adams ch08 lecture
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PHARMACOLOGY FOR NURSESPHARMACOLOGY FOR NURSESA Pathophysiological ApproachA Pathophysiological Approach
FOURTH EDITIONFOURTH EDITION
Copyright © 2014, © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
CHAPTER
Drug Administration Throughout the Life Span
8
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Growth – Progressive Increase in Growth – Progressive Increase in Physical SizePhysical Size
• Stages of growth and physical development
• Predictable sequence
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
DevelopmentDevelopment
• Development refers to functional changes in physical, psychomotor, and cognitive capabilities.– Psychomotor and cognitive development
tend to be more variable.
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Providing Optimum CareProviding Optimum Care
• Understand normal growth and development
• Recognize deviations from the norm• Address health-pattern impairments
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Nursing ConsiderationsNursing Considerations
• Individuality of patients• Age, growth, and development of
patients• Relationship to pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Drug Administration During Drug Administration During Pregnancy and LactationPregnancy and Lactation
• Many special considerations must be made.
• How to treat illnesses or medical conditions that existed before the pregnancy with drugs
• Changes occur in endocrine, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, circulatory, and renal systems.
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Changes During PregnancyChanges During Pregnancy
• Absorption of drugs– Abdominal/gastric changes affect
absorption.– Inhaled drugs may be absorbed faster.
• Distribution and metabolism– Changes in cardiac output, plasma
volume, and regional blood flow change distribution and metabolism.
• Drug excretion rates may increase.
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
TeratogenTeratogen
• A substance, organism, or physical agent to which a fetus is exposed that causes permanent abnormality, retardation, or death
• There are no “absolute” teratogens.
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Pregnancy PeriodsPregnancy Periods
• Preimplantation period: weeks 1 to 2 of first trimester– Teratogen either causes death of the
embryo or has no effect.• Embryonic period: weeks 3 to 8
– Period of maximum sensitivity to teratogens
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Pregnancy PeriodsPregnancy Periods
• Fetal period: weeks 9 to 40 or until birth– Medications have prolonged duration of
action.
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Five Pregnancy Categories of Five Pregnancy Categories of DrugsDrugs
• Developed by FDA– No testing on humans is possible, so
data is sometimes limited.• Categories—A, B, C, D, X• Gives no specific clinical information to
help guide nurses or their patients about a medication's true safety
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Pregnancy Category A DrugsPregnancy Category A Drugs
• Studies performed with pregnant women
• No increased risk of fetal abnormalities shown
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Pregnancy Category B DrugsPregnancy Category B Drugs
• Animal studies have shown no risk to fetus.
• No studies done with pregnant women
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Pregnancy Category C DrugsPregnancy Category C Drugs
• Animal studies have shown a risk to fetus.
• No studies done with pregnant women
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Pregnancy Category D DrugsPregnancy Category D Drugs
• Risk to fetus shown• Benefits outweigh risk.
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Pregnancy Category X Pregnancy Category X Drugs—ContraindicatedDrugs—Contraindicated
• Studies done with animals or pregnant women
• Fetal abnormalities shown
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Drugs Secreted into Breast MilkDrugs Secreted into Breast Milk
• Fortunately few instances of harm to infant
• Dangerous drugs usually have safe alternatives.
• Drugs that are ionized, water soluble, or bound to plasma proteins are less likely to enter breast milk.
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Table 8.1 Current FDA Pregnancy Category Ratings with Examples
continued on next slide
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Table 8.1 (continued) Current FDA Pregnancy Category Ratings with Examples
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Factors That Affect Drug Exposure Factors That Affect Drug Exposure Through LactationThrough Lactation
• Time between drug administration and breast feeding
• Mother's use of illicit drugs• Amount of drug administered• Amount that reaches fetus tissue• Infant's ability to metabolize drug
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Table 8.2 Current FDA Pregnancy Category Ratings with Examples
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Recommendations for Drug Use Recommendations for Drug Use During LactationDuring Lactation
• Drugs with shorter half-lives are preferable.
• Drugs with long half-lives should be avoided.
• Drugs with high protein-binding ability should be selected.
• All OTC herbal products and dietary supplements should be avoided.
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Patient EducationPatient Education
• Nurse should place focus on drug education of pregnant or lactating mother.
• Thoroughly informed of risks to self and child
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Prenatal Stage and Prenatal Stage and PharmacotherapyPharmacotherapy
• Only when benefits to mother outweigh potential risks to fetus
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Infants and PharmacotherapyInfants and Pharmacotherapy
• Birth to first 12 months• Safety of child is primary• Have child ingest all medication;
difficult to estimate how much lost if spit up
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Infants and PharmacotherapyInfants and Pharmacotherapy
• Nurse/parent should be aware of special procedures for drug administration.– Example: child should be held and
cuddled while medication is administered.
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Figure 8.3 Treating the infant
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Toddlers and PharmacotherapyToddlers and Pharmacotherapy
• Period from 1 to 3 years• Proper storage of drugs; no toddler
access to medications• Short, concise explanations; provide
comfort after• Oral drugs can be mixed with foods like
jam or syrup.• Injections are given at specific locations
with toddlers.
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Preschoolers and Preschoolers and PharmacotherapyPharmacotherapy
• 3 to 5 years of age• Safe storage = out of reach• Can begin to assist with medications• Brief explanation followed by
administration• Mix oral drugs with food or flavored
beverages
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
School-Age Children and School-Age Children and PharmacotherapyPharmacotherapy
• Most children healthy in this period• Offer longer, more detailed
explanations• Praise cooperation• Offer choices when appropriate
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Figure 8.4 Treating the younger school-age child
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Adolescents and Adolescents and PharmacotherapyPharmacotherapy
• Need understanding and respect• Educate about
– Hazards of tobacco and substance abuse
– Sexual intercourse– Eating disorders
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Adolescents and Adolescents and PharmacotherapyPharmacotherapy
• Provide important medication information
• Allow time for questions• Need privacy and control
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Young Adults and Young Adults and PharmacotherapyPharmacotherapy
• Minimal need for prescription drugs unless chronic diseases or immune-related conditions exist
• Positive medication compliance• Educate about substance abuse and
treatment of sexually transmitted diseases
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Middle-Aged Adults and Middle-Aged Adults and PharmacotherapyPharmacotherapy
• Changes begin around 45 years of age• Prescribed drugs for stress-related
illnesses• Numerous life transitions• Positive lifestyle changes could prevent
drug therapy
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Figure 8.5 Treating the middle-aged adult
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Illnesses Requiring Drug Therapy Illnesses Requiring Drug Therapy for Late Middle-Age Adults for Late Middle-Age Adults
• Cardiovascular disease• Hypertension• Diabetes• Cancer• Obesity
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Older Adults and Older Adults and PharmacotherapyPharmacotherapy
• Take multiple medications concurrently, or polypharmacy, is common.
• Some predictable ailments, but much variability remains
• More adverse drug events in geriatric patients
• Reminder aids for administration may be used.
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Older Adults and Older Adults and PharmacotherapyPharmacotherapy
• Maintain independence and dignity• Reminder aids for drug administration
may be beneficial.
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Figure 8.6 Treating the older adult
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Absorption of Drugs Slower Absorption of Drugs Slower in Older Adultsin Older Adults
• Diminished gastric motility• Decreased blood flow to digestive
organs• Increased gastric pH
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Distribution Diminished in Older Distribution Diminished in Older AdultsAdults
• Increased body fat• Reduced plasma level• Less body water
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Distribution Diminished in Older Distribution Diminished in Older AdultsAdults
• Liver produces less albumin:– Decreased plasma protein-binding
ability– Increased levels of free drugs
Increases potential for drug–drug interaction
• Decreased cardiac output
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Metabolism Reduced in Older Metabolism Reduced in Older AdultsAdults
• Reduced first-pass metabolism• Decreased production of liver enzymes• Plasma level elevated• Increases half-life of many drugs• Tissue concentrations increased
Pharmacology for Nursing: A Pathophysiology Approach, Fourth EditionMichael Patrick Adams | Leland N. Holland | Carol Urban
Excretion Reduced in Older AdultsExcretion Reduced in Older Adults
• Reduced renal blood flow• Reduced glomerular filtration rate• Decreased active tubular secretion• Decreased nephron function• Decreased drug excretion for drugs
processed by the kidneys