ad-a279 180 nl e (uill ll ni l i rllnis circularthermal conductivity of metals and alloys at low...
TRANSCRIPT
• . AD-A279 180SI lii Nl I E (Uill NI ll l I rllNIS CIRCULAR
Thermal Conductivity of Metals andAlloys at Low Temperatures D IC
ELECTE
A Review of the Literature MAY 12199413
ScD
L G
94-12633
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
, -V 2,5 o045
BestAvailable.
Copy
b
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 0 Sinclair Weeks, SecretaryNATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 0 A. V. Astin, Director
Thermal Conductivity of Metals and
Alloys at Low Temperatures
A Review of the Literature
Robert L. Powell and William A. Blanpied
Acces ion For
NTIS CRAM1DTIC TAB4Unannounced LJustification ...............
C~~w By ............. ....Dist. ibution /
Availability Codes
rx1 A vail andlorDist 1 Special
National Bureau of Standards Circular 556Issued September 1, 1954
Preface
Accurate data on the thermal conductivity of materials of constructionat low temperatures are essential in the design of cyrogenic equipment.Such data on pure metals also have important applications in basic physics.
This Circular is issued to satisfy the need for a complete and authori-tative compilation of the useful data on thermal conductivity at low tem-peratures given in the widely scattered and extensive literature on thesubject. Although the Circular is not primarily a critical compilation, thetext indicates a method that might be used in choosing between conflict-ing data.
It will be noted that there are wide unexplored regions; much experi-mental work remains to be done. It is hoped, therefore, that this Circularwill stimulate additional measurements and indicate the areas in whichdata are most needed.
A. V. ASTIN, Director.
III
Contents
Preface ................................................................................................................ m1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Scope and arrangem ent ..................................................................... 12. Figures and tables ............................................................................................. 2
2.1. List ........................................................................................................... 22.2. M etallic elem ents ............................................................................... 32.3. A lloys and com m ercial m etals ......................................................... 382.4. D ielectric crystals ............................................................................... 56
3. B ibliography ....................................................................................................... 64
IV
Thermal Conductivity of Metals and
Alloys at Low Temperatures
A Review of the Literature'
Robert L. Powell and William A. Blanpied*
An extensive compilation is given of the measured values of thermal conduc-tivity for metals and alloys from room temperature down to approximately 0' K.The more extensive and important data are plotted in 48 graphs. The tables andgraphs for the metallic elements and alloys are essentially complete for literaturereference from 1900 to early 1954. For comparison, several graphs and tables aregiven for some representative dielectrics.
1. Introduction
1.1. Scope and Arrangement
The thermal conductivity values of three per centimeter degree Kelvin (except for atypes of solids are presented: (1) metallic ele- few, which are in milliwatts per centimeterments, (2) alloys, and (3) dielectrics. Very degree Kelvin). A table of conversion factorslittle discussion is presented on the qualitative is given. Arrows on the bottom of the graphstheories or significance of the various experi- indicate the normal boiling points of helium,ments. Recent articles, as indicated under each hydrogen, and nitrogen, and the melting pointmaterial, usually will contain comments on of ice, respectively. A bibliography (nearly allthese aspects of conductivity. Under "metallic dated after 1900) is included at the end of theelements," the materials are arranged by peri- Circular. It is shown in the tables when otherodic groups, beginning with the alkali metals. properties of the samples have been measured,Under "alloys," the materials are arranged in such as electrical resistance, thermal electro-this same manner by major component. In motive force, and specific heat, which are sym-group 3, several dielectrics are included for bolized by R, emf, and C,, respectively.comparison. A list of the figures and tables is The units in the tables and graphs are usuallygiven in section 2.1. watts per centimeter degree Kelvin. These
The professional abstract and leading re- may be converted to other systems of units bysearch journals were searched for references use of the following factors:dating from 1900 to the spring of 1954. It is feltthat the compilation is complete for the metalsand essentially complete for the alloys, but only To convert to- Multiply by-a few representative references are given forthe dielectrics. Conductivity values were col- Cal/cm deg K 0.239lected for the temperature range approximately Btu/ft hr deg F 57.800 to 3000 K. Many of the references contain Btu in/ft'-' hr deg F 693information for room temperature only, andconductivity values from these are given in thetables only. The preparation of this Circular required the
The letters at the left end of the curves are the a ration of mar Foredota code to the names of the authors. The sym- assistance and cooperation of many. Foremostbols at the right end of the curves indicate the among them was Charles A. Meizner, whomaterial tested. Conductivity values in the plotted most of the graphs and analyzed somegraphs and tables are given in units of watts of the original research papers. The coopera-
tion of the many authors and manufacturerstThis work was supported by funds from the U. S. Atomic who supplied reprints of their articles and man-
Energy Commission.*Present address: Yale University, New Haven, Conn. uals for use in this study is acknowledged.
1
2. Figures and Tables
2.1. List ALLOYS
METALLIC ELEMENTS Figures Tables
Figre Material (pgeFigureial Tables Number Page (ae
Number I Page (page) Akl ea________________------- _______ ________ _ Akl-ea 38
Aluminum ----------- 3, 3a I 8,9 8 Aluminum ---------- 22 40 39, 40,
Antimony ----------- 20 36 36 Antimony --------- 29 5415
Brlim------ 2 6 6 Beryllium---------55-Bismuth -------------- 20 36 36,37 Bismuth------__ _ _ I9 545 553
Cadmium ------- 15, 14a 27, 26 26 --------- 9' 9a5455 5
Carbon (graphite)_ 17 30 30 Chromium------------ 2 45
Cerium ------------- 21 337Chopperm----------- 27 2-9,5 48,49
Cobalt --------------- 8,9 16,17 17 50pi-------- 7 9,4,5 4,51,
Copper -------------- 11, 11a. 20,21 20,21 Copper-nickel-----8 9 15 51,52
Gallium -------- ----- 16 29 29 Gold -----_ 2, 69 47,5 52,53
Germanium_______-- 18,19a 31,35 31 Indium-------------- 29, 29a 54,55 53Gold---------------- 13, 12a, 24, 23 24 Iron:Indium -16 29 29 Carbon steel ------ 23,24 43, 44 42Iridium-------------.10, 10a 18, 19 19 Deoxidized steels- 24 44 45Iron----------------- 8,9 16, 17 16 Silicon steels ------ -- 43Lanthanum ----- 9 Corrosion resistingLead---------------- 19, 19a 34, 35 34 steels ----------- 23,24 43,44 43,44,Lithium ------- 1 5 545Magnesium----- 2, 2a 6,7 6,7 Lead---------------- 29, 29a 54,55 54
Manganese-- __ -___ 7 14 15 Magnesium---------- 2a 7 38, 39
Mercury------- 15, 15a 27,28 27 Mercury--------------------- 53Molybdenum ---- 6, 6a 12, 13 12 Nickel--------------- 25 46 45,46
Nickel-------- 8,9 16,17 17 Palladium----------- 26 47 47
Niobium------- 5 11 Platinum ----------- 26 47 47,48
Paladium------------ 10, 10a 18, 19 18Sivr--------2475Platinum------------ 10, 10a 18, 19 19 Thallium ------------ 29, 29a 54,55 53
Potassium ----------- 1 5 5 Tin ----------- 1a__3,3 5Rhodium ------------ 10, 10a 18, 19 18 Titanium------------ 29 54 41
Silicon---------------------- 30 Tungsten -------------------- 1Silver---------12, 12a, 22,23 22 Zinc------------------------ 53
Sodium------ 1 55Tantalum ------------ 5 11 11 DIELECTRICSTellurium------------ 21 37 37_____________Thallium ------------ 16 29 29Tin----------------- 18, 18a, 18b 31, 32, 33 32 Beryrllia------------- 32 60 60
Tianum-------- 41010Diamond------------ 30, 30a, 57, 58 57Tingtaniu--------- 01 Disordered di-
Trnungte--------6, 6a 12, 13 12, 13 electrics----------- 33, 33a 62, 63 62
Uranaium------------21 37 37 Ionic crystals -------- 32, 32a, 60, 61 60
Vanadium ---- 5 11 11 Miscellaneous ------ 56Zinc--------------- 14, 14a, 25,26 25 Quartz--------31, 30a 59,58 59
Zirconium ------------ 4 10 10 Sapphire ------------ 30,30a, 32 57,58,60 57
2.2. Metallic Elements
The variations of the thermal conductivities by the lattice vibrations. However, the relativeof metallic elements with temperature are given contribution of this latter mechanism is insig-in figures 1 to 21. The main figures (those nificant except for alloys, impure metals, andwithout a or b) have the higher temperature the semimetals like bismuth. The transfer ofcurves; usually the temperature range 40 to energy by electrons is impeded by several scat-300" K. When there is sufficient data in the tering mechanisms. At temperatures aboveliquid-helium range, there is a supplementary about 20' K the main scattering agent is thegraph for the range from approximately O0' to metallic lattice itself. Below that temperature50 or 10" K. The graphs aro arranged by peri- the scattering due to impurity centers and lat-odic groups, beginning with the alkali metals. tice defects becomes increasingly more impor-A summary table is included for each graph, tant. In the temperature range from severalgiving for each element a list of references to degrces to about 40° K, the conductivity of aresearch papers on the thermal conductivity of pure metal may be expressed closely by thethe element. The first column contains the equationchemical symbol and the property or composi- 1/k ýý aT2 fIT-1.tion identification on the curves if the data for The term aT2 is characteristic of the lattice ofthe author reference are plotted on the graph. the metal being investigated; the term fiT-1
Not all the available data are plotted on represents the scattering due to impurities. Thegraphs. If measurements were made at only latter term is related to the residual electrical1 or 2 temperatures, representative conductivity resistance. Experimental values for a and /3values are usually given in the "Remarks" col- are given in the tables when the authors in-umn in the corresponding table. When several clude these values in1 their research reports.authors report values that are nearly identical, Several physical and chemical properties ofthe report that was published first is usually the sample affect the conductivity directly. Asrepresented on the graph. There are exceptions the purity of the material is increased, the con-to this when the results of a later author are ductivity maximum rises and is shifted towardmore accurate or more extensive. In most lower temperatures. The thermal resistancegraphs, where there are more than one curve for caused by impurities is not additive-smalla given element, the graph showing the highest changes in purity can cause very large changesconductivity is considered most likely to be rep- in the conductivity near the maximum. Atresentative of that of the pure material. The higher temperatures, however, the effect is nothigher values are associated with the more pure as important. Cold-working and hardening re-material, adequate annealing, and large crystal duce the conductivity and for that reason, othersize. things being equal, the annealed samples will
In the commonly accepted theory for the have a higher conductivity. For some singleconductivity of metals, there are two mechan- crystals the conductivity depends upon theisms for the conduction of heat. In pure metals direction of heat flow. For several metals thatnearly all of the energy transfer is by electrons. are anisotropic, curves are given for variousIn dielectrics, there is also a transport of energy crystal orientations.
3
50 T
20 406 8 0
L1THITSOSDDUM
Bi.................xtrued ad munte in la. C. C. Bi. .e.Ca .M.....
p'toMB . . . Exrue an.one ngsi .C iw
Vnd "er unde vacuu; R. 193. B"cD 2.t Br--s -- om Metdcs in vaum cas int R.-1 Bema and1iI
AlI trac of -ndAlNa b cem- .MD.2 hiip; rae f ete, as i vcum;cat nt R Brmn n
cal~ anlIs______af- Liu__ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ g otgas;R .K .Mc
Doal (95)
M14 J 4U5
fl ~ 10 ... .
30YLIU MAGNESIUM
pure trae ofýý~
Mg:- tota im-7'
purity ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . .. .... d.... t0C 18 t.... .Mnce
"bigh puritf", Igl crsa with heat flo H. tdntd.........o....=l6 al ;R. .......... K.kc.paale to heagna a7is (1938) (1932).
studie effet of mgneti fiel
onRnq .R Jhsn a-Euto ~OSl 5 312 .Mnemh
thy 994%an .MGj Er dI....ae excep roLxs;redc- E rinie n ueRene
Qa)oesoa xs iay a- H-.Efig(92)era a3sicie oro xsb 14)"24. 4?ad30 hwdaio-d. . . . Euto = . X0, B '.5 H .R ehr
copy (1954a)7 .Er0 ~ o....Sm s0 d.........D rigad S....o;mna ............... Sakf
E. (i'nTscns impu-(92,15a
(19 2) tjesa marke
________~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 ______________________________ ngah
66
6.0
.04
MAGNESIUMAGNESIUM
Fe, .023 (15)
Mn 003Pb raeoS, CuAgCa Na.
F- .24= o.....nejdnauu~rt5 oK.S .3....o.....a etetmn snme- o
R . ohso, at nnald h i acumat60'C . . nenbr
thyz99% euto 851' 3.5 1M)pue .03%4MnU005
Fe I.t04%IAL
+7
ALUMINUM
40 11-F-FIGURE 3
30
00
E
00
3
.0.40...80.10
TEMERAURE 7
ALUMIUM AUMINM (Cnt7d
.0.5%ii~fý Fe 0.4% ....a 8' BC.....W Jee n .006 e ph 15)
Cu. . Disseioest0004~ Cu(190). 00-%-T=
L . Jonson Ma- Lahe urne fro lager ampe, C H. eesA. W 8. . do......Sigle rysal, i = .48X 101Do
TEMPEAMgR, -00K
Curve....Measuredrte Reffatoftosio on ernc Jurv Sa.l Caouhro Semr, R0005%eFe,the thermals and elctialcol(12)..00% su
.5.... "aPlres rang-.. Mew asured at 20 and 80'; Reslt.. GLrunienz and P.S. J. Alcoa; 99.996% Conld-drysawn..................al . A. Anowers,(1nga) from, pure% forstnc pufs samples- lies Rus beoT.Gen e. Wchwart,
to~~~MOO i technical,. cu13o-7S.G;sude efct (92) and D. L.Cugans. n rstlbud H. Griinelhose JohnstonCu
aris.(1927). (194%1).
Pure........oh.kn,2M2t L ateturned 2.55 latge sample C. J. Lteer M. W. .2.... Jodon Mat-... Ainneled pycrystal, ; 1 =.48 X 10 K D. Mneuhthy 9 est f27.(1929). the272;94 a =2.3. lO-1 and6H.6M
pure. A . . .3 o ns n Me onbesal ne r d; r sd u l rego.d.... ommrcal......k=21.96 at V*C, 2.56 at W0K, also R. Manchett (11).te;959572a).e o .4 'O 23
masured.4K. (1931). a 272 IO1 8 4.5
pure;..tec nic-..........H.MWaruretrupe.07fct of tors.015ontJ.6E Cat.007 ton (1953).ally pure.ad lctialcn (1925). at00.% Cu,
N...... ampesrng e adsu.rned ht2*arne d of 'K r7.......... drieie aond P. ............. Alo;9 .99% Co2ld 05
,w ......... 3.........HR. W. Poeen.e
are.(1951). (1951).
8....."ue......k 22 t0C .5a 9K ..J telrM .. ono a- Anae oyrsa;a 22 .M nemb
100 i
ALUMINUM ..- 4
14 - T12t 1'44 4.. - iI', 1,.ff 'T"I
if J'v_
40 FIUR 0-fl T!1!
20:
..... .....................- 4 .ewe abu . an H. M.Rsebr
20 0K. 1954a7
+9
50
TEPRAUE00
1-TTITANIUM RCNM
.C00 . jme.. .k~'e . ey .-. 2 at .7X .J jnyad M . Jlun a- neld ~3~G 7. .Mne
atur 4I1 Ii.pr.Beaw
Eu I.li) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __p_ _f_
10
400 TANTALUM i fu MI1 1111
, 1, 1141 11
400- TANTALUM ITAtAII t 1N ICurveIUR 5s~ sourc SRmxzRfrne uv ~ ore emkeeec
H...............n bth nrma an suercndut- . M.Rosnbeg kO.5 at1~C........... Dnat an
"n444u 1154) . M. Wite_____________
(1928)..............................suel 909 -. 3Mi0.........C 14)liý ; 1- ýpuMil
.. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . Maue rtic c dutvtin .V.He anstecnutn n oml J 1 an
Eecnutn stt. .nJ ..Olsen..C8v fffnfpleaofice Remark Reeene(amt)
1E494RfI M.T XI.Jo#naonf Mat- MesuI bot nma and4 upr K. Menehoh
th y .99 . n st.. .p to .. . an .. I .uiy . .n erpur Me. Ros nbeg(92
~~~~~~~~~STT do....Mesrd.uerodc .n.s.e. edeoh
101
ifTh
:4 7M OLYBD EN M
7 TI~T
0
MOLYBDENOLYBUDENTE
E. M. WnePhilivs~ "very AnnealedaT90Ck14a0C W.GKnaui(92)
p2 e.0.(13)
.01 Ge (13) pure". + I- -
ItcUTT Ktl tonsn Mara.~#.867......M uh
-tey 99.96 anT.M m Pilp . ige~sasol ighe t aue W . an
12
I".-
TEMGRUURE 6a
Iuy Is noIe Imat IefeTnI
lie~~~~~~~J -. -Tayl--or ... ...(190)
............................t 7 19~, 2PKapprx. ameW. C Mihel
ruit L - anli (13) an M. Co-T- - -- ---- - -- - (1936).-
T. A .aI aI f. Io Itde eTec eImgei l n .O nie naIve Tnstoy H. ATnt
(13+
H.N Pilp.z~scytl eiulritne WLeHn n0um mesrdefet J d oe
alElPRTUE to[0-Kxs =22a
a1.6 atalysi
....... e.Em.......k-166a C................Sam L H.gmi N.Eanenhemaueed t .d oeabov. hghermageticfieds.(1949).
.. ... H .. ..ohn ..n....t- Annald 78" 1 04 7 apo.2 sa10- W. K . Mendelsshthey; an*9 B-S nai 9.93) and H. M.x
(19w2).
G............ .....as .. Go. Stuidefetof antc.il n BE.B........H..Rmner
(19M4a.
H. .... Phllis ......Si la rysal reidul esitane .J~el13n
4)1T- M T1 1H7 flIM
IffilI tTU~lft TJ;f
60
2~~~~~1 3-1 0 03 0 5
FIGURE~EMERTUE 7 0K , P ;IIl I
140
MANGANESE
Cu" Su our Rerks deemne
....... ............. k-O.06t8rKfor the Bph.-. H. Reddemean(1936).
M.P ..... Johnson. Mat- Anneled; B-I10 .............. K. Mendehnthey; 99.99% and H. M.pure. Romnberg
(1952b).
SUPPLEJMENTARY DATA
Cum eamp=W Rnamrks Re
15
60
I I TtH +ft+1
-S±
I-7 0T
11 liltRIll(Io IRO
F( T I ffa). pIe" Iyic k- 36 an 0.9 4a1 -, +E.Goem-r
..... S. .6 (1932).8
4 .09 .. .02 .n .O (103)
E~K . ......
.. n... .13 ... P .. onoM t . . . . B .o eIthy 9999 J.1111 B.i Zieler.J. ... ..... . ecrlt ; tw Poda 04t afrt.E c e ndp r n .L
Vge grI sie f1 1tad L ttihJhso
Ill 0 Im I -9 an 09 (127 z(O1HllI a)0--
r...pectively, VI atCk 1 119 anITdT-
0. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~1 oL. -Dul _eL T ped;lctolytc.....Friee andl I194Ifinedt E. Goon 1_ __ 1__ __ OF_ __ _ _ __ _ II__I_-----
(197) [L-1_ I I . Of I I I_
16 _ ::: 4
1oh + ......................._I .. - -- - -
1.6:
NICKEL COBTLI
(1IS) I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ II ._IT_
L. . Johnson,~~~~ MIt LaI tundTest .0 C .Le
at . 0K K. IjkIcT10(1927).
P S.~mt Nicel;.....................K. W Poe0s
co-m pue D. -Schwartz-.--
K, T=O.1
D .K. Jhsn a-Anae;a=21' =A .Mneu
thy9.9% maue u o2K n .Mpure.++F Roebr
0152)
K ....... o....Anae;6~O 4I'B . cebr
4.;mauedu4o4~. (94)
-4-17
200 30
~AIL~flhTRHODIDUU
10ilh a 4. H. Winter .. ..
(19 0) (1-- --- 25). --
cirel.;~~... .H. .ed~ n t.y 9.95 an .. M(1934 pur Rcenber
(152)
0. Re do......Celd-rawn annaled t 36C DoZotoor~lntdihak 1.071~ i13....H M eh
2 ......4 XO' .-.1.. ...... . .... .hn.be.
4 6 8 Ino) 0 4060 80(00 20 30
18PRAUE,-
15
I0t
7 R
5)
09 Z(iiiI-+ -----)M T- -
.3
PLTIU PLATINU
(10) t h, 91%a UMe. . Hums..;~~--- .vr D....e...l anald W. M
IL..........9X0' -.......... HMB~
.Hw8 '. "es k29at2 .. ........ Do...
M.D.. ohemn, Ma- a4X10' 8-0.0.......K.M.....h
21~b
...... .Poe........ k 0.7 atI, ....3............ L U. H R.....u.........k 0.9a 7* ......... .garU m
(19154).
IL ..... ......... a - XIOi.B - -7 ....... 19(
50
4 5 67 S-4T40RAUE, 0
30JP!~CPE (otd
k=2 t 00 ~peamae Rmars l~fern+4."0S 20tvrs................Maue 8smle lvn.E rn~e n(188.).crysal trutureuriy. ad L neL
aAeln 11 12)
.8 m .....-. a 1. ............. r euncrv W-.(12)
.. a...........................~saa
.do.........k-K..... ..t. 200...........e..flT.S
4-. 5t 260 reut at 10. (10) 30 40 50 60den8a10t20dt0
Ca"raml Rue mak toernc tC .SJurve. (2938).mr efrec
...... "ae.......... le k-3 i at pe wies value........L oes W Ma erA...M...... .. ohn.on,...at- Machined and sanneled of varou E. Allnen andat22 1.ad W r cas o (191). they;a freeW orfy an . Mendsa
th.... ........ ýO e sampl ure .had k-036 each;J.H ry nelnga 1* :R (1947).."eyp r" Ntuha seod1.atlC (8)....I.. Ge.Me...Single crystal; between OnF and Ag, Ni. anda
.. er.ta.. ducovruml s f (96) .. J m Sa . Oye-rveehg odciiy.. W.1 Powe28).
sample .. &...... - .3 a. IM. C.. Dp..... .Je n laa 9 n 0K . SchweartzH.Dimsland H.934)
.Heh.ur " A pozmt a curv of.. .......... .................. WJ&Hasston
weosn to theK .S..cre (1961).
..............2lcrltc0;vle .M ~ e t u.. onoM t-M cie n neld..... .F le n
50
250 COPPERFIGURE Ila
20 i{I7
TV~~~~~ T~~t 1jIf
I : T T :+TIMW rr
"o io ~8u
AM .. M. D.. onsn Ma- CoLddan the aneae 71 hr"71rmn
-1 ~ ~ ~ i .0004% - r .F-Pbf
Zcmm hig T. P. Ta..g
+ue~ -
R............'2X1 '.flOi. .......... M. . ..nh.er..gWl~)
. . .. . .2T
20000
soIL...E.. SILVER(oitd
(1TT) 210K resue efec cf mag H. Ad'ted
99.98%~~~~~~~.... pue.. .-2 at .SV a.omaue . .Jee n
(1900)til tie;99 %an .M
th y 99.9% (1908).
0 lle;taec t9' 9,ad23Kvle r .0 anli 1. 1-5.. Jots n Mat No. Li wasý unfeld . 2 an. .... . Wht
ru.0#4
......... Five~~ rosoiivevle n on .Grnie npoiton anelig crsa .Rdeao K JhnoMt r1I' i03.......M oebrstutue At 20 anTitue 13)tey(94
rTds had vauscoet+uv _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
R it; +.
22t
100
04 ---- 4 - if 44- 4 ii1.
so SIVE
TEMPEATUR 12a
323
50 Jl ~40 U
304
(H",
20
10.9
.7
.6
.5
k=3.14 at 1~C..............J..H..G.ay .. R . on-,Mt--lXO,8.h.....K edlsh
"Pure........k=2.3 at 18~; a lesspure-sa -W. .egran..92)
pure ~M (19) 999tpr
(12) 6le;999 ne7e in vauu at 400
for 3010200
Ca Sil sure emrk Rfeene ure ampuie; torce o hu Re; m ars tRefforthnre.......... s ..le ofn ops- E riesnadagCunalyintdsn
"vey ue"gldat20 n 80 (18927). Fhe,;999/ Mg, NaM
'ue...........k=2.93 at rC...............m- W.GJaegerland pure.1O5 R=.3......~osenberg
(.1931). (1952a),
24 a .9 tI9C ,C, .Deslos
14 M
FIUR 14fil11_
12H
ZIN ZI8 MRCINtt'dCure surc Rmars Rfin.. Cuve oure emaks duM.c
Pur * =1. atlr RCpen . W. _ae an M. t . I..Hlc;995 oytsalie 1X1' .MnemH.M HIMelhes pIe B .. adH(1I900).9M M - - - -- -
L. "ue rds ah-undfoacs tc.. .i.i.(92)
4..iwf al.3 and AM
(12).............. ....=01' ........ HMRseh
4 ~ iua ha 8 codct0 t 10% 0 o 10 0 0lower.UR ,O
ZINC INO (on25
+4O TA
(See~Il prvofiaefrlha le ----Z--NC.) CADMIUM (CntdCu T sieaorn Ieak T Ten
Go. U .KajilbaFIGURw 14geeytaec it .G. ad-- --- - - p---ancyta n o xs u- B Gie e
Efj~J a10] (32)Go GEo....igecytlwt ancy tal Do
Cu,.~ ~~ ~~ 8.lareRmraRfeee nroaxsppndca.
H. D Im m I990 BR' 0J an1.M(I 0) Iue Ioebr
(152)0 . 'nrdi- ltetre ro atsik..C .Le
tilled".~~~I (10)...........o...Maue eIeto antcfil. .Mn ehI Tand H.I .
.aI I I I I -. a2 adl4K12a LA. kndRoeegpqere".~ ~~~~ I3.U elhf 18)
(102)fill.......Maiu Imdciiyo 8be .M oebr.KahflnanLL At I0 and 27K'ie Ijet .Scotwen4ad5K 'l 2 X (5a)"ohm,7--'= pue. blwupe u' f FG.G 11) i=,B=.
26T
20
8t
6
4I
01
2 .8zT
0..6 ...
.4
4 6 8 10 20 40 60 80 t00 20030
TEMPERATURE *0K
MERCURY
Curve V csorc Rcmarha Reference
On. HL.................. Cp......................... H&.Kamedig~h4
................................. Measure in the liquid saute and in G. Gehihof andsolid state near mehltg F. Neuzneier
(1919).
Re ...................... Measured ten Wigecytlri H. Reddemanofall into forgoum u t1 o (1932).axi parallel to crysal axis; #2,wxe inclined, 25% 3, axes in-clined 45%; #4. axes perpen-dicuar.
....................... Measured inboth nornmal and su- W.J.deHaasadperconducting stattes. H. Bremnner
(1930).
Hu. 1-4... Basic rod (#1) Hcmogeneow solidaolutions; poly- J.LK flun,from Jhno, cytlie btlargecestai (1980).
Mtie;2. imesasred i ohnra m.002% sdumperoonducting state.#3, .07%
in;
......... I..... Measured in the intermediate tate IL T. WebberMUCrK. and D. A.
Spahr (1983).
27
20
4-
I`4-
0~ _L 2 I 4T
TEMPERATUREY
( uee prviu pae orth tal4nIECR.
28a
z z
z
. A I U .I..DI.IN IU
P3A .~~' u . hn nMt l8 X 0,8 3 . . . ... K..Hu..
>____ ________________________________te;01 15)-i-mp-ur-ity..
-4- M JonoMt igecytl eaue odc-D .Dte
at....... ... ........... Dtec .R Jhsn a- alO l' 04 esrd K ed~(19------) thy9.9% i ohnra n uecn n .U
.Johnson, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - SUE Ma- AneldOolcyNfln;mss .Mndlsh Pdcig tt.Roebr
pure anaenberg and H.alyM.
tin o -6X (1954s). mie.H roenberg
they;0.1%(1950).
.do.......nneled poohnysonne mess- K.gl Mendelmasrescnuc-ohnDewie
atre codctvt below......... K.; adi c C. A....... ........ o.........M, =0.; easured cnutvt eo K K. Mendelssohnbetween197) 0.'ad0W o- Rno betweenor0. l and supercon- and C. A.
ductanty as offormin k~T;p(953) ducting ty qatioe wsk. Roenton(19g ).....Jonsn Mt An a t; 0.62Ktlle 0.015at- K.o- T';eloh kOVAR)a.0S
VIVO. Ro00ber atd H.4M.
I............. do.......... A ea".537X l0'5
, la n me0a.. ... .... M Ren be rg B. .. . . . .. . . . .a 1 5 1 ', 8 03 frnr (153.M. oeb
dutvt a ffr nk &; (1953*). ma tt oductivity.euto a k 25 Rno (19 53*) .
29
I-4
0.
.TEMPERATURET
C.2N(rpie ABN(Gaht)(otd ___
Cuve~..... ..........m.. lfune av SmlesureReakaRfeecsat. .n j a ..d..nal ..sis
Poci la;dniye .11.c..... ~ B -,1- Aomc E ¶ Athil rpierd;veyai .Bra
.045a 3C .h.Wttu ' e.Et erpc upie ubr n 16)
liab fetordewihaxparlle T11(105) die.o.o.xti o;pienum er -rfertoros-w--a-
.ing rp. =.~t12.17 t30..A .Caypamius oteetuin
.Carbon; 80% k-0.016 atVC....................Powe... . 60..d177..m;crsa
petroleum 20R 40~d sie600 , 1000 and 3000A
caro robpl goe eareks12 andrnc 1.67 Sanl soerc to emplawthks roderax..Aam. sonly - parlle tonreeredsisis
k-0 tV.1 aIMR.M witr 3. Rs sa- skoi;uprimed number, rerpe(dic5la.
gasphits. atVC1,23). ath 01; toa n dclroadswt paralltm h parlee- (193)manpie withirectionpeopeedirusirred primed
...A msgap- k .8arto 12Muia k1.72 at T.W ... 3.. Natra grap nmo bed; deer utyofr1.80; rod axis DoitC; 1.6Mt)21 i perpendicular to prefexrred c-
..... Narbonal Car k-0.016 at 00,0..01 ...... R. W.1 Powel .0 a nd177&m;crsa
boa; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ e etbnT .4. aplc . olded;pdensity ift.65 rod axis Do.d.... eleso n* w ods sv -J n .7D. parallel to preferred ceaxi.
.......... mm NatonldCr-Fora vith e rod rah 8.AMiesauhva.... .W.... .................. Densatie onlr; data not 3 riven . . W. SmThlrn
Vaphit. and*C 2 satehM; o arb eond andla and paaleltodape (1954).(1961).l . ~ Rd_ _ __ _ _ _ ampeedi____e caxs
WC;mm 1.ee t 8rf T.ta W.g.. . ...osk Naualgap-M lde;dniCyoN .0 odai o
X1Oe rc. iepn 101diclrecton; prfere 1.6c- T .Gea....... aatiown byr 0'C 9 at WC,, 19.5 at 30K (1964).. a
electrods.~~~Ha eaalelecteeredcas
..............3esrd0nu~vte fg p u bm ........ Asrc ny o ie .. .W mt
5.0
3.0
TI30
0.0
00
Re.~ ~~~~~~~~~~~.. ......g uiy..Cs;hihro woG ave n I atnanDiue 1 .. ad1.....KH inr
nnn(191)Es . .06aoi % Cn;loe ftw ecrvso o
t .30 .. gre ...... iga
":mml31
60 -1
40 4ý
20
a ~ ----PE ---- --
10 +
(+ 8) coin sue+ndcig J. G. . Da.unt(199)
.6 ue 40% k-6 t1C........ .Jee n
Pb.~~~~~T H. Iimhos fa ,. hmu;9. igeeytlewt ergnl .Rdmkr(190) 99%pr4icie ordam 14)
L . Kalbam; ath-tunedfro a od.......C H.LeaJohson Ma- Masued cndutivty n te i-TD P.Det lT"pare" (190). thy;99.96% trmedite-stte-H.A.--ar---
pae#411ab)Mesue 2h eaiecagei .~ea-- ORMAL ii~ S T at: l-- epr-S--aaJhsn a- Snl cytl esrdte fet K edlsh
tuezhouevlaogvn an4.Be-te;oaantciedfrsoll, H .RnmerPE (1NDCT1) an 997. k21a .
0, 96a . , br 16)
STATElua 1k at I."i nIa sTte...... an. H...r...
mer(131). M.Rn . d. . inlecrsta; ppr are n ig K Mndlaoh
added; ~ .. .3.........d................H..Rsnbr
04 an 6,2%____ n. _ _____ ____
TI3IN2ORd
150
ýLf 4t T100-- 4- 4- - i i
+so
60tw
40
TIN
20 FIGURE 18 b
E 108 ..........
E
>
F-
z 2
--- SUPER CONDUCTL%6;" _=_ E
STATE
.8
.6 . . . . . . .
.4
.3
.2
.150 2
TEMPERATUREOK
33
20--
10FIU E 1
7
50E,4
EME2
ý7
.6
.5
.4
LEA LEA (Contt'd)NOW
and~~t~ anlyi7ad nlyi
(14) ta 8n bot noma 40d suer and H.0 30d0
H."Ef = eak Refernelot Cra.........do . Tou sige crysas.......A Raefaerenc
...... "ue...........k-0.35 at WV, 0....4...t....... Macchienz H.Ra_.. 0.02 B...... n bolthe omlad uupercoaduut- K.J.Mede mhads(1807). ingstt. and H. L.Osen
(1900).(194Cc).
L ..... Bazendale; Lathe-turned fromn a bar ......... C. H. lowe1e0.'.pure".. (1906)............ ... ............. ... Studied conductivity in interinedi- R. T. Webber
ate state. and D. A-SpobrMe .... Kajdbam; 99.- Cold-drawn.................... W. Meiner (1951).
99870Pame (1915)......... Khliun; Remis areewit Mesme (195).R.Shot(196). M. R .... Tadenac, 99.- Single crystal; measured in both K. Mendelmohn
.Kaiam Ruisarewt M ne.11)K.Sht 11) 998% pure. normal and superconducting and H. M."Purm" states; normal curve gives Rosenberg
................... k-028 at 12-C, 0.30 at =C .... T. hCesslsk curve Ion -,an 10. same e 12b)(1917). cur by71
BL Le ................ ................................ C. C. Bidwell po~int makb
and E. J. Lewis(1929). 0. Rn .......... Sinlse crystal .......... J.L Olsen and
C. A. Renton................... Measued relative temperature W. J. defass, (1952).
variation, and H. Dreao-mer (1931). ...... Tsdenac ..... Measured effect of mnagnetic field.. K. Mendelesohn
and Hl.M.Br. IL.... ................ Measured in both normal and imu- H. Breinmer and Rosenberg
peroonducting atates W. J. de Kmw (1953).
...... HlerA . esue= Zn(1930). ...... Same - MIA... k=25 at 3.10K, 28at 2.7"K; con- H. M. Roenberg
.Blge;9.99% Meaurd hac.ea n onucivty K. Mendelssohn tinuation of work of Mend.).. (1954a).Pure dVin auueodctn teni R. B. sohn. Rosenberg 15b)
34.
A ttt t M t m :; !ý 'i , TLEAD
GERMANIUM -,TJIT 4
-4-A I H i f i f FIGURE 19aiTIT T" -- T: .-.-vf4 L
6 -11- -'T ITT-M I-111t.- J t 41 ý1
4 I t till A
Pb: 6, L Pb
Tv 2 --------- T
4+-ý-4 T I I t %i
4.44 + + wl-""-4--ýý- t f T
>:nfpb
VU -1 v I I I I> .6 Ge-- U T I -1- -7114141 tilt -ft I VIR fl-H
ý"AE -I+- AL:
D 4 - --------
z . ...... Jr flit
.2 - ------ -----
-T- L t
NORMAL SýW E
.06 - - - - SUPER CONDUCTING
MTE
.04 ....
.03 RIL.025
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10
TEMPERATURE*KP
(For GEP.XANTLTK see the table under figure 18, page 31.)
35
Hill~' 1' I I ilIIL
Ti r-1 I1
01t 11
ANTIMON BISMTHNCurve dilp l sour4 teak Reeec Cuv 0apl soreRmrk eee
ant 4nik an anayt+.~~~ BISMaUT........H oea.................k=.7 t C.........Lr
(18 1) (181)H.Gh.. Khlau Clddrw............A.Euke nd"Pje......4 T 8 aFIGUREC, mf W Jegr0n
0.~~ ~ ;ehbof 1.-eeloI~~11) (1900).1 1111 1111
I+Ne. Kaibu; R............G Geldad.............AS 0,14adgýeutatE ib 10)
codctvt Ils Iti tile GI(92)
0.2 at 8?K, 0.0 atT .NezeKahlbsmn;~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~11 M"a1re efetoQanei il .Rasb(93"pr".11l i onl k11 and1 l I Io sinladpoy (14)
crysallne ods at 0 ad 9 0K .02 Pbtrae Sngl crytah mesurd aisk'py . W C.KaTresuts greewit thse o GbFe~ ud .+
Ne. crve Rbert6 It (1923).
oncoduciviyiningecrsta W. ti. liiggisit L -- -I (1929). ;
II36I I -
BISMUH (Cnt'd TELLURIUMCurye11 1ap soreRmrsRfrneCuv apesuc EmRk IReerM
and~I anaym and anl
Re Kalbum Rd x.inlied80 t cysalH.Redeau C.. .9999% ur.. N. , snge ryta wtUroRCAHNCItUiM"pr". ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ FGR axs2tde1feto antc (94.axsprle omi rsa xs 13)
field; R. # and #3 a l oyrsaline;sA& mesreamef
Mesue twW-ge7ytb oe M .Rdn _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
with~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~_ roFxsprle otioa 13) _____-___________-_____
rixf _4 biaraes
P. fee of mane. fild sen an A... C.-Wi-on
R.b
an .Wes ......... d........ ,x701S A=3.....HMReb
(19880 0. 40 0 o 00a00 ) 0
TEMPERAURE 37
2.3 Alloys and Commercial Metals
The values for conductivities of experimental bols and manufacturing tempers. The names orand commercial alloys are given in figures 22 numbers and the arrangement within a groupthrough 29a and in the following tables, arranged are based upon the corresponding arrangementsaccording to periodic group of the major com- in Metals Handbook.' The composition limitsponent. In several instances a particularly large for many of the alloys are also taken from theclass of alloys has been separately presented, Metals Handbook. The tables listed below,i. e., copper-nickel alloys. Many of the experi- which quote "company or trade manuals", aremental results are for a limited temperature all based on room-temperature values.range, so more of the data are presented in In pure metals the greater part of the energytables than in sec'.in 2.2 on metals. This sec- transfer is by electrons, whereas in alloys thetion is also not as complete as section 2.2 be- transfer by the lattice vibration is very signifi-cause many of the data were published in now cant and may be the predominant mode. Forunavailable journals or institute reports. As for that reason the conductivity is not as sensitivethe preceding tables the following tables con- to small differences in composition as it is intain columns indicating the curve identifying nearly pure metals. It will be noted in the fol-marks, composition, conductivity, remarks, and lowing graphs that the conductivity curves ofreference. In addition, they occasionally con- alloys with similar compositions are usuallytain information on trade designation or sym- parallel to each other and seldom intersect.
iMetals Handbook, 1948 ed., Am. Soc. for Metals, Cleveland, Ohio.
ALKALI METAL ALLOYS MAGNESIUM ALL0YS (Cont'd)
Nominal NominalComposition Conductivity and remarks Reference Composition Conductivity and Remark Reference(%) (%)
w/cm deg K w/em deg K
Sodium-potassium; k=0.29at-8.90
C,0.30at -10.6C ..... J. W. Hornbeck 15Cu ............. k-l.54at273*K, 1.51at87*K;chillcast... W. Manuchen"50-80 by atomic (1913). (1931).percent.
20 Cu, 3 Si ......... k-1.08 at 273¶K, 0.89 at 8K; chill-cast... Do.
B ]RLLIUM 2.2 A4 ............. k-1.31 at WC I........................ R. KikuchiBERYLIUM (932).
Cominrl See figure 2, under "Metallic Elements".. E.J. Lewi 6.0 Ag ............. k= 1.16at27WC ....................... Do.e a . (1929). 2.1 A].......... k=0.88 at 27*C 2 ......... Do.
Copper-beryllium See "Copper Alloys .................... 4.2Al .............. k-0.69 at 22*C2 ........................ Do.
6.2 Al .............. k=0.56 at 2Z*C 2 ........................ Do.
MAGNESIUM ALLOYS 82 U .............. k-0.51 at i1rC I ....................... DO.
J10.3 Al...........k=0.45 ato 0 C ....................... Do.0AMn ........... k-l.60at 270K, 134 at 87°KI........J. Staebler(1929). 12.2 Al ............ k= 0.39 at 23*C ' ........................ Do.
0.8Mn ........... k- 18 at 27K, 1.22 at 87.K ........... Do. 2.4Cu ............. k=1.39 at 20*C* I........................ Do.
2Mn ............. k- 1.18 at 27K,0.67 at 879KI .......... Do. 6.3Cu ............. k=l.31 at 24'C 2 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Do.
3.54M .......... k- 1.02 at 273 0.7 at 87'. .......... Do. 1.9Ni ............ k=l .36at 20C2 ........................ Do.
6AI .............. k-0.80 at 27¶, 0.h at 7•K, .......... Do. 5.8Ni ............ k=1.26 at 24°C2 ........................ Do.
8AM .............. k-0.65 at 273, 0.42 at 87*K .......... Do. 2.2n ............. k= 1.06 at 21°C ........................ Do.
12Al ............. k=0.59 at 27M 0.33 at 87K ........... Do. 6.45n ............. k0.74 at 2T2C ........................ Do.
0.7Si ............. k- 1.48 at 27K, 1.10 at 87rK .......... Do. 2.1Zn ............. k=1.26 at 26" .......................... Do.
l.5Si ............. k- 1.40 at 273K, 0.95 at 8rKI .......... Do. 6.1Zn ............. k-1.09 at • 2C ........................ Do.
8Ce ............. k- 1 at 27rK, 1.06 at 87Kt .......... Do. 4 Zn, 0.5 Cu ........ "Elektron" k- 1.14 at 2(r C*2 ............. Do.
12Cc ............. k-1.03 at 273K, 0.81 at 87.K ........... Do. 4Al, I Zn, ICd, I Sn. k=056 at 22*C' ........................ Do.
8Cu .............. k=- 1.25 at 273K, 0.88 at 8rK '......... Do. 6 Al, 3 Zn. 0.4 Cu... "Dow metal" k=0.61 at 29C I ........... Do.
8Zn .............. k = 1.19 at 27K,0.80 at 87KI .......... Do. 4IA n!5Zn, " Cd. k-0.63 at 22IC' ........................ Do.
Sl...........k-.42 at 73K, 0. at SK .......... .Do. 4 Al, 3 Cd, ISn .... k-0.69 at 2rC2 ........................ Do.4 Al, 2 Cd, 2 Sn .... k=0.6 at 3OV2 ....................... Do.
2 8OL 8A] .......... k-0.61 at 27K 0.38 at 8KM .......... Do.
2 S, 10 Al ......... k-0.55 at 2•7K, 029 at 87K .......... Do. Vaeunm-annealed.
2 9412Al.........k=.6 at27M 0.28at871.......... Do.
I Chilloa-t; alo measured R.
38
MAGNESIUM ALLODYS (Cout~d) ALUMINUM ALLAYS (Cont'd)OOMEPANY AND TRADE MANUALS
______ _____________- -Composition %)IConductivity I StAte'
AffrM Nominaldensinatiou Trade deaignatione compositon Conductivity w/cm dog K
5.3 Cu. 0. i, 0.8 Fe, 0.6Mn, 1 .18 ............ -Cust.
Wonmdog K 1.2 Mg., 1 .52. ............ Annealed.
AS.....DwmtlAMulA 24-Bi- A,02n.. 0.54.3 Cu, 0.4 Bi, 0.9 Fe, 0.6 Mna, 1.22 .............. Cast.AS...... Dow IDe 5A; DTD A 289, Brit- 8A,02M.. 07 0.4 Mg., 1.52. ....................... Annealed.
troli AS. Elektron ASK. 2.5 Cu, 0.4 Si, 0.9 Fe, 1.8 Ni, 1.44 .............. Cast0.9 Mg., 1.0 . 63............ Annealed.
A 10......Dowinetal G; Maulo AM 240; AM- 10 AL. 0.1 Mn.. .71C598; British DTD 259; Elek- 4.4 Cu, 0.5 Si, 0.7 Fe, 2.1 Ni, 1.30............ ............ Cast.tron V1. 0.0 Mg., 1.47 ........................ AnneaWe.
AM ODA.................... See A8........ ............. 3.8 Cu, 6.1 Si, 0.9 Fe, 0.6 Mo. 1.00 ........................ Caut.
AM 1004 A 1.... .................. 13"A0.... ............ 1.5 Mg., 1.36 ........................ Aunealed.
AZ 31X. A, B. Dowmetal PS-I; Maslo AM-CS2S; 3, ALIZn, 0.3 . .C,04j0.F,2.6' 1.32 ......... ................ nnaled.Whiteliht MSI; British DTD Mn.133. ......... Aneld120A; Elektron AZ 31. 2.6 Cu, 0.4 Si, 0.6 Fe, 20.3 Zn'2. 1.07 ........................ Cost.
AISIX....DowmnetalJS-1 ............ 5 LIZn, 0.25 .88 1.08 ........................ Annealed.Mn. 2.5 Cu 0.3 Si,O08 Fe, 0.5 Mn, 1.26 ........................ Cast
AZ 61X, A.B. Dowiactal J-1; Maslo AM-C578; 6 AL, I Zn, 0.2 .80 26K .5............. neldWhitelightJ-1; British DTD898B, Mn. 1.9 Cu, 0.1 Si. I Fe, 1.5 Mg'2.. 1.57 ........................ CastDTD 120A. DTD 259; Elektron 1.65 ........................ Annea"e.AZM.
AZ 63 A....DowmetaliH; Maslo AM 265; Brit- 6 AL, 3 Zn, 0.2 .75 1Cu04i.9e09C'.1.05 ......................... Cnnast d.ish DTD 59A, DTD 289; Elek- Mn.1.9..........Aneldtron AZG. 1.8 Cu, 0.3 Si, 0.6 Fe, 1 Ni, 1.6 1.48 ........................ Cast
AZ So X, A ... Dowmetal 0-1; Maslo AM-C588; 8.5 AL, 0.5 Zn, .75 Mg.$ 1.65 ........................ Annealed.Whitelight 0-1; British DTD 88B; .15 Mn. 11.9 Si, 0.8 Fe 2............. 1.31 ........................ Cast.Elektron AZ 8N5 1.78 ........................ Annealed.
AZ91 A. B.C. Dowmetal X, RC;Mazlo AM 263; 9 AL 0.7 Zn,0.2 .71 0.1 ffi, 0.5 Fe'2.............. 1.86 ........................ Cast.British DTD 136A; Elektron AZ Mn. 2.00 ........................ Annealed.91.
&I Co, 0.4 84 0.6 Fe I.....1.33 ........................ Quenched.AZ 92, A... Dowmetal C; Maslo AM 260 .... 9 Al 2 Zn, 0.1 .71 1.32 ........................ Aged.
Mo. U ~5.Cu, 0.5 Si, 0.8 Fe, 0.5 Mn, 1.23 ......................... Quenched.MIA.B & .. Dowmetal M; MusicAM403 AM 1.5Mn .... 1.25 1.2 Mg.' 1.23 ........................ Aged.
38; Whitelght M; British bTD142, 118,14A; Elektron AM 6W. 2.5 Cu, 0.4 Si, 0.9 Fe, 1.8 Ni, 18.38 ....................... Quenched.
.......Ma~o AM 244.......... 4 AL0.2Man... 0.96 0.9 Mg.$ 1.33 ........................ Aged.
.DwzetlE3A ~ ~ ~3.8 Cu, 6.184i 0.9 Fe, 0.6 Mn, 1.16 ........................ Quenched.........Dwet)B 0Aý..0.... .35 Zarearh, 0.3 1 .6 Mg.$ 1.14 .......................... Aged.
Zn. 2.6 Cu, 0.4 Si, 0.6 Fe, 20.3 Zn' . 0.98 ........................ Quenched.______ _______________ _____________ ~...8....................... ged
2.5 Cu. 0.3 8L, 0.9 Fe, 0.5 Mn, 1.32 ........................ Quenhe.ALUMINUM LLAOYS 2. Zn.'
____________ _____________-1.9 Cu, 0.1 Ei 1Fe, 1.5 Mg'I... 19.5 ........................ Quenched.cOMjPmitio (90) Conductivity and remarks Rteference 1.8 Cu, 0.3 Si, 0.6 Fe, 1.0 Ni, 1.45 ........................ Quenched.
1 .6 Mg.'
w/em, deg K 5.3 Cu, 0. Si, 0.8 Fe, 0.5 Mn, 1.38 ........................ Drawn.
0.5Fe, 0.4 Cu .............. k-2.01 atlirC .............. W. Jaegerand 1.2 Mg.4 1.60................... I..... Annealed.
(100. 0imles . Cu, 0.4 8i, 0.9 Fe, 0.4 Mn, 1.48 ........................ Drawn.at2.4K 190.0.6 Mg.' 1.73 ........................ Annealed.
Commecial............ 21.43t'CK OtS,.9 RSht(96. 11.9Si, 0.8 Fe'4............. 1.73 ........................ Drawn._________________ ___________________ __________1.81 ........................ Annealed.
Composition (%Y)'I Conductivity'I State' 0.1 Si, 0.5 Fe 4 ... . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.06 ........................ Drawn._________________ ___________________ __________2.07 ........................ Annealed.
w/cm deg K 'Iemulti by H. Masumoto (1925) at 27*C........ 1.2.................Cat. The samples were chill cast in an iron mold, then annealed for 30 minutes at 450*C.
12.2 Cu, 0.3 Si, 0.6 Fe ' ... .4..............Cs.Chilleat in an iron mold, annealed, then heated for 30 minutes at about 500'C,1.48 ........................ Annealed. quenched in water, and later aged two weeks.
12.2Cu,0.2Si,0.67e~~~l~n'.. ~...........Chill-cast in an iron mold, foaged. then oold-drawn to 00% of original diameter,12. C, 02 k .6 e,1 M 2. .93............... ... CILe and later annealed for 30 minutea at 500*C.
10.5 Cu. 0.3 EL 0.8 Fe,NI K 1.35 ........................ Cast.3 an'k 1.59......................... AnneaWe.
U4Cu, 02 Si, 0.7 ft 0.7 Mn'2.. 1.02 ........................ CIast1.35 ........................ Annealed.
8.1 Cu, 0.4 Si, 0.6 Fe'I.....129..39......................Cast.1.67......................... Annealed.
6.9 Co, O. EL0.7 Fe, 1.2 Be'.. 1.47 ........................ Cast1.66 ........................ Ann. ealed.
39
6
......
FIUE24C.) ...- ý--- -
UN.:--.. ...
311-1
-8 i
.4S
0.
TEPRTUE4
ALUMINUM~~~~... AL.Y .Cotd AL M.U ALOY .Cn
0.10. adH.L
Do............klO deg 2 K; 77 at 8?K; Do 0.52 Fe, 0.13 Fe, 0.10 Cu,.As................ doe
14Mis.......................k-O1.3 at 27?XK; 0.88 at &M .. Do Mnehe 90. CLr.. (os)
(191).P. I. J-451... 4.49Cu, 0.01 n, n 1.4 M,....................LW..Do.es"0.30 0.01 i, 0.01B. Zi0.02r,
Do.................... k- 1.3 at 273%K; 1.38 at M .K; Do. 00 dH
15 Con................ ..... k-1.48 at 273K;1.90 at 87*K.... Do. Jhso
M nM g , ..... K-S.... oy.2. 0.... k -1.00O at 273K ;0.73 at 8 M .... Do. P 1 4 .. 0l C l 0 h .0 u. . . . . . . . . . . o
MD, M....;.......oy.Specia. k-l.05 at =W1; 1.1 at SM;.. Do. 0510..1
C1 ; Mg o -K le .... . ....... I k-0.77 at 27K ; U 11at 8M .... Do. P .J 78.. 15C ,65Z ,25M ,02 ..... .... . o
4Cu; Neho1.-Kg;l"Yn.. loy....k- 1.62 at 2K; 1.12Oat 7"K... Do.
D4uo .................. k-1.6at 273K;1.380at SM;. Do.
10.
ALUMINUM ALLOYS (Oont'd) ALUMINUM ALLOYS (Cont'd)COMPANY AND TRADE MANUALS COMPANY AND TRADE MANUALS
ASTM Nominal ASTM Nominaldesigua- Trade designation compositions (%) Conductivity State designs- Trade designation compositions (%) Conductivity State
tion tion
w/cm deg K w/cm deg K
EC ............... 99.45A] ........... 2.34 Annealed. SC 41 .... A 132 ............. 12 Si, 2.5 Ni, 1.2 Mg, 1.17 T 551Al ..... 28; BitishBS2L.. 99 Al .............. 2.22 .......... 0.8 Cu.
2.18 H 18 ......... D 132 ............. 9 Si, 3.5 Cu, 0.8 Mg, 1.09 T 50.8 Ni.
......... -138................. 0 Cu, 4 Si, 0.3 Mg 1.05WROUGHT ALLOYS CN 2"1"... 142................ 4 Cu, 2 Ni, 1.5 Mg. 1.67 T 21
1.34 T 5711.51 T 77
M I ...... 38 .................. 1.2 M n ............. 1.93 0 1.30 T 611.63 H 12 C I ...... 195 ................. 4.5 Cu ............. 1.38 T 41.59 H 14 1.47 T 621.55 H 18 CS 4 .... B 195 ............. 4.5 Cu, 2.5 Si ..... 1.38 T 4
......... 4S .................. 1.2 M n, 1 Mg ...... 1.63 0 1.42 to 1.88 T B1.83 H 38 212 ................. 8 Cu, 1.2 Si ......... 1.17
CP21 .... 11 ; British BS 6LI... 5.5 Cu, 0.5 Pb, 0.5 Bi. 1.55 T3 GI. 214;BritishDTI 16. 3.8Mg............. 1.38 .........CS 41 .... 14S: British DTD 364. 4.4Cu,0.8Si,0.8Mn, 1.93 0 1.38 Annealed.
0.4 Mg. 1.55 T 6 ........ A 214............... 3.8 Mg, 1.8 Zn ..... 1.341.21 T4 ......... B 214.............3.8 Mg, 1.8 Si ...... 1.47
CM 21... 178;BritishBSGLI... 4Cu,0.sMg,0.5Mn. 1.72 0 F214 ............... 3.8 Mg, 0.5 Si ...... 1.42 ........1.21 T 4 218............. 28M ............. . 0.96
.A178 ............... 2.5 Cu, 0.3 Mg ..... 1.55 T 4 220...............0. IC . .88 T 4S 8.. . ., ...... 3 9 ................. 6 i .5.C .......... 3 . .. .. .......... 188; British BS 4L25, 4 Cu, 2 Ni, 0.5 Mg.. 1.93 0 SC 8. 319 ................. 6 Si, 3.5 Cu ......... 1.13
BS 2L42. 1.55 T 61 333................9 Si, 3.8 Cu ......... 1.05 F......... BIS ............... 4 Cu, 1.SMg, 2.0Ni. 1.93 0 1.21 T5
1.72 T 72 1.17 T 6CG 21 .... 24S; British BS2L40, 4.5 Cu, 1.5 Mg, 0.6 1.88 0 1.42 T 7
DTD 273. Mn. 1.21 T 4 SC 21... 355 ................. 5 Si, 1.3 Cu, 0.5 Mg. 1.67 T 51... 258 ................. 4.5 Cu, 0.8 Mn, 0.8 1.55 T6 1.42 T6
Si. 1.93 0 1.47 T 61......... 32S ............... 12.5 Si, 1.0 Mg, 0.9 1.55 0 1.63 T 7
Cu, 0.9 Ni. 1.38 T 6 1.51 Chili T 6......... 50W ................. 1.2 M g............. 1.93 0 SG 1 .... 356 ................. 7 Si, 0.3 Mg ........ 1.67 T 51
1.93 H 38 1.55 T 6......... C50S ............... 1.3 M g ............. 1.55 1.59 T 7......... A 51 S.............. 1.0 Si, 0.6 Mg, 0.25 2.09 0 1.63 Chill T6.
Cr. 1.72 T 4 ....... 360, A360 .......... 9.5 Si .............. 1.13 to 1.47 .........GR I ... 52S ................ 2.5 Mg, 0.25 Or ..... 1.38 0 ....... 380, A380 .......... 9 Si, 3.5 Cu ........ 0.96 to 1.09 .........
1.38 H 38 ......... 384................ 12 Si, 3.8 Cu ........ 0.96 .................. 53S ................ 1.3 Mg, 0.7 Si, 0.25 1.72 0 ....... A612 ............... 6.5 Zn, 0.7 Mg, 0.5 .96 .........
Cr. 1.55 T 4 Cu.......... 56S; British DTD 303. 5.2 Mg, 0.1 Mn, 0.1 1.17 0 ........ C 612 .............. 6.5 Zn, 0.5 Cu, 0.4 1.59
Cr. 1.09 1118 Mg.GS21 .... 61S ................ IMg, 0.6 Si, 0.25 Cu, 1.72 0 ....... 750...............6.SCu,1.Ni 1.80
0.25 Cr. 1.55 T 4...... 628 ................. 0.25 Cu, 0.6 Si, I Mg. 1.72 01.55 T
......... 638301............... 0.4 Cu, 0.7 Mg ...... 1.93 T 42 TITANIUM ALLOYS2.09 TB 5_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ZG 42 .... 75 ................. 5.5 Zn, 2.5 Mg, 1.5 1.21 T 6Cu, 0.3 Cr, 0.2 Mn. Curve Composition (%) Conductivity and Remarks Reference
....... R301.............. I Mg, 0.7 Si, 0.5 Mn.. 1.93 01.21 T 41.55 T 6 w/em deg K
.R317 ............... 4Cu,0.SMn,0.5Mg, 1.72 0Pb, 0.5 Bi. 1.21 T 4 2.8 Cr, 1 Fe ........... Abstract only; kf=0.13 at C. J. Rigney and
273*K, 0.10 at 1950K, 0.06 L. I. Bocksahlerat 80*K. (1951).
CASTING ALLOYS i'g. 29; Rem-Cru Titanium, RC R, emf .................... W. W. Tyler and
T.W.- 130-B; 4.7 Mn, 3.99 A. C. Wikona5.. 13 ................. ... 12 Si ............... 1.55 to 1.21 .......... Ti. Al, 0.14 C. (1952).54. 43 . BSi................. 1.47 -..... I I I _
1.67 Annealed.SC 2 ..... 85 .................. 5 Si, 4 Cu .......... 1.17......... 108 ................. 4 Cu, 3 Si .......... 1.21 Cast. TUNGSTEN
1.47 Annealed.
SC 8 ..... Ailcat .............. 5 Si, 3 Cu .......... 1.05 Cast. Composition Conductivity and remarka •Aerenoe1.17 Relieved.1.13 Aged.1.38 T 7 w/er deg K
SCI ..... A108 .............. .5 Si, 4.5 Cu 1...... .42 .......... "Impure"........ Single crystal;k-1.83 at 8K, 1.80 at 21-K.. E.Griineuenand......... 112 ................. 7 Cu, 1.7 Zn ........ 1.17 . E. Goens
1.47 Annealed. (1927).CS 22 .... 113 ................. 7 Cu, 2 Si, 1.7 Zn... 1.17 ..........
1.47 Annealed.CS 22 .... C113 ................ 7 Cu, 3.5 Si ......... 1.09 ..........COI ..... 122 ................. 10 Cu, 0.2 Mg.. 1.59 T 2
1.30 T611.34
41
IHOMIUM CARBON STEELS (Coat'd)COMPANY AND TRADE MANUALS
Composition (%) Conductivity I State ICompoitif Conductivity
w/cm deg Kw/cin deg K 2.53 C, 0.06 Si, 0.02 Mn, 0.01 P, 0.03 8 .... .31 As cat.
Coummew a..... k-0.67 at 300C. 2.67 C, 0.11 Si, 0.02 Mn, 0.03 P, 0.05 8.... .30 Do..32 1,000"C annealed, 2 hr..32 6hr..32 8 hr.
3.12 C, 0.06 Si, 0.05 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.06 8 .. .26 As cast.3.14 C, 0.01 Si, 0.03 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.03 8.. 26 Do.
IRON 3.17 C, 0.21Si, 0.08 Mn, 0.04 P, 0.06 8.. .25 Do..26 Annealed 1,000'C, 2 hr.
See figures 8 and 9 under "METALLIC ELEMENTS" .0 6hr..27 9hr.
3.53 C, 0.04 Si, 0.05 Mn, 0.01 P, 0.05 8 .... .23 As cast.3.64 C, 0.16 Si, 0.04 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.02 8.... .21 Do.
.23 Annealed 1,000WC, 2 hr.STEEL .23 6hr.
.23 Shr.The tables for steels are arranged into groups where 3.93 C, 0.16 Si, 0.04 Mn, 0.02 P,'0.05 8 .... .20 As cant.
the principal alloying metals are as follows: carbon; 3.96 C, 0.2 Si, 0.06 Mn, 0.01 P, 0.02hr. .19 As east.
silicon; copper, chromium, cobalt, manganese, molyb- .26 6hr..50 8 hr.denum, nickel, tungsten, vanadium; and aluminum. 4.13 C, 0.10 Si, 0.03 Mn, 0.02P, 0.028 .. .18 As cast..2 Anoeald 1,000C, 2 hr.
4.26 C, 0.10 Si, 0.03 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.02 S .... .17 As cast..19 Annealed 1,000'C, 2 hr.
CARBON STEELS 4.35 C, 0.35 Si, 0.08 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.02 8 .... .15 An cast..57 Annealed 1,002C, 2 hr.
Compoition (%) Conductivity 4.40 C, 0.34 Si, 0.03 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.08 8 .... .15 As cuht.Cempdtio () Ceedetiity nd emaks Rfernce.17 Annealed 1,000C, 2 hr.4.61 C, 0.37 Si, 0.03 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.04 8 .... .13 As cast.
.15 Annealed 1,000"C, 2 hrw/cm deg K 4.63 C, 0.54 Si, 0.08 Mn, 0.02 P, 0.07 8 .... .13 As cast.
00o Annealed 1,003"C, 2 hr.0.1 C.............k0-7 at 10; wrought iron.............W. Jaeger and 3.82 C, 1.24 Si, 0.09 Mn, 0.01 P, 0.068 .... .13 An cut
H. Dieweihoct .o Annealed 800C, I hr.(1900). 3.81 C, 1.96 Si, 0.05 Mn, 0.05 S ............. 13 As cut.
.35 Annealed 80000, 1 hr.IC ............... k-0.46at 18C, wroughtiron ............. Do. .40 Add. annealed 1,00IhC
1lhr.0.1C,0.06Mn,0.05 k=0.72 at 18rC .......................... E. Grineisen 3.84 C, 1.98 Si, 0.06 Mn, 0.01S ........... .. 43 As cast.
Cu, 0.02 Si, 8, (1900). .28 Annealed 800cC, 1 hr.
0.03 P.
0.57 C, 0.2 W5, 0.1 k=0.2 at 180C .......................... Do. IResults by H. Masurnoto (192M) at 35C.MD, 0.04 S, 0.06Cu, 0.01 P.
OMC,0.1MN006 k-o0.1 at 18 ......................... D CARBON STEDo. (Cont'd)
1.5 C, 0.2 Mn, 0.06 k-0.50 at 18C .......................... Do. Curve Composition (%) Remarks ReferenemSi, 0.03 Cu, S,0.0 P.
I C; "sivusteel".. See figure 23, curve with initial L........ C. H. Less Fig.24;Mild.. 0.14C,0.08Si,0.07Mn... "Mild steel"; heated J. deNobel(1908) to 8003C and fur- (1951).(1903). cooleL
Pl'23;- 0.33 Mn, 0.18 C, 0.014 Si .................. R. W. Power,J. B. Ziegler,
SAE 1020. H. L. JohnstonCARBON STEELS (Conftd) (19518).
r() 3;. 0.93 C, 0.34 Mn. 0.26 Si ..................... Do.Compostio (0/)1 odciiy Btl'.Z . 0.1 Ni, Cr, OA) Mo.SAE 1095.
w/-- deg K
0.I C, 0.4 Mn, 0.02 P. 0.02 8 ............. 0.80 ......................0.4C,0.3S,0.4Mn,0.02 P,0.028- ..... .44 .....................00.40.0.30K 0., Mn, 0.•0•2,o ...... . .46 CARBON STEELS (C 'at'd)
0. C, 03 Si, 0.2 Mn, 0.03 P, 0.08 ...... .S42 ...................... COMPANY AND TRADE MANUAIASIA C, 0.32 , 0.2 Mo 0.03 P, 0.02 8 ...... . .42 ......................1.2 C, 0.3 , 0.2 Ma, 0.03 P, 0.
02S ....... .40 ......................
1 6C0.2 SL 0.2 Mn,0 P,00 .. Composo o(%) Conductivity.41 .0.12 S, o• n, 0 P, 0.08 8.... .32 As
.33 Annealed 1,000-C, 2 hr.
.33 6hr. w/cm deg K
.33 8hr.0.08 C, 0.045 Cr, 0.07 Ni, 0.31 Mn, 0.02 Mo .................... 0.90.23 C tace mCr, 0.074 Ni, 0.635 Mn, 0.13 Cu ..................... 520.415 6, tace Cr, 003 Ni, 0.643 Mn, 0.12 Cu....................520.80 C, 0.11 Cr, 0.13 Ni, 0.32 Mn, 0.07 Cu, 0.01 Mo ............. ..491.22 C, 0.11 Cr, 0.13 Ni, 0-3 Mn, 0.01 Mo, 0.08 Cu ............. ..45
42
600
TEMPERATURE23
Specific~ reeene ca b fud ndrth tp o f!tel
SILCO SEEL CRRSIO RSITIN SEES (on'dCompsiton %) Cndutivty nd rmars Rferece urv Coptuaico(%)Remaks efeenc
w00dgKPg2;2 .2 i .2M.OlSHatdoSOsd 3 eNle
1nd C. (100 .ater.quenced
80N . 73~,46r35W wetl00Cn o1.E 6i0.4M,04 C ae-unhd
C0RSO EITN TES3%N.14N,09 n . .. Hae o80 n o
(Cope, hroiu, obatmagaese mlyed-funae-cold. Do
i.23Kr 0. n04C,03i,00................Krei n
(100) fu.ae-ooed
4 6 8.120 20 4010so01001 He2e-l, 0'C 0 Do.
DI~ ,03 .0. k= .50 tlfC ................... . Jege9anMn. 389 n0.SJ0.140.6 . dao... ... .... .. Do.1)Mn~traceofPS, H-Diessehorst 24% Ni ...... 24.0 N.04 P. .8C ewtlO~ n o
and C. (100).wate-quech43
0z:'t
I-+
00
4 0 04 0 010 0 0
13.r1. r,03 ,02 Si Hete to . 0 .n . de Nobe. P .J . ....... 17..8 Cr. 02.i,12 . R.W o es
13%~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~ Cr ..do.......Hae .o .WC o. Do 0.2 Cu 0.6C..3Nn .Lquenched,~~d Nuenbed reeaed Do51) 5a
0.24fi refnce 9.12 C. fountuner heuepefhseel
134% . 2.. .613. Ni, 0.30 , Mo 049C Heatedto~SWCanl Do. de obl inieu4... 17.98 C. ab1t0.01N,12 .......... P. W. Powers0.13 Mn, .2 f~ .1S uenched, rheaed. (15) M ,08 N,05 SJ Zelr
0.03 P.001, to0 C,"C 0.ater-dif Lq13nched. F....23.;..s..18Cr...Ni.0.15aC.......................I. Johestonn n
cooled.~~J P. Z.uAM .me,-48CFig.~~~~88 23; 0.99 Cr, 0.5 Mn,......... 0.3C...........oowrmn(92.P9 r.Z.-... . 2 SI O, &INi, and 3 Mo .ea H eae to B ad D. ZiegN,0.er,.
4130Mn 9.1d C. wae-unhdLi. 2..3;4B.- . 9 18rINi,01.9 C b, 1 0.7 C................ ...... Do.30/0~(95a) T..-10 1 Cr.. 126 Ni, 2.55 Mo04 r ete o8 C i- o ti m, 0.1 C. 25%bolreu ction m (191b.Tye n
0.12 Ni, 0.09 C, 0.06 Cu, quenched, reheated_____ across _____0.03 N, 0.01 P.to60 ,w er
44nhd i 24E . 1 r i .5C.... .......... 1 aemn n
CORROSION RESISTING STEELS (Cont'd) NICKEL ALLOYSCOMPANY AND TRADE MANUALS COMPANY AND TRADE MANUALS
AI81 No. Nominal oompontion (%) Conductivity Trade Nominal composition (%) ConductivityDesignation
w/cm deg K
......... 0.08 C, .045 Cr, .07 Ni, .31 Mn. .02 Mo ............ 0.59
0.23 C trace Cr. 074 Ni .638 Mn, .13 Cu ......... .52 A Nickel ........ 99.4 Ni+Co. 0.2 Mn, .15 Fe, .1 Cu, .1 C...... 0.61.0.415 6, trace Cr,.063 Ni,.643 Mn,.12 Cu .52 D Nickel ........ 95 Ni, 4.5 Mn .............................. .48.0.325 C.17 Cr, 3.47 Ni, 0.55 Mn,.09 Cu, .04 Mo ..... .37 Monel .......... 67 Ni, 30 Cu, 1.4 Fe, I Mn, 0.15C, .1 Si ...... .26.0.34 C 0.78 Cr 3.53 Nit 0.55 Mn, .39 Mo, .05 Cu .... .33 K Monel... 66 Ni, 29 Cu, 2.75 AI, 0.9 Fe,.75 Mn,.5Si,.15 C. .19.0.315C, 1.09Cr,0.073 N, .69 Mn,.012 Mo, .07Cu ... .48 Hastelloy A..... 57 Ni, 20 Mo, 20 Fe ........................ .17.0.36 C..88 Cr, .26 Ni, .69 Mn, .2 Mo, .12 Cu ....... .43 lastelloy B ..... 62 Ni, 30 Mo, 5 Fe ......................... .11
5 Cr, 0.5 Mo ................................... .37 Hastelloy C ..... 58 Ni. 17 Mo, 15 Cr. 5 W, 5 Fe .............. . .13""..... .1.22 C, 0.03 Cr, .07 Ni, 13.0 Mn, 0.22 Si. .07 Cu .... .13 Haatelloy D ..... 85 Ni, 10 Si, 3 Cu .......................... .21........... 0.28 C, trace Cr 28.37 Ni 0.89 Mn,.15 Si, .03 Cu .... .13 Inconel ......... 80 Ni 14 Cr, 6 Fe .......................... 1........... 0.08 C, 19.11 r, 8.14 Ri, 0.37 Mn, .68 Si, .6 W, .16 Illium G ........ 58 Ni, 22 Cr, 6 Cu, Mo, Fe each ............. .12
.03 Cu ................ 80 N i, 20 Cr ............................... 8.56........... 0.13 C 12.95 Cr, 0.14 Ni,.25 Mn,.17 Si, .06 Cu, .27. . 60 Ni, 24 Fe, 16 Cr ......................... .14
. .. . 36Ni, 50 Fe, 15 Cr...........................13
.......... 0.27 C 13.69 Cr, 0.21 Ni, .28 Mn, .2 W, .02 V ...... .26 Con.tantan . 45Ni,58Cu .23.22.. 0.715 C, 4.26 Cr. 0.067 Ni, .25 Mn, 18.45 W. 1.08 V ... .25302 0.14 C, 18 Cr, 9 Ni, 2 Mn ........................ .22303 0.15 C, 18 Cr, 9 Ni, 0.07 P, 8, Seeach, .6 Zr, Mo each.. .22309 0.20 C, 23 Cr 13 Ni, 2 Mn ....................... .19410 0.15 C, 12.5 8& .............. .. 40416 0.15 C, 13 Cr, 0.07 P,S,Seeach, .6Zr,Moeach .40420 0.15 C or more, 13 Cr ............................ .33430 0.12 C, 16 Cr .......................... ....... 30440 0.7 C, 17 Cr, 0.75 Mo ............. 2............25
........ 15 C r, 35 N i .................................... .13
DEOXIDIZED STEELS(Aluminum)
Curve Composition (%) Remarks Reference
Fig.24;4%Al. 4.11 Al, 0.13 Si, 0.08 Mn, Heated to 800'C and J. de Nobel0.03 C, 0.01 S. furnace-cooled. (1951).
45
Z0 ... . . .
FITEMPERATURE ,K
NICKE ALOY (CC')NCE LOS(ot
Cso wpete % odciit n eeec uv opclon() Cnutvt n eeec
re60armak
...... 1 n,.4, SOI~........o
.7zSr1F ~ =.tbvro o 1 i eane e ptemperture, eaL 40
Fi.2;K. 01,5C~l~,7o............JKawelad Fi.2;E.Inanl..........ad~ran ..4tr1nnn10-at-K cbfrL-noeiJ .Zmer
8cd 13) daw) a 13)
6...Ic-S~,4rGe............WPwr, E.i-no . o.......Anae o
4.B iger e 1
4AJ-Cme 0.6 Ni 14.7 Cr0 15840..........o E.i.Moe Mo0 too~ v Do. 30
PZJMml do.............C 7! l4ol n04 koMd-o We...........Dao.cCmeca;9. i... WNce .d oeD-. ....... Bef ne me 15)
(10)46li bet"
68- ---
PRCOS6EA
FIUR 26
0.71
o .08 ... ..C.)C
E .04
.02
0 .08
.004
4 6 8 10 20 40 60 80 100 200 300
TEMPERATURE ,0K
PRECIOUS METAL ALLOYS PALLADIUM ALLOYS (ConVd)See also the tables given under "SILVER ALLOYS"
and "GOLD ALLOYS". Compostion (%/) Conductivity and remarks Reference
PALLADIUM ALLODYS wclfcomposition (%7) Conductivity and remarks Reference Commercial.....k=0.42 at 17
0C............... T. Barratt and
R. M. Winter
v/em deg K(92)85.5 Pd, 14.5 Cu ... PolyerystaJline; see Fig. 26, "Pd-15%/ Cu"... E. Gozneisen and
90 Pd. 10 Ag .... k=0.48 at WC ........................ F. A. Schulse H. Reddemano(1911). (1934).
80 Pd. 20Ag .... k=0.37 at 2TC......................... Do. 50Pd, 50Cu .... Annealed; weeFig. 26, "PdWoCa........... Do.
70 Pd, 30Ag .... A-0.32 at 2C.......................... Do. 55Pd, 45 Au .... Annealed 2hr. at SVIC; wee Fig. 26, "Pd- Do.
80 K 40Ag .... k-0.27at2'C .............. D.450%Au".
50 Pd, 50Ag .... k-0.32 at 2C.......................... Do.
00 Pd 10 An .... k-0J2 at 25- ............... o PLATINUM ALLOYS
80 Pd, 20An ... k-0.42 at 2C.......................... Do. "Impure .......... k-0.516 atr ...C..................... W. Jaeger and70 Pd. 30 An .... k-0.40 at 2C ........................ Do. H1w. ielet60 Pd. 40 Au .... k-GaS at 25C ........................ Do. 90 Pt, 10 Pd.....k=0.43 at WVC....................... F. A. Schulze50 K 50 An....k-0.36at 2C ........................ DMo.91)
90 Pd, 10 Pt.....k-0.56 at 26 ........................ Do. 80 Pt, 20 Pd.....k-0.42 at 2WC.......................... Do.
8D Pd, 20 Pt.....k-0.44 at WC ........................ Do. 70 Pt 30 Pd .... k=0.3 at 25T ...... .................. Do.
70 Pd, 30Ell.....k-0.40 at C ........................ Do. 00 P1,40 Pd.....k=0.34 at 2C.......................... Do.
O0Pd. 40Pt.....k-0.3Sat 2C........................ D., 50 Pt, 50Pd.... k-0.37 at25-C ........................ Do.
50 Pd,50Pt ..... k-0.37 at 2C ........................ Do.
47
PLATINUM ALLOYS (Ooat'4) COPPER MJ..OY8 (Cont'd)
Composition () Conductivity and rem-rim Reference curve Composition (17) Conductivity and remarks Reference
w/cia dog K v/cm deg K
90OPkt10Ir .... k-0.31Iat 17C .........I....I T. Bamrtt and Eu. Di.-Cu- 70OCu, 30Mn ..... About 48 crystalsper oen- A. Eucken andR. M3. Winter 60% Mn, timketer. K. Dittricli(1925). 1. (1927).
86-P6ist lIt.....k-0.23 at W7C.................. ...... Do. Ea. Di.-Cu-. ... do............. About 112 crystals per Do.50% Mn, centimeter.
8D P1620Ir ..... k-0.18 at 171C ...................... Do. 2.90 Pt6 10 R .... k-0.30 at17TC........................ Do. ...... 3Ag .............. Unannealed; k-3.67 at E.Grtnesaenand
830 sad 21*K. E. Guess96atomie % Pk4 k-0.46 at IT ....................... C. H. Johanason (1927).
atoomic % Au. and J. 0. Linde(1930).......... do ........ Annealed 3 hr at 3900C; DO.
k -4.06 at 8M0K 6. 19 at90 atomice% Pt. 10 k-0.35 at 19T ........................ Do. 311L
atomic % Au.75 toic% P. 5 ..024atir..............o iA.2!7; G. 05.5 Cu, 4.5 Au .... Polycrystalline; unan- E. Grlasisen and
76aoi t.2 -.4at1' .............. D.- 4% nealed. H.Reddemannatomic % Au. Au. (1934).
56lAtomic %Pt. 45 k-0.21 atl0C .............. Do. G. Re.-10% 90.3 On, 9.7 Au .... Polycryatalline; unan- Do.atomic % Au. Au. nealed.
...................... ............ 75.1 Cu, 24.9 Au ..... Quenched from 800*C; Do.k-0.34 at 830K.
WPPM= ALLODYS ....... ....do............. Annealed 20 hr at 400C; Do.See also the "COPPER-NICKEL ALLOY" graph and k-0.61 at 83*K.and tables. .......... do............. Annealed 32 hr at 3600; Do.
k -0.63 at 83*K.curv Composition (%) Conductivity and remarks Reference ..........do ........ Same as above except later Do.
annealed 2 hr at 820C,w/cm deg K then v nhd;k02
..... ..About 62 Cu, 15 Ni, "Neusilber"; k-0.29 at L. Loren, (1881). 0 .2% d aea aoeecp ae o22n 00Au. annealed 5 months at
.... ..About 82 Cu, 18 Zn.. "Red bra."; k-1.03 at Do, room temperature.WC. G. Re.-25% ... do ........ Same as above except ad- DO.
..... ..About 65 Cu, 35 Zn.. "Yellow brass"; k=0.85 Do. Au an- ditionally annealed 30at O*00 "eWe hr at 320*C.
..... ..0.34 P............. k-0.95 at15T....... A. Rietucb 0. Re.-Cu- 49.9 Cu, 50.1lA .... Annealed 30hr at 320'C.. Do.(1900). 50 Au.
..... ..0.87 P............. k-0.61 at 1500...... Do. G. Re.-Cu- 49.9 Cu. 80.1 Pd. .. Annealed................ Do.50o Pd.
..... ..1.79 P............. k-0.53 at IST...... Do. G. Re.-6% 93.6 Cu, 6.4 Pd .... Polycrystalline; unan- Do.
..... ..2.06 P............. k-0.34 at 15"C........... Do. Pd. Boome.
.. ... .2.U P............. k-0.27 at15C ...... o ...... 5Cu. 46Pd ..... Anneale;k-0.67st830K Do.
...... 5.25 P............. k-0.15 at 15*C........... Do. G. Re.-4% .... do............. Annealed 2hr at 800C.;.. Do.Pd.
...... 1.114 An ............ k -1.14 at 15*0........... Do. 0. Re.-45%....do............. Further annealled 30 hr at Do.
...... IMA 1............. k-0.92 at 15*C........... Do. Pd, a 320T0.
...... 2.66 As............ k-0.54 at 15T........... Do. __________ _______ ____
...... 3.00GnM........... k-0.H atl50C........... Do.
...... 5.02 Asm........... k-0.20 at 15T0........... Do. COPP=R ALLODYS (Contd)
.... .86.7 Cu, 7.15 Zn, 6.39 "Red brain"; k00atW. Jaege and Cmoiin()Cnutvt8n, 0.6 NL 35.0. k-.OatCupamin %)I onucivty
(1900).
..... ..84 Cu,l1iMn, 4Ni ... k-0.22at1800 ............ Do. wc o99.986 Cu, 0.0016 Fe, .02 02............................... 3.93'2
Fit. 27; L, 70 Co. 30Zn .............................. C. H. I'm 99.80 Cu, 0.19 F4.02 Fe.................................... 2.13'2BOOM(108. 90.78 Cu, 0.23 W4 .02 Fe................................... 1.92'2
99A6 Cu, 0.3281, .AUFe.................................. 1.65'2, .27; L- 62Cu,22Znul5Ni... -awutmanlver........... Do. 99.53 Cu,0.45 K .03 Fe................................... 1.29'2
r.sl.99.0 Cu, 1.00 S1, 0.03 Fe.................................. 0.82'2L-h.~98.0 Cu, 1.98 F4, 0.06 Fe.................................. 0.51'1
LýPat ... A smae as "Phbtnmid!.............. Do. 96.0 Cu, 3.91 El, 0.02 Fe . ....................... 0.34'2
L.-Manpnia. 84 Cu, 12 Mn, 4 Ni.. "Mangaainse............. Do. 'These value, were determined by C. S. Simith (1935) at 2000. Sometimes the com-position paresiibges add up to more than 100.
...... 80C., 18 Zn ...... Red bra.s-; "fine" a~-A. Eucken and I'The oope-ile aloy wer hoW Id-drawn and annealled at 70000 andtose k=1l27 at 27WA 0. Neumann wer inm oqe, ai solution.0.66*8 VL (1I4).
..... .....do ............ "adhm;"i"es Do.
48
1.2
.6 ,7 7
.020
.40f F
20 4 80 00 20 30
99.95 Cu, 0.07 Al,~~~~~~~~~.... ....Fe ... . . . . .2...96C,002Fe 0 s..........39
99.7 Cu 0.2 Al .0 Fe..........................2.9 2 6.24Cu,33.2 Zn 0.3 P, .1 Fe .01 S1.2
99.4 Cu 0.7AI.2F...................529.4C,30 n .2F..........269920Cu .7 A, 0 F......................1.5 9.1 u,477Zn 00 F.............24
90.56 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .Cu.... 9.3 Al.7F..................06'dan89.88 Cu, 9.90 Al, 0.22 F............ ................. 06 2974Cu0.6F,.7N,.4B.........8 2 Rheed8.76Cu02.1 AlK.9F..................42 8.1 u 29 n .8P,00 e......16
9.94C,0.0 n 0 e 0M..............36 6.5C,3.9Z,32 b .7F.......M
9.808 Cu, 0.4M,.1F,.1M..............32L 59 u 91 n .2P,00 e......11
9. 4 C,45Mn0.6 Fe .0M 0.4 40 Al, .21 Si.30
90.03 Cu, 19.82 Mn, 0.09 Fe .02. Mg. 035...C..................... 03.152 2 9.8 u .0 e .02 02....... .. .499.7 Cu 0.2 A .0 Fe ............................ 2.9 2 63.76 Cu. 19.79 Zn, 0.18 Mn, .162 Ni, 0.14 Fe.... 1.34 2
9&08 u, 189 A, 0.3 A ............................ 1.2 265.51 Cu, 23.86 Zn, 0.18M,7 03 Ni, 0.4B .......0 Fe,.46 2 Qunhd
poito pecetae add up3 to, more tha 100................. 59.76 Cu 298dZ,015Ma01wN.0.4F,.4
soli souo (exep the 12%1 Al, whichF was.................. 644 8.104 Cu, 30.50 Zn, 5.41 Ni, 0.05 Fe ........... 1... 0 299The Copper-7Mangn es.1 e, allo2 wM r d...oxi.....i ....... with magnesium349, hotroled and an0 -Fe________ ...........___ _________ ______
nealed at, 70C.1 ese value were detrmn1 by C............... S.2 Smt (1935) at, 29.18 Soeme the2 com-0e...1199,55 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~psto per.3M,.1Fe 0 g................ 22 80, C e,37 ntae a.7d up to8 more than 0.90.
95.3Th micelneu alloy wer exenivl worked aneaed and sMo ............... cooledl1Si9025 Cu,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ecp w.3here e,0 g.2 ........... .61560 u 59 noted.1 n179Ni0.8F, .32
8D.0 Cu 1982 M , 009 e, .2 M , .35 C................ 0.153 .24C
COPPER ALLO0YS (Coat'd) COPPER ALLO0YS (Cout~d)COMPANY AND TRADE MANUJALS
compoiztion M%) Conductivity I state _____
Name Nominal Composition () Conductivity./cmo deg K
MX a, 17.88 Zn, 13.24 Ni, 0.10 Fe, 2.23 So, .31'2 Sand-cast. Leaedu/CU deg K10.44PhLeddros:
80.08 cu. 4.98 Ni, 0.08 Fe. 5.11 Al, 0.74 Si ... .45' Quenched. Leaded commercial bronze .... 90 Cu, 9.5 Zn, 0.5 Ph .... 1.8096.06 Cu, 4.98 Ni, 0.08 Fe, 5.11 Al, 0.74 Si.. .57 ' Reheated. L.eaded comercial bronze.... 89 Cu. 0.26 Zn, 1.75 Pb ... 18086.06 C46 4.98 Ni, 0.08 Fe, U.1I AL, 0.74 Si ... .66 2 Furnace-cooled. Commercial bronze. ....... 90.25 Cu, 6.9 Zn. 1.75 Pb, I Ni, 1.40W1.3 Lu,42.34 Zn. 1.02 Ni, 0.49 Fe ............. 1.14' Low leaded breas...............84.5 Cu. 35 Zn Z h....... 1.17ftM Cu, 0.31 Ni, 0.32 Fe, .38So, 9.41.Al .. 0.80' Low leaded brass. ............. 67 Cu. 32.SZn, 0.5 Pb. ý.. 216TWO3 Co., 22.22 Zn, 0.01 Fe. 1.98 Al ............... 00 Medium leaded brusm...........64.5 Cu, 34.5 Zn, 1.0 )Pb. 1.1710.3 Co, 38.36 Zn. 0.12 Mn, 1.06 Fe, 0.98 Sn, 1.01 High leaded brass.. ........... 82.5 Cu. 35.75 Zn. 1.75 Pb 1.17
.13 Ph. High leaded brass...... L.......64 Cu. 34 Zn, 2.0 Pb ...... 1.1699.664 Cu. 0.03Fe. .32 Si..................... 1.65' Extrahuighleaded bran ..... 62.5Cu, 35Zn, 2.5 Ph.... 1.179116S1Cu. 4.I Mn, 0.11Fe............... ..... o0.48' Free cutting brow............. 61.5 Cu. 35.5 Zn 3 Pb ... 1.1790.21 Cu, 0.01 Fe, .01 Ki .85 Cd................ 3.45' Leaded Munts metal. .. L....... 60 Cu, 39.5 Zn. 0.6 Pb .... 1.210&.41 Cu, 0.02Fe. J9 So, .02 Si, 1.07Cd .... 2.263 Free outing Munts metal ... 60.5 Cu, 3&4 Zn 1. IPb. 1.1772.49 Cu, 17.76 Zn, 3.34 Me, 1.78 Fe, 4.44 Al. 0.50'2 FOii'ig braz.................. 60Cu. 38 Zo,2Fb............. 1.1794.00 Cu, 1.03 Me, 0.08 Ft. 4.68 Si.............. 0.26'2 Sand-cast. Architectural bronze ........... 57 Cu. 40 Zn. 3 Phb... 1.21U8.69 Cu, 0.99 Mn.0.16 Fe, 3.23Si.............. 0.336' Leaded naval bran............ 60Cu, 373 5"1,0.7 to 1.75Pb, 1.1798.10 Cu, 0.30 Mn, 0.06 Fe, 1.60 Si ............ 0.54 20.75 Sn.81.56 Cu, 14.21 Zo,.&20 Mn, 0.04 Fe, 4.00 & 0.28'2 Chijlkad Leaded tinbearing bronze .... 7 Cu, 4Zn, 8So, 1Pb .... 0.472&.83 C%1.12 Zn.0.02 Fe. 3.11 Si ............. 0.37' 2 ihlae i rne(uhn) 80Cu, 10Soi, 10 Ph............0.4778.30 Cu.0.20 Ni,&01 So, 13.32 Ph.0.1 P ... o.42' 1 ad-at Dairy bronze ................. 640u,8 Zn. 20Ni, 4 Ph4 So 0.2387.86 Cu, 3.05 Zn, 0.03 Fe, 8&87 Son............ .. 42 Snc-at Leaded nickel bran ....... 60 Cu, 16 Zn, 16Nýi,5 Pb, 3 Sn 0.27UM.3 Cu, 1.90 Zn, 0.07 Fe, 9.58 Sn.............. 0.50' Sanud-cadt.60.54 0,36.48 Zn. 0.21 Me, 0.73 Fe, 1.48 Sn, 0.96'2 Sand-cast. Spca Bass
o.04 AL Admiraltynmetal ........ 71 Cu, 28 Zo, I B.............1.0909.04 Cu, 0.07 Fe, .9 Cd...................... 2.76'2 Naval bram ............ 60 Cu. 39.25 Zn. 0.78 Sn ... 1.1780.75 Cu, 0.47 Me, 48.69 Fe, 0.06 Si, .02 C.......0.90'2 Manganese brouse ....... 58,5 Cu. 39 Zn, 1.4 Fe, 1 Sn, 1.09
0.1 Mo.Aluminum bran ....... 76 Cu. 22Zo,2 Al ......... .... 100
I T1#ue values were determined by C. S. Smith (1935) at 20*C. Sometimes the comn- "Ambronse-474'......... 94.97 Cu, 4.0 Zn, 1.0 Sn, 0.03 P. 1.64position percentages add up to more than 1900 "Ambronze.421 ......... 88.00 Cu, 10.0 Zn, 2.0 Sný .. 1.19
2The miscellaneous a&Boys were eztensively worked, annealed, and slowly cooled Manganese red brara ...... 85.0 Cu, 14.0 Zn, 1.0 Mn .... 0.99except where noted. Silicon red brasi ........ 82.0 Cu, 17.0 Zn, 1.0 Si .... 0.67
Trumpet brass..........._... 81.0 Cu, 18.0 Zn, 1.0 Sn .... 1.21Arseniculadmizrulty ............ 7 1.0OCu, 28.0OZn, 1.0Be, 0.4 As. 1.11Manganese beass.............. 70.0 Cu, 29.0 Zn, 1.0 Mn ... 0.74
COPPER ALWiYS (COfnt'd) Nickel silver I18%-B ............ 5 Cu, 27 Zn, IS Ni ............ 0.29__ _ _ ______ ________-Nickel silver 157,%............ 66Cu,19Zn,15 Ni............ 0.35
Gm %)Leaded nickel silver 120%0.....65 Cu, 20.7 Zn, 12 Ni, 2 Pb, 0.40Phosphor bronze 5%o-A ......... 95 Cu, 5 Sn, trace P ............ 0.80
64CPhosphor bronw 80/,-C . 90 Cu, 10 Sn, trace P ...... 0.50o.4Ier. K. sewuer Phosphor bronze 12%-E . 98.. .1175C,12 Sn, trace P ... 2.06
ad, ~~~(1I=). Phookbor bronze ............... 98.7C,12 n .6P21D~o..................... 98.4 cu, 1.75 Sn, 0.01 P... 1.47
l%. 27; Kr. 4.6 Ou, 41 Zn, 13 Ni.. "Bilbetrense'...... Do. Do ............ 95.98 Cu, 4.0 Sn, 0.05 P .... 0.81&eJwonz Do ............ 95.75Cu, 4.0 So,025 P .... 0.81
29&- AL. 45.9 Cu, 42.1 Zn, 9.8 "German silvr"; daftA S J. F. Allen and Do ............ 95.17 Cu, 4.0 Sn, 0.iJP 0.5... Fe 0.7n.a-Zer. Nk .S0 P.P4'5 Fe, equation k-3.3X1O-4 X. Mendois Do ............ 93.YCu, 5.0 So.0.1 P,IPb..' 0.83
a. 0.06 MII. Ts. (19%8). Do ............ 93.7 Cu, 6.0 Sn, 0.3 P ............ 0.57Do ..................... 91.75 Cu, 8.0 Sn, 0.25 P ..... . 0.62
W 27Fi.47 Cu, 41 Zn, 9 Nl, 2 Mran diameter ci rydata R. Berman Do ...................... ý0.75 Cu, 10.0 go, 0.2 P .... 0.5o0; .- Ph. was 0.02 mm. (19511). Do ..................... 87.90 Cu, 4.0 Sn, 4 Zn, 4 Ph, 0.55
Special arsm:siliconbronmenA ........ 96 Cu,3&..........
0.3 8
SIricanbronze 8........ 97 Cu, 1.58 0i......59... UCOPPER ALLOYS (Cout'd) "Elverdur-100 .......... 95.8 Cu, 3.1 Si, 1.1 Mn .... 0.33
COM ANY AN TRADE MANT AIA "Everdur-1012 ......... 95.6 Cu, 3.0 Si, 1.0 Mn, 0.4 Ph. 0.33________________________ _____ verdur-1015 .......... 98.25 Cu, 1.6 K. 0.25 Mn... 0.44______________________________-"LEverdur-1014 ......... 90.75 Cu. 2.0 Si. 7.2 Al .... 0.45
Name Nominal Composition % Conductivity 67o Aluminium bronze ..... 95 Cu. 5 Al.................. . 0.83........................____ __ _ _ ___ __ 92 Cu, 8Al .......... 0.71
IWO Aluminum bronze...... 88 C,10 Al........ .. 0.60w/mdgK....... 82.?"Cu 10 A5N42.e 0.38
.../... dK Auiu iio rne 91 Cu, 7Al, 2Si ....... 0.38
'EYs reyie Tough Piteb ..... _9.9J2 Cu, 0.04 02.............. 3.91 'Calm ...................... 95.5 Cu, 2.5,Al, 2.0 Sn...... 0.81Deozidised...................99.94 Ca, 0.02 P............... 3.39 Chromium eu~per ....... 99.06 Cu, 0.85 Cr ....... 3.20Ozy&,m rn-ee high need ......... 90.92 Cu..................... 3.93 "Hitenso-961 ......... 99.0 Cu, 1.0 Cd ........ 3.44Sil'm bearing ................. 90.9 Cu, buac Ag............. 3.93 'Hitenao-965 ........... 95.6 Cu, 0.8 Cd, 0.6 So .... 2.33Arsenical phomsphormsed.......... 99.45 Cu, 0.3 Aii, 0.03 P.... 1.76 Aluminum bronze 89--10 ..... S Cu, 10 A, I Fe ....... 0.55Frees odlt.i.................. 99.4 Cu. 0.6 e......... 3.55 Aluminum bronse 86-4-10.. 86 Cu 10 Al, 4 Fe ..... 0.59Boaran deoxidised .............. 99.96 Cu, 0.02 B....... 3.88 Aluminum bronze ....... 87.5 du, 9 AL, 3.5 F........ .. 0.59Selarivenecopper...............99.4 Cu. 0.6 g ........ 3.84 ____________________
Leaded copper............... 99A Cu.1.0 Ph....... 3.84Chromium copper.............99.06 Cu, 0.85 Cr........ ...... 3.24Cadmniun Copper..............9.00e Cu, 1.00 Cd.............. 3.44
Gilding...................... 96ca, 6 n.I................. 2.34Commercial bronze ............ 90 Cu. 10 Zn........ ......... 1.88RBowring rosse ............... 90 Cc, 0.5 Zn,0.Sn............ 1.73Commercial hbronzae............ 87.5 Cu, 12.5 Zn............... 1.73Red bran .............. ..... asCu, 15 Za.................. 1.59low rasa.................... 80Cu, 207A.................. 1.38Clerbidle braw ............... 70 Cu. 30Zn ................... 1.21Yelow bae;.......... 65 Cu, 36Za.................. 1.17Missie metal ................. 60Co, 40Zn.................. 1.21
50
tq-
400~~~~~0 09300IIP~t1 m-I
COPRALY Cn')COPPER-NICKEL ALYCO!ALY AN IRD MANUIl SeI[o-e"OPE LO"gap n als
Name Noina C ompsiio 000odciiy SaeCrv opsto odcivt n eak eeec
Beylu ope 97 Cu 2 Be 0.2 Co . .0 .4 So----ot62C' 2Z, "Nuibr;k0 9 a .Lcn
1.011 :111 A... abv..........0C..0N .C..ntn;k0 t .Jee n
checIl (1900)
plu cIMd (1I)
f ..oHI
I f il.
treted G. siv (1908)
cold
BE ry u alo 2. .. 2 Be 0. .u baa. Cu. 1.2 .= 2 at .C . M. Winter.
Beryllium alo .7C .. Be 0. Co baac Cu. 0.96. ..
Fig 27, Krz4C,1 i 0Z. Nmir......J awi n
151
COPPER-NICKEL ALLOYS (Cont'd) COPPER-NICKEL ALLOYS (Cont'd)COMPANY AND TRADE MANUALS
Carv" Compoitioa (0/) Conductivity and remarks Reference
Name Nominal composition %)Conductivityv/cm deg K
J%. 29.Al 45.9 Cu, 42.1 Zn, 9.8 "German silver"; data fits J. F. Allen and w/cm deg KMm-~er. NK,2.0 Pb,0.16 Fe. equation k - 5.3 X 104 E. Mendoza
Wy. 0.06 MD. Ts. (1948). Cupcroiiickei 300N 70 Cu, 30 Ni ........... ................ 0.29Cupro-nickel 10W,. 88.5 Cu, 10 Ni, 1.5 Fe..................... 0.47
..... ..63 Cu, 20 Ni, 17 Zn... "Nickel-silver"; k= 25.5 K. R. Wilkinson Nickel silver 180%-A. 65 Cu, 18 Ni, 17 Zn...................... 0.33mw/cm d~ at 10*K, and J. Willis Nickel silver 18%,B. 55 Cu, 18 Ni, 27 Zn.............. ........ 0.2548.5 at 15K 1. t (14) Nickel silver 15%.. 66 Cu, 15 Ni, 19 Zn ....................... 0.352(rK. Constantan ..... 55Cu, 45 Nj........................... 0.23
Dairy bronze ..... 4 Cu, 20 N4, 8 Zn, 4 Pb, 4 Sn .............. 0.23.......70 Cu, 30 Nj ......... nickel'* k -20.9 Do. Leaded nickel brass 6W Cu, 16 Ni, 18 Zn, 5 Pb. 3 Sn ............. 0.27
mw/cem deF t10K Leaded nickel silver 66 Cu, 12 Ni, 20.7 Zn, 2 Pb, 0.3 Mn .... 0.4035.7a 6/ K 50.2 at 120/.
Fig.28; 56 Cu, 45 Ni ................................ BR. W. Powers,PXIJ. B. Ziegler,SI ER A L Y
ooneutan- and H. L. SILVER____ _______
Wta. Johnston -________ _________ ______
(1951c). Curve Composition (%/@ Conductivity and remarks Reference
F .29a. 80 Cu.20Ni ...... Also obtained k =127 mw/ J. K. Hulm%u.- &5~ cm deg at 21.9%K and (1951). wc e200/ Nj. 79.9 at 16.?K. wc e
Fg.28; B.- 60 Cu, 40Ni ..... ............. R. Berman ....... 90 Ag,10 Pd ..... k=-1.41 at 2'C .......... F. A. SchulzeConstan- (1951b). (1911).t"........ 80 Ag, 20 Pd ..... k=0.84 at 2 0C ............ Do.
Fics. 27 29s; 47 Cu, 41 Zn, 9 Ni, 2 Mean diameter of crystals Do.70A,0Pdk05at2 ...... DoBW.-bter. Pb. was 0.02 mm........7 g30P.....k=57a2-C..... Dosily. ....... 60 Ag, 40 Pd ..... k=0.45 at 25-C............Do.
Fi.2;R.90 Cu, 10 Ni ...... Two samples which were 1. FidegSOdk=.2a2'.......oZi. - Cu - annealed, onea single and J. E. ...... 0A,5 d.....k=.2a C..... o
10% Ni, crystal. Zimmermann90A,1P&.....k=98a 5C..... Doanneale. (1952). ............ 8a25........Do
Ba.Zi.-Cu- . ....do.............. Two smaples which were Do....... 76 Ag, 25 Pt ..... k=0.38 at 25C............ DO.10% Ni, cold-worked....... 70 Ag, 30Pt ...._ k-0.31at2VC............ Do.
......_ _______ ______-____.. .... 67 AS,33 Pt ..... 1-0.30 at 2WC ............ Do.
Fig. 26; 99.63 Ag, 0.37 Au ........................... E. Griineiaen andCOPPER-NICKEL ALLOYS (Cont'd) b. 1b.- H. Reddemsann
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __-Ag-0.4% (1934).Au.
Composition (%) ConductivityG eA- 76 AL 25 An ..... Single crystal .............. Do.
v/cm. deg K 25A.
G. Re-Au 10 Ag, 50Au. Single crystal .......... Do.99.73 Cu, 0.28 Ni, .01 Fe' .03 Mg......................3.2 1, 50% Ag.99.47 Co. 0.M Ni, 'O2 Fe .0' Mg...................... ...... 2.92 1. 397.94 Cu, 1.97 Ni, 0.02 Fe, .04 Mg.......... ................. 1.72 41 Po-Ag 60 Ag9, 15.5 Cu, 16.5 "E~ay-fo";flamc nneale: R. L. Powell94.92 Cu. 5.09 Ni 40.01 Fe,.0 M g.....................1.00 1: 22 Solder. Zn, 18 Cd. (1953).89.90 Cu, 10.07 Ni .2F, OILMg .0C..................... 0.62 1, ____ 1_____________ ____
84.95 Cu, 15.07 N4 0.05 Fe, .01 ML .03Mu.................... 0.47 1,2- _ ____ -_______ _____
79.68 Cu, 19.79 Ni, 0.23 Fe, .30 Mg....................... .... 0.36 i's69.54 Cu. 30.23 Ni, 0.06 Fe, .95 Mg, .13 Mn .................... 0.29 I's G LD) ALLOYS
Composition (%1) Conductivity state ....... 90 Au, 10 Pd ..... k=0.98 at25-C..........F. A. Schulze(1911).
w/om.deg K ....... 80Au, 20Pd ..... k=0.59at 25*C............Do.
64.14 Cu, 18.38 Ni, 0.19 Fe, 17,06 Zn, 0.3 Ma, 0.33 1,a...... 70 Au, 30 Pd ..... k=0.44 at 26*C ...... Do..02 C.
63.37 Cu, 19.89 Ni, 0.14 Fe, 8.22 Zn, 3.31 Sn, &.4 0.2 1, 3 Sand-cast............6 Au, 40 Pd ..... k=0.40 at 25*C. ...... Do.PM 0.23 Mn.I......
96.05 Cu.3.01 Ni, 0.004 Fe,.88Si ............... 0.76 1, Quenched. Au6 dk=3at ...... Do96.06 Cu, 3.01 Ni, 0.04 Fe, .88 Si................ 1.58 1, 8 Reheated........5Au50P.....kO aWC..... Do96.06 Cu, SAOlNi 0.04 Fe, .88Si ................ 1.69 1, Furnace-cooled 9.~OtI.07at5C......o74.07 Cu, 10.96 7Wi, 0.09 Fe, 6.31 Zn ............. 0.39 '.......g3n 1 t.....k07 a 6C..... o64.6 Cu, 29.44 Ni, 0.07 Fe, 6.69 Zn. ............. 0.28 ,3 ...... 80 Au, 20 Pt ...... =0.41 at 25-C............ Do.
IThe values were determined by C. S. Smith, E. W. Palmer (1935) at 20*C. Some- ...... 70 Au, 30 P&......k=0.30 at 25'C............Do.fames the composition percentages add up to more than 100.
2 The copper-nickel alloys were deoxidisedl with magnesium, cold-rolled, and an- ....... 60 Au, 40 Pt.. ... k=0.26 at 5C ............ Do.nealled at NOTC._______ __________________
8 The Miscellaneous alloys were extensively worked, annealed, and slowly cooledexcept where noted.
52
GOLD ALLOYS (Cont'd) ZINC ALLOYS
Curve Composition (%) Conductivity and remarks Reference TrAde Nominal composition 1%) Conductivity_ - - Designation
w/cm deg K u/cma deg K........I.... 92 atomic % Au, 8 k=0.80 at 18'C ......... C. II. Johansson
atomic % Pt. and J. 0. Linde "Zamak-" ...... 96 Zn, 4 Al, 0.04 Mg ................... . 13(1930). "Zamak-5. 95 Zn, 4 Al, I (Cu, 0.04 Nig ................ 1.09
"Zamak-2"..... 93 Zn, 4 Al. 3 Cu, 0.03 Mg ................ 1.05.......... - 84 Au, 16 Pt ......... k =0.48 at 18C .......... Do. ('omm. rolled ..... 99.8 Zn, 0.08 Pb .......................... 1.09
Do..... .. 99.8 Zn, 0.06 Pb, 0.06 (A .................. 1.09....... 68 Au, 32 Pt...... k=0.23 at I 8C ......... Do. Rolled zinc alloy, 98.7 Zn, I Cu, 0.01 Mg ..................... 1.05
"Zilloy-15"..... 55 Au, 45 Pt ......... k=0.21 at 18SC .......... Do.
Fig. 26; 50 Au, 50 Ag ........ Single crystal ........... E. GriiineLen andG. IRe.- 1 IttdvmannAu-SO% (1:3). CADMIUM ALLOYSAg.
G. Re.-Au- 75 Au, 25 Ag ....... Single crystal ........... Do. Curve Composition (%) Remarks Reference25%/, Ag.
G. Re.-Au- 73.7 Au, 26.4 Cu. Polycrystailine ......... Do. Fig. 29; 66.7 Cd, 33.3 Sb .............................. A. Eucken and26%• Cu. Eu. ;e.- G. Gehlhoff
('d-33% (1912).G. Re.-Au- 91 Au, 9 Cu ......... Polycrystalline ........... Do. Sb.
9% Cu. Eu. Ge.-Cd- 50 Cd, 50 Sb ............................... . Do.
........... 50.1 Au, 49.9 Cu .... Quenched from 800C; Do. 50% Sb.k =0.193 at 86WK.
.............. do ............. Same as above except an- Do.nealed 22 hr at 360"C;k=1.28 at 85WK. MER_ __ _CURY ALLOYS
................. do ............. Requenched from 8000C: Do. Composition (%) Remarks Reference
k=0.23 at 83°K. __ _
G. Re.-Au . ... do ............ Annealed 30 hr at 320°C... Do. 98.811g, 1.19 In.... Measured ratio of conductivitics in normal J. K. Ilulm500/% Cu. and superconducting states. (1950).
G. Re.-Au- 91.2 Au, 8.8 Pd ...... Tempered at 800oC for 2 Do. See also the graph and table under"Metal-9% Pd. hr. lic Elements'.
........... 83 Au, 17 Pd ........ Annealed 2 hr at S°C; Do.approx. same curve as"Ag-25% Au".
............ 69 Au, 25 Ag, 6 Pt .... k =0.53 at room tempera- Trade Manual. TIN ALLOYS
tore.Curve Composition Remarks Reference
INDIU [, THALLIUM ALLOYS Figs. 18a, b. Up to 4% mercury... See table under Figs.18a, b, J.K. Hulm
"Metallic Elements". (1950).
... 66 TI, 34 Pb ......... For a sample with "large" A. Eucken and Do. Up to3% indium. .do ... B.B. Goodmancrystals, k=0.22 at 273? K. Dittrich (1953).K, 0.13 at 80*K; for a (1927).sample with "small"crystals, k=0.23 at 273?K, 0.14 at 80OK. N ALLOYS (Contd)
.67 TI, 34 Pb by atomic Measured relative change W. J. de Hass COMPANY AND TRADE MANUALSpercent. of thermal conductivity and H. Brem-
when the alloy became mer (1932). Name Nominal Composition (%) Conductivitysuperconductive.
Fit 29, 29a; 91.4 In, 8.6 Pb by Became superconducting H. Bremmer and w/cm deg KBr. H.-In- atomic percent. at 4.2K. W. J. de Haas Eutectic soft solder.. 63 Sn, 37 Pb ........................... 0.50W, Pb. (1936). Tin foil ............ 92 Sn, 8 Zn ............................ 0.59
Br.H.-Pb- 50 In, 50 Pb by Became superconducting Do.50%• In. atomic percent, at 6.54 K.
Fi 9; 90 In, 10 TI by atomic Single crystal; measured J. K. Hulm
tu-In- percent. both in the normal and (1952b).10% TL. superconducting state;
transition temperatureabout 3.4"K.
53
TEPEATR RE ZK
1%animonallad . 9Pb~~b.....................0.330 90 Pb701....Msue odciiyi .Mneson Hrdla......9 b b............03intemedate tat and andR. . D.......9 b b............02
ss~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~- a---- f--ino a- Pnis8 aiioilla . 2P,8S.............02
nei44 l.(97.Gi ea......9 b b............02
Do..........7 Pb 11 Sb 10 Sn..... ......... 0.24>: g.o9 99P,01B................o ________________________ ______
M.0.-b0.1% %i.
>..b 90P,70.....oehththracn o10% i utvt ntespr
5050)
Q40
400
200 FIGURE 29a
100 I
S60
08t
C-)E
.8
.6
TEMPERATURE*K
BISMUJTH ALLOYS ANTIMONY ALLOYS
Curve Composition 07,) Remarks Reference Curve Composition (9o) Remarks Re erenee
Fig. 29; L.- 5OBi,25Pb,14Sn,11 "Lipowitialloy ......... C. H.Lees Fig. 29; Eu. 50 Sb, 50Cd ..... .............. A. Eucken andLUP. Cd. (1908). Ge.-Cd- G. Gehbioff
Ge. Ne.-Bi- 50, RIL 50 Sb ..... 0............ . Gehlhoff and 50% Sb. (1912).
80% Sb. F. Neumejer Eu. Ge.-Sb- 51.7 Sb, 483 Cd ................. Do.(1913). 48%' Cd.
Ge. Ne.-Bi- 80Bi, 20 8b. ... ............ Do. Eu. Ge.-Sb- 66.7 8b, 33.3 Cd ..... "Very hard'........ Do.200/c b. 33% Cd.
Ge. Ne.-Bi- 87 Bi4 13 Sb ........ ......................... Do. Ge. Ne.-Sb- 70 Sb, 30 Ri ..... ............ C. Gebihoff and13% Sb. 30% Bi. F. Neumneier
(1913a).Ge. Ne.-Bi- 89 Bi,l11Sb ........ ......................... Do.
11% Sb. Ge. Ne.-Bi- 50O8b,50 Bi .................. Do.
Ge. Ne.-Bi- 01 Bj, 0 Sb ......... ......................... Do. 50T,___ ___________________
9% Sb.
r g29, 29a; 50fRi. 25 b, 25 Sn.... "Rose's metal ............ H. Bremmer andtr. H.- W. J. de HamaRose. (1936).
55
2.4. Dielectric Crystals
This section is not comprehensive but is representative of the dielectrics.There have been few measurements on the conductivity of dielectrics atlow temperatures. However, three series of experiments especially worthnoting in this short summary are A. Eucken and G. Kuhn (1928), W. J. deHaas and T. Biermasz (in late 1930's), and R. Berman and others of theClarendon Laboratory at Oxford (1950's).
The following miscellaneous dielectrics were measured by A. Eucken and G. Kuhn(1928) (all percentages are mole percent):
Conductivity Conductivitymw/cm deg K mw/cm deg K
Name Remarks ______degK _ Name Remarks
83' K 273* K 83 0 K 273o K
Marble ...... Small crystals, 99.9% CaC03 .... 42 33 25% KBr, Pressed at 8,000 atm. ........... 46 33Do ..... 99.99% CaCO ................ 54 38 75% KCI.Do ..... arge crystals ................. 50 33 10% KBr . .... do ....................... 80 50
Calcite ...... Main crystal axis perpendicular 180 46 90% KCI.to rod axis. 50% KCl, do ....................... 188 71
Do ...... Main crystal axis parallel to rod 293 54 50% NaCl.axi. K NO: ............. do ....................... 17 21
I ite ...... Natural crystal ................ 159 75 Mercuric .... do ....................... 17 13CV .......... Pressed at 8,000 atm... . ....... 314 88 chloride.
KCI .......... From a melt .................. 402 92 NH ,CI ............ do ....................... 109 25NaCI .............. do ....................... 343 92 NH4Br. ........... do .... ............... .. 67 25NaCI ......... Pressed at 8,000 atm ........... 251 71 Ba(NO3)2 .......... do ....................... 33 13Rock salt... ...... do ....................... 180 63 CopX ..............................p 29 21Sylvite ............ do....................... 343 84 Sulfate.KCI ........ Premsed at 1,250 atm. .......... 243 75 Magnesium ............................. 25 25KCI .......... Premed at 2,500 atm ........... 368 92 sulfate.KCI ......... Pressed at 8,900 atm ........... 402 96 K4(FeCNe) ................................. 17 17KBr ......... Pressed at 8,000 atm........... 92 38 Chrom alum ................................ 13 21NaBr ............. do ....................... 50 25 Potassium ............................. 13 21KI ................ do ....................... 121 29 alum .KF ............... do ....................... 234 71 Potassium Main crystal axis perpendicular 17 21Naf .............. do ....................... 519 105 bichromate, to rod axis.RbI ............... do ....................... 59 33 Do ....... Main crystal axis parallel to rod 17 17RbCI .............. do ....................... 29 21 axis.90% KBr, . .... do ....................... 50 29 Topaz ........ M ineral ...................... 234
10% KCL. Zincblend .......... do ....................... 63 26475% KBr, . .... do ....................... 29 21 Beryll ............. do ....................... 88 84
25% KCl. Tourmaline ....... do ....................... 38 4650% KBr, . .... do ....................... 25 25
50% KCI.
56
60
.8.
DIAMONSAPAPHIRE
"C'rM Remark RefereRE C3v0emrReeec
Fis 30 .a Cuv S-. ari.ca sigl crsa R. Bemn(15)Fig.~~~~~~~~I 30adI adto4t4h wocre,thyWJ.dHaand B-S. sphie(ouum;6m20a obandk 43a 9 . T iras og imtro m tlw
H.Bz.-D. ~~~~~ ~ ~ V (13)Ma eprtue =.z0mancytlaisicie 6
B. S.Z-D-. Mesrdte"iz fet n i- R emnt o xs
8odcytl fsur rs- F .Smnsecio. # wa 39 m ide adJ.M.Zian ig. 3, 0a Sae rysalaaaboe xcet .5 R. eran 192)
#2was3.mmwideMu 3wa1. (15)B- 2.m d IaMetrmmwd,#6aa11m ie
Thy se tpeIstne llFis 3, 2; Sntre luin;desiy3.01o
were evera centmeter long "Aluina". g/cm 95% f snlecysa)4_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ganszsaot5t 0mcos
Tmr -57
IIDL9W
8 .......U 4
4-
-- .8 - - -
z~ .6
.30
TEMPERATURE, 0K
58
..........--------- AUART
Nurv Remrk Itern
H.q B1 .Af singlel cryta wit ro ati pe- WI.deHn n
pendlI II icTular toff prncpa cryta T.Bir
S1 I two biar axes dimee 0.216li
.cm
H.BD2 Sm saoe xetdaee .J eHn n
0.45 cmZ._iema(19384
H.AMR.. am o s2 xcp imtr W.J eHs ngroun down --035-m. -- Bein
.096b)
FiD14.1 igecytl5cmln;sur .Bra 16)
7,g8. 3,3a Asigecytlwt ncipal axis #1 wJ. withoutsendtron irradiamtion; (21w93wth.
peditconal iraito ionc of 1.4unts#wo thinrd additionilmirradiatio
of1.454 unit. The "H"curve
H. B.-2 ... Swerod af ,ecp imter beain J. follows:an
for4; 60 hros .; #6i , 540mm or 677de7,8. ~ cipa axis; for 1a wihr.; #8,
700oC fraitor ; 6 2 warwih
unitirraiaton; 3, econ ad
Z0zo
1.5
TEPRTUR FIURK3IONIC~~~ CRSTLSTEYLI
1.r0 feak Refeen4 Curve- Re+k -4eference4 4Measured4 a-4- loW 1-a~u bro W.J.de ssan
m.4cytlo prx md- T Bems l 2B itrd esty29 /m ~7 .Bra 15)K~~~~~~~~~~~r.~~~~~~~~.. a.tr....erbac fte (13) eyla. fsni rsal;cytlie
curv ner 80
K s fr asamle wth imesios btwe 7 1 anwith oldeed cotact; theup- 0 micons;K=38a 0K
peramagamconacts _______________________________________+
H. B.-Kl...Meaure alog ptaeum cior Ao
D .de crsa.o.qar.rsssctinwta ieo .5 m
.Mauezh hnei odc .J eHa ntivit with chng incytl T..em
cross-sectio fo seea .C ..3....
crIystals.
Fig.~~~ 12a 1. Mesue th codctvt of DBI (14)
alum.. Cuv 1 wa fo th sam- ..
.0m
5.
3.
00
.00
008
0.4
0 22
.061
IGO FIGURE 33 u;;
8,0
7.
20 4,0 60 80ý -+00 2010
TEPRAUE00
F~3 ~ Pre gi................ ...R.W.B... tehen.... -(--932).
FiEk"hei" o-iict i . .R ikno
.6j.... I... ea1 I ls...........o
Bj-..... .. oa gm....................Do
dimtr lowe curve 644444 mm:
B.-Pe. Perspex plastic....................R.W..Do.Sehn
(192)
m~'r T~~ 77 :<>,GLASSEpt Thfl ~Ill 11''FIGURE 33o'2
t' T
T7UNT
zC0
00
00 2 3 456 7 8 9 10
TEMPERATURE,*
63
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65
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BoUuDF, CoLoPRlO, July 23, 1954
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