adam dick m.sc.f. candidate, university of new brunswick 2007 western mensurationists meeting june...
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Adam DickM.Sc.F. Candidate, University of New Brunswick2007 Western Mensurationists MeetingJune 24-26, 2007 Kelowna, B.C.
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A Google example:
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Photography has been an important tool used by foresters for many years
Satellite/ aerial photography underpins most large scale inventories
What if we could have an in-stand perspective to help interpret collected data?
Assist by making data collection more efficient?
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Equipment Digital camera Tripod Tripod mount
Ensures nodal point of lens is above rotational axis of tripod
Eliminates parallax errors
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Camera mounted vertically
Photo every 15-degrees
24 photos per plot Ensures adequate
overlap between adjacent images
Focus, flash settings the same around plot
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Software (Panorama Factory v4.5) Automates stitching process Automatically corrects barrel distortion,
detects focal length
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Unwrap and print out flat stand Distortion free Consistent scale
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So………How can we use these photographs?
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Using photography
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To calculate distance to object Dimension of the tree
(or surrogate) And camera focal
length
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i
DR f
a
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Calculate azimuth to object
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o3600.03 degrees/pixel
12,976
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Azimuth of first tree measured used as reference
Could arbitrarily start at zero if only relative position of trees is required
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Azimuth=7+(1515.59-227.05) 0.03
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Using photography
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Bitterlich 1948 “basal area density of a unit area of area can be
estimated by counting those trees whose diameter at breast height (dbh) subtended angles appearing larger than the horizontal angle-gauge” (Grosenbaugh 1958)
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G zk
D ak
R b
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Using a camera Decourt, N. 1956 Utilisation de la photographie
pour mesurer les surfaces terriers. Revue forestière française, Vol 8. No.7 pp.505-507
Adaptation of Bitterlich to use photographs
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i
G zk
D a ak
R b f
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Several methods identified to do ACS
Measure width of trees in photograph Calculate the BAF of
each tree Apply desired BAF
constant (e.g. mBAF2)
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22 250 50 50 iD a a
BAFR b f
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Calibrate gauge width for photograph
Count trees larger than gauge width
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min50
i BAF fa
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Do as a prism does Shift the tree at
breast height by gauge width
Tree overlaps: in Tree cut: out
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49 plots Sampled trees with a mBAF1 prism 1400 trees sampled▪ Measured tree DBH▪ Distance and azimuth to each tree▪ Took photographs at each plot
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Sampled across range of densities Stand types 2 camera models
Olympus D550Z, 3 megapixels Canon PowerShot SD200, 3.2 megapixels
Stand Density Class (stems/ha)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Num
ber o
f Plo
ts
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
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Azimuth calculations Linear regression
Field measurements vs. measurements from photo
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Distance calculations Linear regression
Field measurements vs. measurements from photo
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Photography is underestimating the distance
Azimuth is generally good
Relative positions of the trees is good
Need to adjust the focal length
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TREE VISIBILITY BY BAF SELECTION
Tree Visibility by BAF selection
mBAF Factor1 2 3 4 5 6
Perc
ent V
isib
le %
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
TREE VISIBILITY BY DISTANCE
Tree Visibility by Distance
Distance from plot centre (m)0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Num
ber o
f Tre
es
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
% o
f Tre
es V
isib
le
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
# of trees measured# of trees visiblepercent of tres visible
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BAF calculations Field measurements
vs. measurements from photo
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Other Applications As a monitoring tool Repeated measures
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Plot 52 – Pre Harvest
Plot 52 – Post Harvest
Maintain data integrity Prescription training
tool