08
- Based on ARD project classification and review of potentially
relevant project, inclusion of 73 projects in portfolio review
- Basis of review are Project Appraisal Documents (PADs)
- Key issues of analysis:
(i) What is extent of commitments to agricultural water management in rainfed agriculture?
(ii) Which approaches and measures are included in project activities?
(iii) How is climate change considered in project design?
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience Methodology
1. Background on ESW
2. Methodology of Review
3. Overview of Portfolio
4. Key Findings
5. Conclusions
Outline
Experience with Improving Groundwater Management
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International ExperienceCommitments by Regions and Countries
AFR53%
EAP6%
ECA1%
LCR7%
MNA9%
SAR24%
- About half of the commitments on agricultural water management are
focused on the Africa Region- Ethiopia and India are the main recipients
Ethiopia
China Yemen
India
Tanzania
Kenya
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
AFR EAP ECA LCR MNA SARC
om
mit
me
nts
to
Agr
icu
ltu
ral
Rai
nw
ate
r M
anag
em
en
t ($
m)
Experience with Improving Groundwater Management
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International ExperienceCommitments over Period FY09-FY08
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Co
mm
itm
ent
to A
gric
ult
ura
l Rai
nw
ater
M
anag
emen
t ($
m)
Year of Approval
ECA
EAP
MNA
LCR
SAR
AFR
Experience with Improving Groundwater Management
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International ExperienceProject Development Objectives Associated with Commitments
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Nu
mb
er o
f P
roje
cts
1. Background on ESW
2. Methodology of Review
3. Overview of Portfolio
4. Key Findings
5. Conclusions
Outline
Experience with Improving Groundwater Management
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience(i) What is Extent of Commitments
to Agricultural Water Management in Rainfed Agriculture?
About 4.5% of total commitments to agriculture are for agricultural water management in rainfed agriculture.
(About a third are for the irrigation and drainage subsector.)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Co
mm
itm
ent
($m
)
Year of Approval
Agricultural Rainwater Management
Irrigation and Drainage Sub-sector
Other Commitments to Agriculture
Experience with Improving Groundwater Management
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience(i) What is Extent of Commitments
to Agricultural Water Management in Rainfed Agriculture?
In about half of the projects, the share of commitment dedicated to agricultural water management in rainfed agriculture amounts to less than 10%.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Shar
e o
f C
om
mit
men
t D
edic
ated
to
A
gric
ult
ura
l Rai
nw
ater
Man
agem
ent
Projects
Measures for Addressing Groundwater Overexploitation (1)
Overview on Four Main Approaches:
(a) Promoting Soil and Water Management Techniques 70 projects
(b) Providing Better Hydroclimatic Information 6 projects
(c) Ensuring a Supportive Agricultural Policy Environment,
Including Climate Risk Management3 projects on climate risk management
(d) Accounting for Watershed Level Impacts, Including Payments for
Environmental Services, or Carbon Sequestration
No project
(45 projects recognize positive downstream impacts of rainwater management measures)
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience (ii) Which Approaches and Measures Are Included in Project Activities?
Measures for Addressing Groundwater Overexploitation (1)
(a) Promoting Soil and Water Management Techniques (70 projects)
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience (ii) Which Approaches and Measures Are Included in Project Activities?
• Wide variety of techniques is promoted (sometimes without specifying them)
• Main purpose of techniques:
- Harvest water 47% of projects
- Hold water in situ 29% of projects
- Minimize soil loss 41% of projects- No information provided 30% of projects
Terraces Contour Bunds On-farm Ponds Check Dams
Measures for Addressing Groundwater Overexploitation (1)
(a) Promoting Soil and Water Management Techniques (70 projects)
• Expected effects of techniques
based on project indicators frequently used in Results Framework:
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience (ii) Which Approaches and Measures Are Included in Project Activities?
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Increase in adoption of soil and water conservation techniques
Increase in farmer income
Increase in agricultural productivity
Reduction in erosion
Mitigation of drought
Increase in vegetation cover, or carbon sequestion
Increase in volume or regulation of water availability downstream
Share of Soil and Water Management Techniques Projects with Indicator
Measures for Addressing Groundwater Overexploitation (1)
(b) Providing Better Hydroclimatic Information (6 projects)
• Drought early warning systems (combined with contingency plans)
3 projects
(weather stations and drought studies in Morocco, improvements in data collection systems in Ethiopia and Kenya)
• Early warning system, including data collection and modeling of climate impacts on agriculture, land cover, floods etc
3 projects
(India, Mozambique and Malawi)
• No project focuses specifically on
- generating seasonal (ENSO-based) projections, and/or
- making adequate information available to farmers
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience (ii) Which Approaches and Measures Are Included in Project Activities?
Measures for Addressing Groundwater Overexploitation (1)
(c) Ensuring a Supportive Agricultural Policy Environment,
including Climate Risk Management
• Climate Risk Management
3 projects
(crop insurance in Kazakhstan, index-based weather insurance in Ethiopia and Malawi, in the latter case with derivative contracts)
• Supportive Agricultural Policy Environment
- Packages of other agriculture-related interventions are included in almost all projects promoting soil and water conservation techniques
(e.g. access to markets and information, seed improvement)
- Most comprehensive packages tend to be in projects focused on watershed/natural resources management, poverty reduction, and rural development
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience (ii) Which Approaches and Measures Are Included in Project Activities?
Measures for Addressing Groundwater Overexploitation (1)
(d) Accounting for Watershed Level Impacts, Including Payments for Environmental Services, or for Carbon Sequestration
• Recognition of Watershed Level Impacts
- 62% of projects mention externalities
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience (ii) Which Approaches and Measures Are Included in Project Activities?
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Erosion control
Increase in groundwater recharge
Carbon sequestration
Decrease in flood damages
Flow regulation
Share of Projects Mentioning Externalities
Measures for Addressing Groundwater Overexploitation (1)
(d) Accounting for Watershed Level Impacts, Including Payments for Environmental Services, or for Carbon Sequestration
• Payments for Environmental Services
No project
(but already included in several forestry-related projects, especially
in LAC Region)
• Payments for Carbon Sequestration
No project
(two projects in Rwanda and Kenya estimate carbon sequestration
benefits)
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience (ii) Which Approaches and Measures Are Included in Project Activities?
Experience with Improving Groundwater Management
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience(iii) How is Climate Change Considered in Project Design?
Climate Change Considerations in the Portfolio during FY09-FY08:
Six projects have incorporated climate change-related measures among components.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Nu
mb
er o
f p
roje
cts
Year of Approval
Climate change not mentioned
Climate change mentioned (no specific measure included)
Climate change measures in a forthcoming GEF project
Climate change measures included among components
Experience with Improving Groundwater Management
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience(iii) How is Climate Change Considered in Project Design?
Commitments to Climate Change-Related Activities in the Portfolio during FY09-FY08:
Commitments to climate change-related activities amount to ($33 million), or 5% of total commitments to agricultural water management in rainfed agriculture.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Co
mm
itm
ents
to
Agr
icu
ltu
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ain
wat
er
Man
agem
ent
($m
)
Year of Approval
Activities not related to climate change
Activities related to climate change
Experience with Improving Groundwater Management
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience(iii) How is Climate Change Considered in Project Design?
Climate Change-Related Measures Included in Components (6 projects):
(i) Support for Improving Understanding of Climate Change Effects- Mozambique: Market-Led Smallholder Development in the
Zambezi Valley Project (2006):Models to assess priority mitigation interventions
- India: National Agricultural Innovation Project (2006):Research on understanding the effects of climate change on agriculture
(ii) Support for Climate Change Mitigation Measures (for forest-relatedactivities)- Albania Natural Resources Development Project (2005):
Carbon finance resources for carbon sequestration in connectionwith regeneration of degraded lands
Experience with Improving Groundwater Management
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience(iii) How is Climate Change Considered in Project Design?
Climate Change-Related Measures Included in Components (6 projects):
(iii) Support for Climate Change Adaptation Measures
- China: Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in Irrigated Agriculture Project (2006):Awareness-raising, institutional and capacity strengthening, and demonstration activities (adaptive crop varieties, rainwater harvesting, improved agricultural practices)
- Ethiopia Sustainable Land Management Project (2008): Use of drought resistant crop varieties; and disaster prevention, preparedness and management
- Malawi Agricultural Development Program Support Project (2008):Sustainable land and rainwater management, new tools in market-based risk management
1. Background on ESW
2. Methodology of Review
3. Overview of Portfolio
4. Key Findings
5. Conclusions
Outline
Experience with Improving Groundwater Management
• During FY09-FY08 agricultural water management issues in rainfed agriculture have received relatively limited support (less than 5% of agricultural commitments).
• Support in project design has mostly focused on soil and water conservation techniques, and less on other, more innovative approaches (such as provision of hydroclimatic information, climate risk management, and payments for positive externalities).
• Since the mid-2000s, projects have gradually paid greater attention to climate change considerations, and climate change-related measures are increasingly incorporated.
• The climate change-related measures mainly comprise combinations of measures also found in rainfed agriculture projects aimed at coping with climate (in particular, rainfall) variability.
Observations on KSA
Strategies for Reform
International Experience Conclusions