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ARMED SERVICES TECHNICAL INFORMATION AGENCYAR:LINGTON HALL STATIONARILINGTON 12, VIRGINIA

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NOTICE: When government or other drawings, speci-fications or other data are used for any purposeother than in connection with a definitely relatedgovernment procurement operation, the U. S.Government thereby incurs no responsibility, nor anyobligation whatsoever; and the fact that the Govern-ment may have formulated, furnished, or in any waysupplied the said drawings, specifications, or otherdata is not to be regarded by implication or other-wise as in any manner licensing the holder or anyother person or corporation, or conveying any rightsor permission to manufacture, use or sell anypatented invention that may in any way be relatedthereto.

MATERIALS RESEARCH

CHRONOLOGY, 1917-1957

Compiled by Nathan Reingold

With the assistance of James Park and John Rice

Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress

Ile\

PROGRESS

Directorate of Materials and ProcessesAeronautical Systems DivisionWright-Patterson Air Force BaseDayton, 1962

Contents

PogeForeword ........ .............. v

Preface .......... ............... vui-viii

Chronology ................... -32

Bibliography ....... .............. 335

Name Index ..... ............. 5x-.57

Subject Index ..... .............. .58-59

Wi

ForewordThis book is one of three prepared by the staff of the Science and

Technology Division of the Library of Congress, at the request and withthe financial support of the Directorate of Materials and Processes(Materials Central), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Thesethree books have been compiled and published as a part of the activitiesof Materials Central in connection with the celebration of its 45th yearas the center of materials research and development for the U.S. AirForce. Three activities of Materials Central are highlighted in thesepublications. One is a compilation of annual award-winning technicalpapers prepared by Materials Central personnel, the second is a collectionof abstracts of scientific and technical papers and reports prepared byMaterials Central and its scientific and industrial contractors during thepast decade and a half, and the third is a chronology of significantmaterials events beginning 45 years ago and ending in the present. Itis believed these three books will provide a valuable permanent set ofreferences to anyone interested in the materials sciences.

Preface

Forty-five years ago Air Force materials research was started on a verymodest scale. Funds were limited, and the range of materials used inWorld War I airplanes was small. From the time of the heavier-than-airflights of the Wright brothers, the need for high strength coupled withlight weight had raised problems in aeronautics usually absent fromconventional materials uses. The margin of error was narrow, necessi-tating careful specification of materials used in components and thoroughinspection and testing. As the performance of airplanes improved, thedemands on materials increased. Older materials required modifications,and new materials came under consideration.

Up to World War II the Air Force effort in materials was limitedmore by lack of funds than by the inadequacy of existing knowledge.During that conflict the situation changed drastically. Extensive researchprograms were launched in government laboratories, universities, non-profit institutions, and industry. By the end of the war the performancerequirements, especially at high temperatures, had consumed a greatproportion of the existing stock of scientific and technological knowledgeof materials. With the advent of jets, missiles, and rockets, it becameapparent that future aerospace progress necessitated a broad research anddevelopment program in the materials field.

The story of the past forty-five years of research in the many materialsfields of interest to the Air Force is not yet committed to the pages offormal histories. The events are still too new and too complex for afull retrospective analysis. What follows is a chronology of selected inci-dents taken from the world literature on the subject. Included are sig-nificant discoveries, items representative of the research at particular timesin specific fields, and references indicative of future trends. By and large,the chronology is limited to materials used in the construction of the

vii

bodies of airplanes and missiles and of their propulsion units. No attempthas been made to bring the chronology down past z957, because workin the most recent years is often too new for successful inclusion in awork of this nature.

The entries in the chronology and in the bibliography of sources areidentically numbered. The name and subject indexes are keyed to theentry numbers.

vilie

Chronology1917 1918

February 20, 1917: L. Lilienfeld describes February 5, 1918: J. E. Southcombe andthe preparation of films from cellulose H. M. Wells receive a patent for theethyl ether or other cellulose ethers by addition of oleic acid to mineral oils. 7dissolving in alcohol or benzene, filter- J 6, x918: A. Flatters' dope for fab-ing, and then pouring or spreading the rics for balloons and other aircraft pur-solution. The process may also be used poses is made of the following: casein,to produce an artificial silk. I borax, soap, glycerol and water. When

May 24, 1917: W. Guerder and W. San- dry, a coating composed of a solutionder receive a patent disclosing the high of commercial anim6 gum is applied asstrength obtainable by the heat treat- a fireproof finish. 8ment of wrought aluminum-zinc-mag-nesium alloys,. 1919

July io, 1917: H. Dreyfus develops atransparent fabric for use in the con- 1919: P. D. Merica, R. G. Waltenberg,struction of aircraft, etc., comprising and H. Scott, National Bureau of Stand-

cellulose acetate reinforced with a ards, explain the heat-treatment phenom-

metallic fabric of some kind, preferably ena exhibited by duralumin age-harden-

a mesh. 3 ing caused by the formation ofsub-microscopic particles of an inter-

August x, 1917: A composition consist- metallic compound from the supersat-ing of cork fragments and a solution of urated solid solution. 9casein in water with borax, lime silicateor waterglass, castor oil, and tannic acid April 8, 1919: J. R. McLain impregnatesis patentedby N.sto A. , T d tan. c F ar. thin cloth or paper with phenol-formalde-

hyde resins, using pressure to consolidateAugust 28, 1917: S. E. Graves and T. W. it. 10H. Ward devise a varnish for airplanes May 15, 1919: N. A. T. N. Feary devel-consisting of a solution of cellulose ester Ops an airplane non-conducting flexiblein acetone. 5 fabric provided with an electrically de.

November 27, 1917: Hydrolyzed starch posited metallic coating for fireproofingmixed with alum and sodium hydroxide and strengthening. The fabric is satu-to form sodium aluminate in the starch rated in boiling linseed oil under pre-is used to join woodwork or veneering, sure, dried, coated with plumbago,according to a patent issued to R. W. and passed in contact with conductorsTunnell. 6 through a copper sulphate solution. is

July 16, 1919: J. A. Newton and T. R. C. 1921: W. P. Sykes demonstrates thatWilson report the findings of the Forest the ductility of molybdenum is very tern-Products Laboratory on the nature of the perature-sensitive, an abrupt transitionrelations between the specific gravity or from ductile to brittle taking place neardensity of a wood and its strength room temperature, depending markedlyproperties. x2 on the thermal and mechanical history

December i919: A. W. Hull shows the of the sample. 20

lattice of alpha iron to be body-centered March 1921: A. A. Griffith postulatescubic. 13 that solid materials contain small, often

invisible cracks which are extremely effi-1920 cient levers in prying atoms apart. 21

April 19, 1921: A. W. Clement discloses1920: R. 0. Herzog and W. Jancke con- the composition of two add-resistingduct X-ray spectroscopic investigations of alloys, one having zo per cent molyb.cellulose. 14 denum, 8o per cent cobalt or nickel, and

June 1920: Irving Langmuir demon- o.z-4.o per cent manganese, with orstrates that a monolayer of oleic acid without io per cent iron, the secondis sufficient to lower the coefficient of lacking manganese.friction of rubbing solids to only o.T. 15 June 15, 19g2: Z. Jeffries and R. S.

July 1920: J. W. Marden and M. N. Rich, Archer propose slip interference theoryBureau of Mines, produce a zirconium of hardening. 23powder of high purity by reducing potas- August 13, 1921: R. Walter is apparentlysium fluozirconate with aluminum and the first to recognize that only a verythen distilling out (in vacuo) the result- small percentage of boron is required toing low-aluminum alloy. 16 produce an appreciable hardening effect.

August 1920: B. Strauss and L. Maurer, 24

Krupp, announce the commercial possi- August x6, i92i: A. Pacz describes anbilities of austenitic chromium-nickel alloy series from which machinable cast-steels. 17 ings having a specific gravity of less than

October 28, 1920: D. M. Sutherland 2.7 can be formed, consisting of 8-aoforms a varnish for airplane fabrics of per cent silicon and 92-8o per cent6-12 parts acetylcellulose, 36-44 parts aluminum. 25acetone, 24 parts benzene, 24-25 parts October 19, x921: Formaldehyde conden-"borated benzen," and 2-3 parts benzyl sation products with carbamide or itsalcohoL z8 derivatives, prepared by H. John, are de-

1921 scribed as good, transparent adhesives,usable for joining glass, metals, and other

1921: W. Rosenhain, S. L. Archbutt, and materials or as a lacquer for coating air-

D. Hanson investigate the Y-alloy of plane wings or other fabrics. 26

aluminum, which contains 4 per cent cop- December 1921: E. Rassow and L. Veldeper, 2 per cent nickel, and 1.5 per cent present a recrystallization diagram ofmagnesium. 19 aluminum. 27

2

1922 1923

1922: H. W. Gillet and E. L Mack corn- 1923: While studying alloys, particularlybine aluminum and ferroboron in order solid solutions, by means of X-ray diffrac-to introduce boron into steel. 28 tion, E. C. Bain discovers superlattices,

.Liienfeld patents a demonstrating the maintenance of the sol-vent-lattice type in primary solid solu-

method for the preparation of cellulose tions and the variation of the latticeethers and notes their possible use asadhesies. a9 o rspacing with variation in solute concentra-adhesives. 29 tions. 37

May 30, 1922: F. Pollak reports the useof salts of strong acids, i-e. ammonium February t3, r923: Vinyl chloride ischloride or nitrate, as catalysts to harden formed by the reaction of hydrochloricadheives 30 acid on nascent acetylene in a process de-urea-resin adhesives. 30 veloped by H. Plauson. 38June 8, 1922: L Lilienfeld preparesethyl derivatives of cellulose soluble in March 1923: G. I. Taylor and C. F.water below x60 and insoluble above by Elam prov- that observed plastic strainstreating derivatives soluble in water can be resolved into simple shears along

above W60 with caustic alkali. 31 crystal planes marked by slip lines. 39

July 1922: S. Dushman and I. Langmuir, April 1923: S. Albert Reed reports results

General Electric, show that the variation of tests with his one-piece, solid dural-

of the diffusion coefficient in alloy systems umin propeller. 40is the result of an activation process. 32 July 3, 1923: K. Ripper obtains a con-

August 1922: A. Westgren and G. Phrag- densation product of urea and formalde-

men demonstrate that alpha, beta, and hyde by the use of salts giving an alka-

delta iron are all body-centered cubic, line reaction on hydrolysis. These are

while gamma iron is face-centered cubic, added to retard gelatinization of the ini-

and that solid-solution austenite is an tial condensation products soluble ininterstitial solid solution. 33 water. 41

September 5, 1922: A. Stock and H. August 20,1923: Artificial resins ubtained

Goldschmidt produce beryllium metal by by the polymerization of aldehydes areelectrolysis of a fused bath of sodium and used as adhesives or cements, either alone,beryllium fluorides. 34 in solution, or mixed with other filling

material. 4

September 20, 1922: H. Goldschmidt and

0. Neuss produce a condensation product October 1923: A. Fry, Krupp, describesfrom formaldehyde and urea in the pres- the process of nitriding for surface hard-ence of acids and acid salts. 35 ening. 43

October 25, x922: H. Gault develops a October 30, 1923: R. S. Archer and Z.coating, formed of cellulose acetate in Jeffries, Alcoa, describe an aluminum al-combination with other compounds, to be b0y (51S) containing one per cent mag-used on airplane wings covered with doth nesium and one per cent silicon, which isfabrics. 36 hard and of high strength. 44

3

October 30, 1923: R. S. Archer and Z. April 14: R. C. Stanley, InternationalJeff ries, Alcoa, disclose an aluminum Nickel, obtains nickel-copper alloys (ofalloy (aSs) with approximately 4.4 per the Monel type) by roasting a nickel-cent copper, o.8 per cent silicon and 0.75 copper material, the product being sub-per cent manganese, improvable as to jected to a melting temperature with astrength and hardness by heating to about sulpher-removing slag in a basic-lined5000 C, quenching, and aging at 12o- electric furnace. 53i6o* C. 45 Aprla2x: William Hoope Alkoa, devises

November 1923: H. J. Gough and D. a method of obtaining aluminum at leastHanson suggest that local deformation 99.8 per cent pure by electrolytic refining.strain hardens metal locally and initiates 54fracture when some limiting value isreached. 46 May 5: P. Rosband and E. Schmid

demonstrate that plastic flow is deter-

1924 mined by the shear stress acting on glideplanes. 55

March 28, 1924: A. Joffe eta). show that August xx: K. Schr&ter adds cobalt metalnormally brittle alkali halides can be to tungsten carbide to form a toughermade to behave in a ductile manner by material than the cast carbide. 56immersion of the crystals in warm waterwhile they are being loaded. 47 October 29: A. FE. Van Arkel and J. HL

de Boer describe the preparation of pureMay 7, 1924: The Naugatuck Chemical titanium, zirconium, hafnium, andCo. receives a patent for polymerized thorium metals. 57styrene and its homologs. 48

November 2: I. Ostromislensky preparesJuly 12, 1924: 1. Ostromislensky de- a polymer of vinyl chloride by effectingscribes ways of polymerizing styrene to the polymerization in two stages. In theproduce three series of compounds. 49 first stage a polymer is produced which is

August 1924: F. W. Caldwell and 0. soluble in acetone and in the second stage

Clay describe the design, materials, and further polymerization is effected by the

method of construction of "Micarta" action of light or heat or both. 58propellers. 50 November 13: H. J. Tapseil and I. Brad-

October 1924: A. L Van Arkel describes Icy find the creep resistance of 8o-2o

a process whereby carbides and nitrides nickel-chromium alloy to be superior-tocan be prepared by deposition from the other material available at this time. 59vapor phase. 51 December 3o: T. F. Tesse secures a patent

on a process whereby the fabric of air-1925 plane wings is provided with at least three

successive coatings--the intermediateFebruary 9, 1925: Cydization of rubber, coating being formed from a cellulosewhich later proves to be the basis of a acetate solution and possessing greaternumber of industrially important ad- flexibility and elasticity than the otherhesives, is developed by W. C. Geer. 52 two. 6o

4

i2 June 6: W. Sander and K. L. Meiner1926 describe the use of zinc and magnesiumas hardening elements in heat-treated

1926: R. W. Bailey states that, during as alloys. 6n

time of minimum creep rate, the strain

hardening produced by creep is continu- June x6: J. Frenkel calculates that theously overcome by the annealing effect of shear stress required to cause one planehigh temperature. 61 of atoms to slip over an adjacent one

should be about one-sixth of the shearxga6: W. Hume-Rothery shows that mouu.0

structurally analogous alloy phases are

characterized by a fixed ratio of the August: G. D. Bengough and H. Sut-number of valence electrons present. 62 ton develop a corrosion-resistant oxide

February 9: R. L Johnston, R. G. Archer, coating for aluminum. 71and Z. Jeffries, Alcoa, develop an alumi- September 29: W. Kroll prepares metal-num alloy, adapted for chill-casting, lic beryllium by the decomposition ofwhich consists of 3-10 per cent silicon, molten beryllium-alkali double fluorides2-5 per cent copper, and 15 per cent or by an alkaline earth-metal (magnesiumless zinc. 63 or lithium) at temperatures above

February 9: P. D. Merica, International 1 0 72

Nickel, obtains a patent for a nickel- October ao: J. Baer produces a rubber-copper-aluminum alloy (the last up to like product ("Perduren") by means of17 per cent) suitable for steam-turbine the reaction between alkali sulphides andblades. 64 chlorohydrocarbons. 73

February 9: A. Pacz develops an alumi- November x: F. Pollak obtains conden-num (7o per cent), copper (15-27.5 per sation products from formaldehyde andcent), and silicon (2.5-15 per cent) urea by reacting urea, etc., with formalde-alloy. 65 hyde (or a polymer of it) in the pres-

ence of a base such as ammonia, pyridine,April 27: A. E. Van Arkel and J. H. or urea itself. 74de Boer describe a process for separating December 28: W. A. Mudge, Interna-hafnium and zirconium halogenides by tional Nickel, produces an aluminum-adding a halogenide of an element of the nickel-co ,r allo b addin an alumi-fifth and sixth group to the mixture and n ppe alloy by asding 3-8 aprmi-num alloy such as 35-85 per centthen performing a fractional distillation. aluminum, 45-1o per cent nickel, 20-5

per cent copper to a molten bath con-

May: W. Fink and E. D. Campbell, using sisting mainly of copper and nickel. 75X-ray measurements, show that marten-site is body-centered tetragonal. 67 1927

June: D. J. McAdam Jr. discusses the 1927: F. H. Dix, Jr. of Alcoa makes theresults of studies on the stress-strain first public announcement of Alclad, acycle and corrosion-fatigue in metals. new corrosion-resistant aluminum prod-

68 uct. 76

5

January i9: R. L. Aston reports measure- October: P. A. Levene and A. Waltiments of stressed tensile samples of achieve the first preparation of the higheraluminum showing that the strain indi- polypropylene glycols. 84cated by relative changes in lattice orien- November 8: W. A. Wirz, British Cela-tation is less near grain boundaries than nese, Ltd., develops a process wherebywithin the grain. 77 perforated sheet-metal plates are placed

January 21: Porous masses of aniline- between sheets of a cellulose acetate com-formaldehyde resin condensation prod- pound which penetrates the perforationsucts are densified by the use of heat and of the metal after heat and pressure arepressure. (Soc. Anon. pour l'Ind. chim. applied to produce an airplane panelA B~le). 78 material. 85

January 29: Aniline-formaldehyde con- December: C. Davisson and L. H. Ger-densation products, formed in presence mer, Bell Telephone Laboratory, demon-of acid, are treated with a base to edim- strate that a lattice will diffract an elec-inate acid. The result is a homogeneous, tron beam, a discovery which greatly aug-easily-worked product which can be dried ments diffraction methods for the deter-and compressed in molds. (Soc. Anon. mination of lattice structure. Davissonpour rInd. chim. A Bile). 79 later receives Nobel Prize for this work.

86March 25: U. R. Evans observes that,

speaking generally, the junction of dis- December 27: F. S. Malm describes an ad-similar metals often constitutes the seat hesive, consisting of rubber, rosin, rosinof severe corrosion, and that, on the oil, and a fibrous filler including asbestos,whole, heterogeneous materials are more which is suitable for use on metals. 87liable to attack than homogeneous ma-terals. 0 928

June: D. J. McAdam Jr. discusses resultsof studies on corrosion-fatigue limits and 1928: C. J. Smithels, S. V. Williams, andthe relationship between fatigue and cor- J. W. Avery report that although oxida-rosion-fatigue in nonferrous metals, es- tion resistance increased in nickel-pecially nickel-copper alloys and alloys of chromium compounds as the chromiumaluminum. 8x content increased from 20 per cent to 30

July: J. W. Marden and M. N. Rich, per cent, the strength at temperaturesWestinghouse, obtain practically pure above 75o0 C decreased with increasingWethrose omium content. 88vanadium by the reduction of vanadiumpentoxide with metallic calcium in the February: In investigating the nature ofpresence of calcium chloride. 82 cohesion, J. E. Lennard-Jones and B. M.

August x8: Polymerization of ethylene is Dent quantitatively analyze the electro-effected by C. Epner through the action static forces of attraction between par-ticle. 89of dark or silent electric discharge at

ordinary or raised temperatures to pro- March 23: J. F. Walsh and A. F. Caprio,duce a product containing both saturated Celluloid Corporation, place unpolymer-and unsaturated hydrocarbons. 83 ized or partially polymerized vinyl com-

6

pounds between two surfaces and produce num, 3.5-6 per cent silicon, 5-12 per centadhesion by polymerizing with suitable tungsten, 6-1a per cent titanium, and upcatalysts. 9o to one per cent boron. 97

April: L. Prandtl differentiates between September 2a:1. G. Farben patents a proc-true hysteresis and elastic after-effect, and ess whereby water-insoluble or poorly sol-also postulates the existence of what is uble binders such as ethyl cellulose arenow known as an edge or line dislocation, formed into an aqueous dispersion which

91 is sprayed, kneaded, etc., and may then be

April: Duralumin sheet quenched in hot dried and treated with substances capable

water has greater susceptibility to inter- of dissolving or swelling the binding

crystalline attack than when quenched in agent. 98cold water, according to research done by November 2: A process is developed byH. S. Rawdon. 92 British Celanese, Ltd., in which phenol orMay 22: E. H. Dix, Jr., Alcoa, patents Ia creosol-formaldehyde resins are modified

process for protecting alloys of the du- with cellulose esters, acetate, and nitrate,

ralumin type against corrosion by coating as well as a plasticizer. The process is

the strong alloy sheet on each side with a useful in the preparation of adhesives forston alo het n ac id wtha safety glass manufactures. 9layer of aluminum of high purity. 93

.Franks and B. E. Field, Haynes December: A. B. Kinzel, Union Carbide,July Comp , receive a patent for a introduces a high-strength, low-alloy sili-Stellite Company, rcieaptn o

nickel alloy containing 3-5 per cent con-manganese steel with improved sus-

aluminum, 3.5-6 per cent silicon, 5-i2 ceptibility to heat treatment due to the ad-

per cent tungsten, 6-12 per cent zir- dition of one per cent carbon. xoo

conium, and one per cent or less boron,described as suitable for high-speed tools. 1929

94

July i9: 1. G. Farben receives a patent for 1929: B. E. Field, Union Carbide, de-modifying phenol-formaldehyde conden- scribes new developments in nickel-sation products with cellulose ethers to molybdenum-iron, nickel-silicon, andcontrol hardening, as in the preparation nickel-aluminum alloys of high corrosionof experimental laminated structures. 95 resistance, the first two showing good

July 27: W. E. Lawson, Imperial Chemi- high-temperature properties. 101

cal Industries, patents a synthetic resin x929: M. L V. Gaylor and G. D. Pres-containing ethers similar to the "glyptal" ton ascribe age-hardening of duralumintype prepared by heating polybasic car- to the distortion of the space latticeboxylic acids or anhydrides with ether caused by precipitation of highly dis-alcohols to 175-25oo C to obtain com- persed partides. The precipitation in-plete estrification. 96 volves the resection of the atoms of the

September ix: R. Franks and B. E. Field, dissolved metal from the lattice of theHaynes Stellite Company, receive a patent solid solution (possibly with formationfor a nickel alloy suitable for high speed of molecules) and the coagulation of thetools and containing 3-5 per cent alumi- rejected atoms or molecules. 102

7

February I I: Synthetic gummy and res- aqueous emulsion with oxygen or re-inous products are produced from vinyl agents such as hydrogen peroxide, ac-esters and aldehydes by H. W. Mathesan cording to an I. G. Farben patent. x xoand F. W. Skirrow, Canadian Electro February 4: Ethylene, vinyl chloride,Products Company. 103 vinyl acetate or other polymerizable

April 23: F. M. Becket assigns a patent compounds are subjected to the resonanceto the Electro Metallurgical Company radiation of a metal such as mercury tofor an acid-resistant alloy of at least 40 form rubber-like products in a processper cent nickel, 15-40 per cent molyb- developed by Hugh S. Taylor. IIIdenum, and iron not less than io per March: R. N. Pease reports that thecent nor more than 5 times the amount first product of the reaction of the poly-by which the molybdenum per cent ex- merization of ethylene at 45o0--6oo isceeds to. 104 butene of the chain type. 112

July 16: I. Ostromislensky prepares a April 22: W. A. Mudge, Internationalpolymerized vinyl chloride (soluble inchlorobenzene) which is purified from Nickel, produces the first age-hardeningthe acetone-soluble polymer to produce wrought nickel ailoy ("K-Monel"). 13films of durable flexibility from its chloro- May 9: Rubber-resisting abrasives arebenzene solutions. 1o5 prepared by H. Mark and H. Hopff,

.Carothers, DuPont, dis- 1. G. Farben, by introducing hydrocar-Augut: W H.bon compounds, oxygenated organic

cusses the structure of polymers and the compounds, organic organicdifference between addition and con-copudad rgncriogncdierences beition as con- substances having a hardening effect into

rubber solutions. 114

August: W. H. Carothers and J. A. Arvin May 24: J. C. Patrick obtains rubber-list some nonmonomeric esters (poly- like product (PThiokol") by condensingmen) prepared by heating the acid and lke product eTaioko o)iby cndensin5 per cent excess of the glycol for ab~out ethylene dihalide and sodium poiysul-5 hor cent excess8of C and then at or ao phide in the presence of a liquid which3 hours at 795o°785C raises the solubility of the former. 1152500 C and 0.2 mm. for 3 hours. 1o07

e 1: May 27: J. W. Marden and M. N. Rich,October 7: A patent is issued to I. G. Westinghouse, produce malleable chro.Farben on the use of phosphoric acid as mium by compacting substantially purean oxidation retardant in carbon and chromium powder and heating in angraphite materials. 1o8 inert environment, the ingot being con-

November: P. Chevenard shows that solidated by heating to slightly belowsmall additions of aluminum or titanium the melting point. xx6make nickel-chromium alloys responsive June 29: H. Mark and C. Wulff, I. G.tn thermal treatment. 109 Farben, develop a method for obtaining

pure styrene by preparing it from ethyl-

1930 benzene and cooling it to a low tem-perature (-3oo to --6o C). 117

January 28, 1930: Styrene yields poly. August 28: G. Kurdjumow and G.merization product by treatment in Sachs show the orientation relationships

8

and the sets of shearing processes by June 30: J. A. Nieuwland, Notre Damewhich the austenite lattice may be con- University, describes a method of prepar-verted into the martensite lattice. x8 ing vinyl derivatives of acetylene by the

September 2: Wreaction of acetylene and an ammoniaStellitem pany, W. A. Wissler, Haynes salt or a cydic nitrogen base pyridine inmetal-cuCompany, patents an allay for the presence of a nonalkaline catalystmetal-cutting tools containing 15-40 per such as cuprous chloride. 127

cent chromium, 15-35 per cent tungsten,0.5-2.5 per cent boron and 0.75-2.5 per June 30: J. A. Nieuwland, Notre Damecent carbon and the remainder nickel University, describes a process for obtain-(not over 50 per cent of the total). z19 ing resinous products from acetylene

October: H. Mark uses X-ray technique polymers. t28

to investigate colloid solutions of cellu- July 15: R. Schafmeister, Krupp, receiveslose and cellulose ester solutions. 1ao patent for addition of cobalt, zirconium,November: E. F. Bachmetew determines uranium, hafnium, and various rare

for severely rolled duralumin the change earth-metals to austenitic chromiuma

in the orientation of the crystallographic atck s t n9

axes from two axes [112 and iii], toward attacks. 129

one axis [iii]. 121 November: After investigating polymer-

December: C. Wagner and W. Schottky ization of chloroprene, W. H. Carotherspresent a theory of lattice defects involv- and co-workers announce the discovery ofing deviation from ideal composition. polychloroprene, "Neoprene," production

122 beginning this year. 130

1931 19321931: F. Wever and W. Jellinghous re- x932: C. R. Austin and G. P. Halliwellport on their investigation of the consti- describe the development of heat-treatedtution of the iron-nickel-chromium series "Konel" alloys (nickel-cobalt-iron baseof alloys. 123 with titanium) and their high-tempera-

January 2o: Celluloid sheets, the surfaces ture properties. 131of which have been partially dissolved, areusedforuniing meal urhc laer 932: H. Mark studies cellulose chains,used for uniting a metal surface layer noting that they are of finite length andsuch as aluminum with an underlying thtbekntasplctrogsi.of cmpoitewoo contrutio in that breaking takes place through slip-layer ofping due to the rupture of the oxygena process developed by F. H. Auld. 124 linkage binding them together. 132

February a3: C. Agte es ad. state thatrhenium made by deposition on a hot October: W. H. Zachariasen preets awire is about as ductile as copper and theory of the atomic arrangement in glasswiroabe withaout asductiflty. a5 cwhich envisages the forces linking theatoms as essentially the same as those inJune a3: F. Hofmann and M. Otto, I. G. crystals and suggests that the principalFarben, polymerize ethylene by the action difference between a crystal network andof boron fluoride under pressure. 126 a glass network is the presence of sym.

656755-42s-.-- 9

metry and periodicity in the former and least 300, and the precipitate is filteredtheir absence in the latter. 133 and washed up while containing someDecember 15: R. Franks receives a pat- of the solvent, according to E. D6rr andent for a corrosion-resistant alloy formed 0. Leuchs, 1. G. Farben. 140of 15-25 per cent molybdenum, 10-20 August 8: F. Webel, I. G. Farben, pro-per cent chromium, 5-15 per cent iron, duces polymerization products from alky-about 5 per cent tungsten, not over 0.2 per lene oxides by having the vapors of thecent carbon, and the rest nickel, at least oxides in contact with a catalyst (potas-40 per cent. 134 sium hydroxide, or sodium bisulphate

and sodium sulphate) at 40-2000 C. 141

August i5: F. Winkler etad., I. G. Far-January 25: 0. Ruff and 0. Bretschneider ben, produce liquid aromatic hydrocar-describe the preparation of tetrafluoro- bons by heating a gas, essentially meth-ethylene from carbon tetrafluoride. 135 ane, to 7oo0-2oo0 C in the presence of

a silicon catalyst. 142March: J. B. Johnson and T. Oberg,Army Air Force, report on the mechani- August 29: L. J. Weber, Alcoa, devel-cal properties of aircraft metals at-4o0 C. ops an experimental aluminum alloy

136 which, in artificially aged temper, hada yield strength in excess of 8o,ooo psi.March: 0. Klingohr compares the oxida- '43tion in air at 7oo0 C of a hard metal con- 143sisting of 42.5 per cent titanium carbide, October: W. Schmidt ei d. observe that42.5 per cent molybdenum carbide, 14 per pressing at a high temperature givescent nickel, and one per cent chromium strong directional properties, as recrys-with that of a 94-6 tungsten carbide- tallization occurs between successivecobalt alloy and demonstrates the former's stages, producing new basal planes withbeneficial oxidation resistance at elevated a perpetual tendency to become paralleltemperatures. 137 to one another throughout the mass.April: L Prandtl presents a mechanical 144model of a molecular system for proper- October io: W. L Simon, B. F. Good-ties of matter in an amorphous state. 138 rich Company, shows how the polymer-April: C. Wagner shows that only the ized vinyl chloride product can be plas-migration of charged species contributes ticized to a rubber-like material. 145to the oxidation reaction. 139 November: W. H. Carothers, and F. I.June 13: To produce homogeneous plas- Van Natta report the preparation of poly-tic masses, ethylcellulose with an ethoxy esters from w-hydroxy-decanoic add withcontent of 42-48 per cent is dissolved at molecular weights from 780-25,200. 146a temperature of 8o° C in an organicsolvent which dissolves it only when hot November 7: G. A. Perkins, Carbide andand which has a boiling point of at Carbon Chemical Corporation, uses cu-least 800 C. The ethylcellulose is pre- prow chloride catalysts for the produc-cipitated by cooling the solution to at tion of vinyl chloride. 147

I0

December 2o: A. Nathansohn polymer- slowly at atmospheric pressure were ac-izes cellulose acetate by treating it with celerated at the same temperature underan organic solvent such as acetone (in- high pressure, while those which did notert with respect to a halogen-phosphorous proceed at atmospheric pressure (in thecompound) and pyridine. 148 absence of catalysts) did not proceed at

pressures up to 3000 atm. 155

1934 April x7: F. W. Sullivan and V. Voor-hees, Standard Oil of Indiana, patent a

1934: F. M. Becket and R. Franks report polymerization process for the prepara-on the corrosion-resistance properties of tion of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbonsnickel-chromium steels, proposing the from olefins, using aluminum chlorideuse of columbium to secure immunity as the catalyst. The process was inde-from intergranular attack. 149 pendently discovered by H. Zorn of I. G.

1934: H. Mark quantitatively studies the Farben. 156

behavior of chain polymers during plas- May 15: C. H. Prange, Austenal Lab-tic deformation. 150 oratories, patents a cast metallic denture

of an alloy with more than 50 per cent1934: W. A. Mudge and Paul D. Merica, cobalt, zo-4o per cent chromium, whichInternational Nickel, describe a new is later (1941) developed for gas turbineseries of aluminum-copper-nickel alloys blading and known as "Vitallium." 157of high strength, a typical example beingK-Monel where 4 per cent aluminum is June 8: A small proportion, e.g., 5-io peradded to "Monel" metaL 15, cent, 4f a chlorobiphenyl is added to un-

polymerized or partly polymerized sty-January 3o: Polymerization products of rene, whereby harder, less flammable, andesters of ethylenedicarboxylic acdds pre- more easily molded polymerization prod-

pared by H. B. Dykstra, Du Pont, are ucmsare oetained inaprocessrdeveloped

coating compounds with dear films and by Robtained i op

may be used with conjointly polymerized by Robert MWler. 158

vinyl esters or styrene. 152 June 28: H. Sukohl and G. Schwarz de-vise an apparatus and method for coating

February: H. Schlechtweg develops the air propellers with cellulose materialconcept of nonlinear elastic materials, in which is initially in a softened or plasticwhich strain is uniquely determined by -state and is then subjeted to uniformstress (whereas in plastic materialsstrain is also a function of time). 153 p59

February 5: The Gadeau low-tempera- July: G. I. Taylor proposes the theory

ture, three-layer process for producing that yield strength of metals is determined

superpurity aluminum was patented by by internal stresses opposing the motionCie. Alas, Forges et Camargue- 54 of distortions, these stresses becoming

larger as deformation proceeds. x6oApril: Some fifty organic reactions inthe liquid phase were studied at pres- August 21: F. F. Lowry, Westinghouse,sums up to 3000 atm. and at tempera- patents a filament base made of a nickel-tures up to t8o° C, and it was found cobalt-iron-titanium alloy ("Konel").that all the reactions which proceeded x61

II

September i x: Fibrous sheet material,such as paper, is used together with aheat-hardened phenolic condensationheahrodutned a phyernoflvucanidensatr 1935: E. Schmid explains the origin ofproduct and a layer of vulcanized rubber strain-hardening in single crystals asbonded to the material to minimize sound mainlyaderine ip inglence dutransmission and give desired flexibility mainly derived from slip interference duefor airplane cabin construction. Deve- to intersecting slip planes. -68oped by H. Swan and S. Higgins. x62 April xa: H. Staudinger and F. Staiger

prepare para-linked ethers containingOctober: M. J. Buerger, M.I.T., proposes prepe to sixnen rings and compare

a model for a mosaic structure of crystals the vositi e r6o

in which subboundaries are formed (if in- their viscosities. x69

homogeneous warping occurs between July: The ffight-testing is reported of aneighboring regions of a crystal) where small, low-wing monoplane conceivedcrystal orientation changes discontinu- and built under the direction of Harry N.ously, persisting and propagating with Atwood and constructed from a materialnewly formed portions of the crystal. called "Duply," which is produced by im-

163 pregnating thin strips of wood with a

October: W. Hume-Rothery et al. dis- thermoplastic under heat, weaving them

cover that solid solutions cannot be around wooden forms, and welding the

formed to any appreciable extent if the veneer and plastic together by steam

atomic diameter of the added metal cooking 170

differs from that of the solvent metal by July 22: 0. R6hm polymerizes acrylicmore than 14 percent. 164 esters, regulating the process by the addi-

October 3: To produce rubber with go tion of small amounts of essential oilsresistance to attraction, it is treated, in the containing unsaturated cyclic bonds of the

presence of an inert solvent such as ben- terpene series. 171

zene, with an organic-inorganic oxonium September 30: Vinyl polymerizationcompound, according to a patent issued to products are made by supporting ab-H. Mark and H. Hopff, I. G. Farben. sorbent material, e. g., fabric, paper, ply-

165 wood, in a chamber, and introducing one

December x7: A resin for making lac- or more unpolymerized or partially poly-

quers, coverings, etc., is obtained by con- merized unsaturated organic compounds

densing aminobenzene with wood oil, capable of forming hard polymerized

treating product with a solution of an- products. The product may be used inparts of airplaues, according to the in-

hydrous aminobenzene and formalde- ventor, 0. Rhm. 172

hyde, and treating resulting mass withformaldehyde. 166 November 16: Polystyrene is made re-

sistant to heat by submitting it to the pro-December 29: R. F. Mehl, E. L Mc- longed action of temperatures in theCandless, and F. N. Rhines show that range 8o-13o0 C, but below the depoly-oxide layers bear a fixed orientation rela- merization temperature, until its soften-tionship to the metal crystal on which ing point, determined by the Martensthey form. 167 method, is above 66° C. 173

12

December 17: Cellulose esters of the styrolene and combines them with aheterogeneously linked dicarboxylic adds, porous or absorbent material such as filtersuch as cellulose acetate glycolate, have paper. 181good adhesive properties according to February: R. Roscoe discovers that thinC. J. Maim and C. R. Fordyce, Eastman films on crystals have a strengthening ef-Kodak. 174 fect. x82December xg: W. 0. Herrmann and April 9: ToW. aenddecrie dhsiesmade of Arl:Toproduce formed articlesW. Haehnel describe adhesives mmethacrylic acid esters are polymerized inpolymerized vinyl compounds and nitro- narrow chambers and subjected to a ter-cellulose. 175 perature-regulating medium, according to

1936 a patent issued to O. Rbhm. 383

July 2x: N. B. Pilling and P. D. Merica,

x936: W. Hume-Rothery discovers that International Nickel, patent a series ofatoms whose diameters differ by less than iron-nickel-titanium alloys age-hardened15 per cent usually form substitutional at elevated temperatures, then quenchedalloy systems, while those whose diam- and reheated to effect hardening. 384eters differ by more than 15 per cent do October: W. Kroll discusses the prepara-not form such alloy systems. 176 tion of alloys of ductile chromium by

January: H. Mark and R. Raft discuss sintering chromium powder with otherthe relation between rate of formation of powdered metals. 185nuclei and rate of growth of styrene October 22: G. P. Halliwell, Westing-polymers. 177 house, patents high-strength alloys (ao-

January: H. Staudinger reports that the 7o per cent nickel, 6o--o per cent cobalt,addition of divinylbenzen to polystyrene 5-50 per cent iron, and 0.5-10 per centwill cause the latter to gel or insolubilize titanium), quenched from a temperatureby effecting cross-linking. 178 of 9oo0 C or higher and aged at 5oo*-

8ooe C for at least a half hour. TheseJanuary: G. Walter reports the results of alloys are suitable for engine valves andresearch on the mechanism of urea-for- seats. z86maldehyde resinification, which has re- October 29: Sheets of glass are united byvealed the nature of the urea-resin poly- a film containing a polymer of a vinyl-mer formed through condensation of ethinyl carbinol in a process developed bymethylol ureas and the existence of W. H. Carothers et al., Du Pont. 187chemical groupings contributing to theadhesive properties. 179 December 4: P. Spitaler reports that the

shrinkage of magnesium alloys in moldJanuary 14: In making polymerization is nearly the same as that of commercialproducts of organic esters, an I. G. Farben coating alloys of aluminum. 188process uses vinyl peroxides of fatty addscontaining at least 4 carbon atoms in themolecule as catalysts. 0so 1937January 3i: 0. R6hm polymerizes 1937: J. L Haughton and W. E. Pry-methacrylic esters, vinyl acetate, and therch demonstrate the beneficial effects

13

of cerium on magnesium alloys for high- take positions between the molecules oftemperature use. x89 the original monolayer, a phenomenon

June: W. Kroll describes the preparation known as "penetration." 197

of ductile titanium alloys by obtaining November 9: G. F. Comstock and V. V.titanium metal through reduction of the Efimoff devise a method of incorporatingoxide and then sintering and hot-rolling nitrogen in alloy steels whereby a cya-the alloys. i9o nonitride of titanium or zirconium is

July 23: H. Hurter receives a patent for added as an alloy to the other ingredi-

low-temperature all-fluoride electrolyte ents. 198

for the production of super-pure alumi- November 9: H. Pulfrich, Berlin-Wil-num. 191 mersdorf, patents a sintered ceramic ma-

terial which is substantially impenetrableAugust 3: A composite material ompridn by gases and is adapted to be fusion-ing a substance capable of being hardened welded to glass and to form a vacuum-or set, and reinforced with a nonmetallicfibrous material, is developed by N. A.De Bruyne and the De Havilland Air- November xx: W. W. Triggs preparescraft Company. 192 polyamides by the heat treatment of a

previously formed and isolated salt ofSeptember x: Solid polymers of ethylene diamine and dicarboxylic acid. 200

are produced by subjecting the latter to a

temperature of ioo-3oo0 C at 12oo atm. December 2o: P. Brenner and H. Kos-pressure or by subjecting it to a small tuen suggest that an elevated tempera-amount of oxygen at 500 atm., according ture-aging treatment of 24S-RT sheetto a process developed by E. W. Fawcett will raise the compressive yield strength.et al., Imperial Chemical Industries. z93 201

September a2: W. Kroll reports the prep-aration of high-titanium and high-zir- 1938conium alloys from the metal powdersreduced from their oxides by calcium. 1938: G. H. S. Price ef d. discuss the

194 factors which influence the preparationof alloys, particularly of the copper-nickel-

October: B. E. Warren's X-ray studies tungsten system, made by mixing, press-confirm Zachariasen's deductions about ing, and sintering metal powders in anthe structures of silicate and borate atmosphere of hydrogen at temperaturesglasses. '95 sufficiently high to ensure the presence

November 5: E. N. da C. Andrade de- of a liquid phase during the formation

vises a method for growing single crystals of the alloy. aoMof molybdenum. 196 February 16: W. H. Carother, Du Pont,

November 6: 1. Langmuir, and V. j. describes a process for the synthesis of

Schaefer find that during the modifica- polyamides to produce linear condensa-tion of a stearic acid monolayer by the tion superpolymers suitable for the pro-presence of salts in the substrate, in duction of pliable strong elastic fibers.some cases adsorbed atoms or molecules 203

14

April 5: P. M. McKenna develops a July 5: A monomeric ester is dispersedmethod of producing titanium carbide- in an aqueous vehicle containing a gran-tungsten carbide solid solutions whereby ulating agent such as polymethacrylicthe components, usually in the ratio r: x, acid, subjected to polymerizing condi-are made to react in a superheated nickel tions, and the granular polymer filteredmelt, and the resulting solid solution off in a process devised by B. M. Marks,is isolated by treating the comminuted Du Pont, for the polymerization of acrylicmelt with aqua regia. 204 and homologous acids. 211

April 7: I. G. Farben condenses acrylic September 20: Diamine dicarboxylic acidacid amide with formaldehyde in the salts suitable for forming spun fibers arepresence of sodium hydroxide, then poly- prepared by W. H. Carothers, Du Pont.merizing it to produce nitrogeneous syn- 212

thetic amides used as adhesives and inothe maners.205 September zo: A process for making syn-other manners, 205 thetic fibers from polyamides derivedMay xo: In bonding metal to wood, G. from diamines and dibasic carboxylicR. Ensminger, Du Pont, coats the metal acids, etc., is described by W. H. Caroth-with an alkyd resin to secure good ad- ers, Du Pont. 213hesion. 6September 2o: Linear polyamides suit-

May 24: H. D. Newell and M. Fleisch- able for spinning into strong pliable fi-mann patent an iron-chromium-nickel- bers are prepared by W. H. Carothers, Dumolybdenum alloy (16 per cent chro- Pont. 214mium, 25 per cent nickel, 6 per centmolybd25penum),twhichkwuld ber mcedt October 9: F. Bollenrath, H. Cornelius,molybdenum), which would be modifiedan extensivein 1940 to a 16-25-6 composition for adW ugrtpbiha xesvhigh temperature use. 207 study of the suitability of materials foruse in exhaust turbines and combustionJune 20: G. Gauthier notes the grain engines. 215refinement produced by zirconium inmagnesium alloys as useful in overcom- Oter Mono meric estersubjete-ing the coarsening caused by beryllium ylene monocarboxylic acds are subjectedadditions. 208 to polymerizing conditions in the pres-

ence of a sulphur dioxide catalyst, accord-July: P. P. Alexander points out that very ing to a process developed by D. E.pure titanium boride can be prepared Strain, Du Pont. ax6from titanium hydride and boron pow-ders by sintering in the atmosphere ofthe liberated hydrogen. 209 1939

July: W. Hume-Rothery and G. V. Ray-nor show that the extent of terminal January: R. "W. Powell and F. H. Scho-solid solubility is related to the relative field measure the thermal conductivitiesatom sizes, to chemical affinity effects of carbon and graphite grades at tem-between the unlike atoms, and to the peratures up to 25oo0 C and find theatom-valence electron ratios, and ex- conductivity of the latter to decrease withtend this. 21o increasing temperature and that of the

'5

former either to change very little or to May 31: A. F. Bidaud and J. I. G. Fabreincrease slightly with increasing tempera- form adhesives by combining aqueous cel-ture until the temperature to which the lulose ether solutions and aqueous emul-grade was baked in the manufacturing sions of polyvinyl esters. 25process has been exceeded. 217 June 6: J. H. Reilly and R. M. Wiley,February 3: J. D. Fast describes the prep- Dow Chemical Co., obtain a moldablearation, mechanical properties, and ap- product by polymerizing monomericplications of zirconium. 218 vinylidene chloride by prolonged heating

in presence of o.x per cent of benzoylFebruary 7: G. F. Comstock, Titanium peroxide. 26Alloy Manufacturing Co., discloses high July x8: Charles B. Sawyer, Brush Beryl-aluminum alloys with titanium which re- lium, patents a series of copper-nickd-quire no heat treatment or quenching to beryllium alloys with good heat-harden-attain high strength. 219 ing qualities. 227

February 22: Monomeric vinylidene August: P. M. McKenna reports the pro-chloride is polymerized by being sub- duction of tantalum carbide, said to bejected to a temperature of 250-1250 C especially suitable as a supplementary car-in the presence of a polymerization cat- bide for sintered hard-metal tool materi-alyst, according to a process developed by als, by reacting tantalum with carbon inDow Chemical. 220 an aluminum metal bath heated to 2ooo0

March 7: Anhydro-formaldehyde-aniline C in a graphite crucible. 28

is treated by K. Frey and A. Gains with August: J. A. Thompson and M. W. Mal-an aniline salt-forming acid such as hy- lett show that magnesia, which cannot bedrochloric and with a formaldehyde- cast very satisfactorily from aqueousyielding compound. The effect of the slips because of the damaging effects ofacid is eliminated by sodium hydroxide. hydration, can be slipcast in absolute

221 alcohol 229

April: J. M. Burgers points out that a August 3: W. A. Wood, National Phylow-angle grain boundary is equivalent cal Laboratory, Great Britain, studies theto an array of appropriately arranged changes in the crystalline structure ofdislocations, thus introducing the concept metals during cold-working and showsof screw dislocations. 222 that the metal accommodates itself to ex-ternal deformation by the dispersion intoApril ii: E. W. Fawcett, R. 0. Gibson, and relative movements of the crystallites,and M. W. Perrin, Imperial Chemical In- accompanied by measurable internaldustries, polymerize ethylene by heating strains in the lattice. 230to zoo*-4oo* C under a pressure of 50o- August 18: W. 0. Herrmann develops a3o00 atm. 223 safety glass in which sheets of glass are

May: L. Orowan points out that the con- glued together with polyvinyl acetates.cept of nonhomogeneous deformation im- 231plies that the metal must develop some October i9: Kurt Riechers, DVL, de-islands in which the strain is mostly plas- scribes an air-tight airplane coveringtic and other islands in which it is mostly made of a web of wire impregnaed withelastic. 224 synthetic resin. 232

x6

Co., develop a process for the manufac-ture of laminated glass with acrylic

1940: W. Kroll describes how ductile ti- polymer resins as the strengthening bond.

tanium could be produced in quantity by 240

the reduction of titanium tetrachloride by October 24: B. R. F. Kjellgren andmagnesium. 233 Charles B. Sawyer, Brush Beryllium, pat-

:T. W. Dike develops for use ent an arc process for the preparation ofJanuary 9: TW.Dkdeeosorue beryllium-copper alloys. 24!

in making plywood, an adhesive formed

of dissolved phenolic resin, which is cap- October 29: E. W. Fawcett, R. 0. Gibson,able of being polymerized by heat pres- and M. W. Perrin, Imperial Chemical In-sure. 234 dustries, Ltd., make laminated glass

sheets in which two sheets of glass areMarch i9: B. J. Dennison develops a proc- united with a film of solid polymer of

ess for making laminated safety glass in ethylene. 242

which two sheets of glass are bonded by a

layer of synthetic plastic material. 235 December: E. R. Parker finds that fer-rous niobide, when in the proper state

March 28: B. Chalmers concludes that ru ibdwe ntepoe ttMrarc 2b.unday Calerialhas cclu thatly of dispersion, is very stable at elevatedgrain boundary material has a slightly temperatures and that carbon-free iron-lower melting point than bulk material. columbium alloys with such precipitates

236 possess high resistance to creep. 243

April i9: R. Franks, Haynes Stellite Co., December: S. J. Rosenberg determinesreceives a patent for corrosion-resistant the effect of subzero temperatures downnickel alloys (nickel over 45 per cent, with to -780 C upon tensile properties, hard-at least one per cent of chromium, 10-45 ness, and impact resistance of metalsper cent molybdenum and tungsten, o.8-6 commonly used in aircraft construction.per cent antimony, 25 per cent or less iron, 2443 per cent or less manganese, 2 per cent orless silicon, 3 per cent or less vanadium, 1941and one percent or less carbon). 237

May 7: A. Renfrew and W. E. F. Gates, February 4: R. J. Plunkett, Kinetic Chem-Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., de- icals, Inc., obtains tetrafluorethylene poly-velop a laminated sheet material in which mers which are resistant to corrosive re-sheets of paper or textile are united by agents and vapors and useful in manu-means of resins of acrylic polymers under facturing heat-resistant clothing by usingheat and pressure. 238 a zinc chloride or silver nitrate catalyst

June 25: W. Kroll describes apparatus at superatmospheric pressures. 245

and process for producing cold-malleable February 25: James V. Nevin patents atitanium by reducing the titanium halide method of making hot-pressed plywoodwith magnesium at about 8000 in an oxy- panels using phenolic resins. 246gen-free atmosphere. 239 March: E. G. Rochow and W. F. Gilliam,

September io: F. L Bishop and C. S. General Electric, report on two methodsShoemaker, American Window Glass for preparing polymeric methysilicon ox-

17

ides (the action of Me-Mg-Br on silicon October 17: N. A. De Bruyne and C. A.tetrachloride followed by hydrolysis; the A. Rayner, Aero Research, Ltd., and thehydrolysis of mixtures of trichloromethyl- De Havilland Aircraft Co., develop ansilane and dichloromethylsilane) and the adhesive or cementing compound corn-resulting products. 247 prising an intimate mixture of an aro-

March x: H. T. Neher and C. F. Wo- matic amine-formaldehyde condensation

ward develop a shatterproof glass using product and a fusible heat-hardenable

at least one layer of glass with a phenol-formaldehyde condensation prod-

strengthening layer of copolymer of vinyl uct. 254

alcohol and at least one acrylic or meth- November: H. J. Wallbaum succeeds inacrylic ester, according to a patent issued preparing pure silicides by sintering pow-to R6hm and Haas Co. 248 der mixtures of the pure components in

aluminum oxide crucibles under argonMarch x8: C. G. Bieber and M. P. Buck, auin um oi rucivles u er gInternational Nickel, modify "K-Monel" oby substituting titanium for part of the peratures. 255

aluminum and produce a series of age-hardened nickel alloys. 249 1942May 6: J. A. Nock, Jr., Alcoa, patents T942: M. A. Grossmann proposes awrought, heat-treated, artificially-aged method for calculating the hardenabilityaluium, alloys with 4-6 per cent zir- of steel whereby a base hardenability,conium, 0 .75-2.50 per cent magnesium, reckoned according to the carbon contentf.i-2.n per cent copper, and a grain-re- alone, is multiplied by a factor for eachfining element. 250 chemical element present. 256

May x6: C. A. A. Rayner develops an January: F. Keller and R. A. Bossert,adhesive compound comprising an aque-ous urea-formaldehyde condensation Alcoa, show that 24S alloy is of a dif-product containing an unusually large ferent composition than duralumin be-amount of formic acid. 251 cause it contains the effective phase

September 2: S. G. Saunders and H. (aluminum-copper-magnesium) which is

Morrison, Chrysler Corp., develop an ad- absent in the latter. 257

hesive, made of rubber, rosin, and as- March 3: J. F. Dreyer develops a lumi.phalt, which is suitable for use on rubber, nous material suitable for use in instru-wood, and metals ("Cydeweld"). 252 ment boards of automobiles, airplanes,

October x6: Component parts of fully etc., made by adding fluorescent dye tocured synthetic resin materials (phenol- a urea-formaldehyde varnish and im-formaldehyde, cresol-formaldehyde, urea- pregnating the fabric body sheet with it.formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde) 258are cemented by means of uncuredphenol-formaldehyde followed by heat April: G. E. Clausen and I. W. Skehan,and pressure in a process developed by Machlett Laboratories, obtain malleableN. A. De Bruyne and C. A. A. Rayner, beryllium by adding o.5 per cent titaniumAero Research, Ltd., and the De Havil- or zirconium as reducing agents and thenland Aircraft Co. 253 hot rolling in nickel envelopes 259

x8

April 9: P. Schwarzkopf and I. Hirschl with polycarboxylic acids and their an-propose a method for the production of hydrides. 267solid solutions of carbides whereby the November 3: R. V. Heuser and W. P.individually formed carbides are heated Erichs, American Cyanamid Co., developtogether to a temperature at which a solid organic nitrogen resins used in preparingsolution is formed. i6o coating compounds and as initial material

April 3o: N. A. De Bruyne develops for the synthesis of laminated materials,

laminated structures which comprise a resins, or adhesives. 268

base of a nonmetallic material, e.g., a November 24: N. A. De Bruyne andfabric impregnated with phenol-formal- D. A. Hubbard, Aero Research, Ltd., de-dehyde resins, to which a metal skin coy- velop an adhesive for uniting two sur-ering is attached by mechanical bonding. faces of wood made up of melamine,

261 urea- or thiourea-formaldehyde resin, and

May 26: Aero Research, Ltd., patents a foam hardener. 269

urea-formaldehyde adhesives in which December 29: W. Zeriveck, E Heinrich,formaldehyde and urea are refluxed to- and P. Pinten, General Aniline and Filmgether in an acid solution. 262 Corp., develop a hard infusible furane

resinous condensation product suitableJune 6: E. Orowan, Cambridge Urn- fousasnadei.20versity, observes kinking in metals. 263

September 24: J. H. Frye, Jr., and W.Hume-Rothery find that the increase in 1943hardness for a given atom per cent ofsolute is linearly related to the square of 1943: G. D. Cremer and J. J. Cordiano

the lattice distortion for elements in the discover that aluminum can be used tosame row of the periodic table. 264 manufacture powder-metallurgical prod-

ucts with high strength properties. 271September 25: R. Canter and H. D.

Geyer prepare a coating to prevent ice 1943: P. G. McVetty shows that creep oc-

from sticking to material by mixing a curs in three stages and gives a mathe-

high-melting wax, an alkyd resin, an ure matical formulation of creep curves. 272

formaldehyde resin, and a special solvent. January 12: G. Natta synthesizes styrene.265 273

October 7: E. G. Rochow, General Elec- January 1a: M. A. Pollack, I. F. Mushat,tric, receives patents for various polymeric and F. Strain, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.,silicons, their production, and possible develop a process for the polymerizationuses, including use with glass fibers in of polyhydric alcohol esters of monocar-insulatingelectrical conductors. 266 boxylic acids whereby the polymerization

is interrupted before the polymer is con-October i3: W. P. Erichs, American verted into an insoluble gel, the unpoly-Cyanamid Co., develops a resinous prod- merized monomer is separated, and theuct for use in coating compounds and process continues until the polymer hasadhesives and formed through the con- been converted into an infusible state.densation of polyalkylal guanidine salts 274

'9

March 30: E. T. Lissig and I. Gazdik, July 4: E. G. Rochow, General Electric,B. F. Goodrich Co., develop phenolic prepares polymeric organosilicon com-resins of resorcinol-formaldchyde which pounds for electric insulation and otheraid in improving the adhesion of rubber uses by reacting silicon tetrachloride withto cotton, as in tires. 275 the magnesium derivative of a dihalo-

April 27: N. A. De Bruyne and C. A. A. genated aromatic hydrocarbon. 282

Rayner, Aero Research, Ltd., develop a August 22: R. M. Thomas and W. J.process for joining surfaces in aircraft Sparks, Jasco, Inc., patent a lubricant com-production whereby one surface is coated posed of a mineral hydrocarbon lubricat-with an adhesive mixture of a phenol- ing oil with butadiene. 283formaldehyde condensation product andan initial phenol-formaldehyde conden- August 2a: W. J. Sparks and R. M.

sation product. 276 Thomas, Jasco, Inc., patent the first suc-cessful process for the copolymerization

July .6: Urea-formaldehyde resin ad- of dienes with isobutylene. 284hesives are applied as foam to preventswelling and warping of the veneer in a August 29: D. B. Grossman, Roxalinprocess developed by A. Menger and E. Flexible Finishes, Inc., develops a syn-

thetic fabric covering for the frameworkBock. 277 of aircraft parts comprising a shrunk-taut

October: Olefins form compounds with nylon secured to and covering the frame-salegenin, the precursor of phenol-formal- work and impregnated with "cellulosicdehyde resin, to form wood and metal ad- dope." 285hesives, according to J. I. Cunneen, E. H. October 5: A process for mildew-proofingFarmer, and H. P. Koch. 278 textile aircraft fabrics with an agent such

as copper naphthenate after placement on1944 the aircraft framework is developed by L.Room, Roxalin Flexible Finishes, Inc.

January 25: G. F. D'Alelio and J. W. 286Underwood, General Electric, form com- October 26: A. J. Daly, P. R. Harotin, andpounds comprising an acid-curing ther- B. Shaw, Celanese Corporation ofmosetting-resin such as meamine-formal- America, devise a method of building ondehyde resin. 279 the surface of glass plate a multilayer

April 8: A glycerol-phthalate resin forms protective sheet of cellulose acetate and a

undercoating in a comparatively new plasticizer. 287method of preventing ice accretion devel. November: G. G. Havens, Consolidated-oped by G. S. Edlineton. 280 Vultee, develops a two-piece (rubber and

May: G. B. Rheinfrank, Jr, and W. A. plastic) adhesive for aircraft metalman, G.Ma.tRerielan, C rand, W.A. ("Metlbond") that can be cured underNorman, Materiel Command, USAAF, low pressure in inexpensive jigs. 288

report on the first glass fiber laminate

fuselage which was built at Wright Field November 14: N. A. De Bruyne andand flight tested on March 24, 1944. 281 E. I R. Morvat obtain a heat-hardenable

20

adhesive, used in plywood, by incorporat- August 7: A. W. Merrick, Austenal Lab-ing phenyl-guanazale with the condensa- oratories, patents the use of "Vitallium"tion product. 289 in turbine buckets for exhaust turbine

superchargers. 296

1945 August 7: E. G. Rochow, General Elec-tric Company, receives a patent for a

1945: C. W. Balke and C. C. Balke pro- process of synthesizing silicones by theduce columbium metal by heating a mix- reaction of methyl and phenol chloridesture of columbium carbide and oxide in a with silicon metal at 3000 C in the pres-vacuum, liberating carbon monoxide. ence of copper powder. 297

290 September: M. A. Miner, Douglas Air-

1945: J. H. Hollomon and L. D. Jaffe dis- craft, proposes the theory that cumulativecuss the effects of carbon content, tern- fatigue damage is identical with the sum-perature, and time in the secondary hard- mation of the cycle ratios of overstressening of chromium steel. 29, applied. 298

March 6: J. F. Hyde, Corning Glass, re- September i9: H. Dreyfus develops coat-ceives a patent for the preparation of or- ing compositions for aircraft fabric madeganosilicon polymers by treating silicon of cellulose ester containing the radicalstetrachloride or ethyl orthosilicate with of acetic acid, a monocarboxylic acida Grignard reagent. Subsequent mixing ester, and a metallic powder. 299

and condensation forms heterocyclic October 9: J. F. Hyde, Corning Glasstrimers and further polymerization oc- Works, devises a method of polymerizingcurs by oxidation or hydrolysis to yield organosilicon polymers by partial oxida-silicon-oxygen linkages between trimers. tion induced by passing a stream of air

292 through silicone. 300

March 2o: Depolymerized rubber andphenolic resin are dissolved in a mutual 1946solvent to form a useful adhesive, accord-ing to C. F. Brown and G. E. Hulse, 1946: R. S. Dean, J. R. Long, F. S. Wart-U.S. Rubber Co. 293 men, and E. L Anderson show the en-

May =a: S. G. Saunders and H. Morrison gineering possibilities of titanium. 301add a synthetic resin like urea-formalde- x946: W. Kroll, A. W. Schlechten, andhyde to 'Neoprene" to obtain an adhesive L A. Yerkes, Bureau of Mines, describessuitable for metals, plastics, and other ma- a process for obtaining ductile zirconiumterials. 294 by preparing carbides from zircon sand,July: Work at the National Bureau of obtaining chlorides, reducing with mag-

nesium, distilling in a vacuum, and arc-Standards and elsewhere shows that a mel ting. 3c-

cubic solid solution rich in zirconia can melting. 302be formed by fixing the oxide with cer- 1946: R. M. Parke and F. B. Bens, Cli-tain other refractory oxides, and that in max Molybdenum, publish first system-some cases this cubic form is stable at atic study of chromium-base alloys forhigh temperatures. 295 high-temperature applications. 303

21

x946: R. M. Parke and J. L Ham de- October: E A. Gulbransen and J. W.

scribe methods for melting and casting Hickman perform an electron diffraction

molybdenum, with particular attention to study of the oxide films formed on high

the special process needed to make molyb- nickel alloys at temperatures from 3oo0

denum castings ductile. 304 to 7000 C. 312

1946: F. N. Rhines proposes that the December: A. J. Barry establishes the re-bonds between individual powder par- lationship between the viscosity and thetides in sintering are essentially the same average molecular weight for the di-

as those holding the internal atoms of the methyl silicone polymers. 313crystal together. 305

x946: C. Zener, Watertown Arsenal, 1947points out that many aspects of the in-elastic behavior of metals may be ex- 1947: R. Kiessling, University of Upp.plained on the assumption that, whatever sala, obtains pure specimens of molyb-the exact structure of the boundary, the denum and tungsten borides by sinteringresistance to slipping of one grain over very pure boron and metal powders inanother obeys the laws commonly as- vacuo and then studies their crystal struc-sociated with amorphous rather than tures. 314crystalline materials. 3 1947: A. D. Smigelskas and E. 0. Kir-

June 14: I. R. Whinfield and J. T. Dick- kendall demonstrate that the separateson patent a process for obtaining fibers rates of diffusion in alloy systems are notfrom glycol terephthalate polymers. 307 necessarily equal. 315

June at: N. A. De Bruyne makes hard March: W. N. Harrison, D. G. Moore,expanded or cellular resin masses by mix- and J. C. Richmond apply coatings ofing urea-formaldehyde sirup with an specially developed frits with additionsaniline-formaldehyde condensation prod- of aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, oruct and heating. 308 cobalt oxide to typical superalloys and

attain a greatly increased oxidation re-July:, andW. G .Mo rrisor , L.H.Bo, repo sistance, some of the coated specimensPitts, and W. N. Harrison, NBS, report withstanding 5oo hours of exposure inon use of ceramic coatings to protect air at 820o C without visible changes.molybdenum. 309 316

August: A. R. Troiano and A. B. Grenin- August: C. A. Crawford describes twoger point out that hardening reaction in nickel-base alloys developed with prop.steel has much in common with the erties useful for gas-turbine applicationsshear-like diffusionless transformations in at temperatures up to at least 15oo° F.other alloy systems. 310 One is "Inconel-X," a wrought material

with high rupture strength at all tern-

August 2o: D. J. Sullivan develops a self- pera ture u toe5gth an hge teperatures up to 1SOO° F and higher, the

sealing fuel container in which the inner other is a cast material primarily suitedlayer is a polyamide, which resists soften- for extended service applications requir-

ing and swelling when under machine- ing high creep resistance in the neigh-gun fire. 3" borhood of 15oo0 F. 317

August xg: F. H. Roberts and H. R. manufacture of sintered aluminum prod-Fife, Carbide and Carbons Chemical ucts of high-temperature strength. 4Corp., produce mixtures of polyoxyalky- July: D. G. Moore, L H. Bolz and W.lene monohydroxy compounds by treat- N. Harrison find frits containing zir-ing alkylene oxide mixtures with mono- conium oxide will protect molybdenumhydroxy-aliphatic alcohols in the presence for short periods (o0-45 minutes) inof 0.75 per cent sodium hydroxide. 3Y8 oxidizing atmospheres up to x93o* C.

325

194832 August 3: W. Kroll produces chromium:R. Kiessling, University of Upp- powder by converting the chloride to the

1948: R.pares boroniverity nf Upe nitride by ammonia treatment, the nitridesala, prepares boron of high purity by the yielding the powder at iioo0-z6oo* inreduction of boron tribromide vapor with yiedin 326hydrogen. 319

December 28: H. R. Fife and Walter 1.1948: C. Zener proposes the hypothesis Toussaint, Carbide and Carbon Chem-that intergranular cracks may be initiated icals Corp., prepare polyoxyalkylene diolwhen shear-stress relaxation occurs along esters suitable as lubricants where fluiditygrain boundaries. 320 at low temperatures is required. 327

January: R. L Machlin presents a dislo-cation theory of fatigue failure for an-nealed solid solutions and an equation 1949giving the dependence of a number ofcycles for failure on stress, temperature,material parameters, and frequency for 19 ,9: A. G. Guy, General Electric, re-uniformly stressed reqimens. 32f ports on a series of nickel base alloysfor high-temperature use containing 20

March 23: H. L Leland, Standard Oil per cent chromium, 6 per cent aluminum,Development Co., patents oils for lubri- 6 per cent molybdenum, 2 per cent co-cants and hydraulic fluids based on mix. lumbium, 0.5 per cent boron. 328

tures of chlorinated aromatic compounds,a polystyrene viscosity index improver, r949:" L. Zambrow and M. G. Fontanaand inhibitors. report results of tests on mechanical

properties, including fatigue, of aircraftJune 15: W. Kroll and F. E. Bacon pat- alloys at very low temperatures. 329

ent a process for the reduction of a zir- January: A. H. Cottrell and B. A. Bilby,conium-silicon-iron alloy by mixing with University of Birmingham, propose thatferrous chloride, heated to a temperature the temperature dependence of the yieldabove 220o and below the melting point strength of bcc metals results from theof ferrous chloride, the resulting zir- interaction of dislocations with impurityconium chloride being usable for produc- atoms which segregate in the vicinity oftion of zirconium. 323 dislocations and anchor them. 330

June 16: R. Irmann, Aluminum-Indus- January x8: H. P. Bradley and J. L Dumtrie, A.G., describes a process for the develop a process for bonding metal by

23

means of chlorinated rubber adhesives tanium oxide-carbon black mixture pro.containing a polyalkylene polyamine. duces a carbide which contains less than

331 oa per cent of free carbon and is harderthan titanium carbide produced in theFebruary: 1. T. Norton and A. L. Mowry, usual manner. 338

M.IT., produce solid solutions of fourth

and fifth group carbides by mixing the August 3o: H. R. Fife and F. H. Roberts,preformed carbides with one per cent of Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corp.,cobalt powder in stainless ball mills, add- prepare esters of aliphatic monoethers ofing organic solvents, pressing the dried polyoxyalkylene suitable as metal lubri-and screened mixture into compacts and cants. 339sintering in the high-frequency vacuum September: In studying mcallographi.furnace for three hours at 21000 C. 332 cally the bonding between boron carbide

March: A. R. Blackburn, T. S. Shevlin, and metals, H. J. Hamjian and W. G.and H. R. Lowers, Ohio State University, Lidman, NACA, find that iron as well asconclude after studying the wetting of nickel and cobalt forms bonding zonesalumina by various metals that chro- and that chromium exhibits good wettingmium-alumina compositions offer the properties. 340most desirable combination. 333 September 6: S. A. Ballard, R. C. Morris,

March 12: W. K. Burton, N. Cabrera, and J. L Van Winkle, Shell Developn•ntand F. C. Frank, in discussing the role of Corp., prepare polyoxyalkylene com-dislocations in crystal growth, postulate pounds for use as lubricants. 341that the shape of the critical nucleus is November: 1. E. Campbell es al. describenot square but a figure with rounded the carburization of molybdenum, tung-corners inscribable in the previously post- sten, niobium, tantalum, and chromiumulated square nucleus. with methane and other hydro-

April: M. D. Burdick, R. E. Moreland, carbons in a hydrogen or hydrogen-nikro-and R. F. Geller report test results on a gen atmosphere. 342series of various combinations of metallicoxides which indicate that materials high December: A. Cibula and R. W. Ruddlein beryllium oxide exhibit promising heat- propose that the tensile properties of high-shock resistance. 335 strength cast aluminum alloys increase

markedly with decrease in grain size,July: P. Ehrlich obtains first pure sped redywth-c i rb iemen of titanium boride by sintering veryformpure boron and titanium powders in of the intergranular shrinkage cavities.

vacuo. 336 343

July 5: A. J. Berry, D. E. Hook, and L 1950De Pree, Dow Corning, patent a processfor obtaining a hydrochlorosilyl addition March: W. G. Lidman and M. 1. Ham-product with rubber. 337 jian report that iron-bonded boron car-

July 23: C. C. Laughlin and E. Wainer, bides were exceptionally strong at ele-National Lead, discover that o.6-t.o per vated temperatures near the melting pointcent of chromium oxide added to the ti- of the metal additive. 344

24

March 7: A. J. Berry, Dow Corning August 8: A. Dreyling and C. W. John-Corp., produces aromatic halosilanes by son, Du Pont, patent an airplane fabricreacting an aromatic chlorohydrocarbon which is predoped with an aqueous emul-having a nuclearly substituted chlorine sion of a cellulose derivative, dried, andwith a monoorganodichlorosilane in the then mounted on the airframe and dopedpresence of boron and aluminum chlo- again. 352rides. 345 August 15: F. C. Frank and W. T. Read

March s4: T. W. Evans, D. E. Adelson, propose that certain geometrical arrange-L N. Whitehill, Shell Development Co., menu of dislocation lines are able to cre-produce copolymers of diallyl phthalate ate from themselves large numbers ofwith allyl vinyl phthalate suitable for air- new dislocations not involving kineticcraft windows. 346 energy. 353

April: R. Kieffer obtains zirconium car- August a2: H. Scott, R. B. Gordon, andbide on a semitechnical scale by precar- F. C. Hull, Westinghouse, disclose aburizing very pure zirconium oxide in a wrought austenitic precipitation-hardenedhigh-frequency-heated graphite crucible alloy of nickel, chromium, molybdenumat r8oo* C and finishing the operation (or tungsten), and titanium carbidein a carbon-tube vacuum furnace at i70oo ("Discalloy") for the rotors of jet engines.C after grinding and adding more car- 354bon. 347 October: L Brewer, A. W. Searcy, D. H.

April: P. J. Maddex and L W. Eastwood Templeton, and C. H. Dauben report thedescribe a continuous method of produc- existence of a number of stable high-ing titanium in which magnesium and melting phases in the tantalum-silicon,titanium tetrachloride are used as raw molybdenum-silicon, and tungsten-siliconmaterials. 348 systems. 355

May 13: G. F. Hfittig et at. describe a October 31: G. H. Denison, Jr., N. W.method of producing zirconium carbide Farby, and R. 0. Bolt, California Re-by adding chlorine-evolving substances search Corp., disclose a nonflammableto the carburizing gas, a process which aircraft hydraulic fluid made by blendingshould be advantageous if it is desired to a liquid chlorinated olefin, an alkalineobtain products of a theoretical carbon earth-metal phenate, a chlorinated ben-content. 349 zene, and other components. 356

June 27: C. E. Bixler patents a bonding November 14: P. M. McKenna patents aor cementing mixture composed of low- process for preparing tungsten monocar-melting polyexoxide. 350 bide from tungsten-containing material.

August: E. M. Trent es d. report that 357

chromium carbide added to titanium car- 1951bide-nickel and titanium carbide-cobaltcermets improved their oxidation re- 1951: E. N. da C. Andrade and C. Hen-sistance until it compared favorably with derson conclude that in metals withoutthat of many heat-resistant steels at about notable impurities glide is due to two9000 C. 351 distinct processes: first the initiation of

656755-42---3 25

glide planes, which temperature agitation polymer of methacrylate esters, and atends to check, and second to glide pro- glycidyl ether is granted to F. J. Watson,ceeding on already initiated planes which Shell Development Co. 364temperature agitation tends to promote. May: L. Brewer, D. L. Sawyer, D. H.

358 Templeton, and C. H. Dauben deter-

1951: W. J. Childs, J. E. Cline, W. M. mine the phases of the binary systems ofKisner, and J. Wulff pass a stream of boron with cerium, titanium, zirconium,purified hydrogen mixed with very pure niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungs-m o I y b d e n u m pentachloride vapor ten, thorium, and uranium. 365through a glass chamber containing an May: C. Malmstrom et at., North Amer-object to be coated and obtain molyb- ican Aviation, measure short-time tensiledenum deposition by reduction. 359 breaking strength for various grades of

January: E. A. Beidler, C. F. Powell, and graphite from room temperature to theI. E. Campbell report a method of pro- sublimation point and determine the vari-tecting molybdenum by using a molyb- ation in density of carbons and graphitesdenum disilicide coating. 36o as a function of position in molded and

January 23: Lubricating die surfaces of extruded forms. 366

glass are devised by J. Sejournet and L. May 27: Temperature-resistant ad-Labataille for the extrusion of high-melt- hesives for laminated metal substancesing metals and alloys such as those of are made of a polyfunctional phenol andmolybdenum. 361 a vinyl resin, according to a patent issued

March: D. 13. Moore, S. G. Benner, and to F. J. Nagel, Westinghouse Electric

W. N. Harrison, National Bureau of Corp. 367

Standards, report the development of a June: H. B. Goodwin and C. T. Green-coating containing 8o per cent by weight idge, Battelle, demonstrate the arc-melt-chromium and 20 per cent by weight of ing of tungsten to form a small forgeablean alkali-free frit (glass) which mark- ingot. 368edly reduces oxidation in air at 98o0 C June 5: J. H. Ramage, Westinghouse,and exhibits the same thermal-shock re- devises a method of coating refractorysistance as the base material. 362 oxidizable metals (tantalum and zirco-

March 6: Patent was issued to C. R. Ame- nium) by electroplating with chromiumberg and S. F. Walton on a plating of a followed by heating in a hydrogen at-refractory metal, or a coating with a glaze mosphere. 369of a refractory hard metal, oxide, silicide, June a6: A. J. Berry patents a processetc., for raising threshold oxidation tern- for producing phenylenelinked organo-peratures in carbon and graphite mate- polysilanes. 370

ials. 363 June a6: W. A. Zisman, D. R. Speusard,

April 17: A patent claiming hydraulic and J. G. O'Rear, Naval Research Lab.fluids useful at low temperature and of oratory, develop nonflammable hydrauliclow flammability consisting of trialkyl fluids and lubricants for military aircraftphosphates, tricresyl phosphate, a linear using water-glycol fluids. 371

26

July: D. G. Moore, L. H. Bolz, J. W. having only 2 per cent porosity by hydro-Pitts, and W. N. Harrison, NBS, report static pressing of material having a crystalthat a coating for molybdenum consist- size of about 2oo A. 378ing of a chromium frit provided goodoxidation protection but markedly re-duced specimen life. 372 1952July 31: W. 0. Binder improves thehigh-temperature strength of austenitic January: F. Seitz, University of Illinois,steels by the addition of o.oo0--o.0 per introduces the idea that the intersectioncent boron to retain the improved of screw dislocations may produce pointstrength imparted by cold-working and defects. 379then "hot cold-worked" at above xooo March 15: C. Herring and J. K. Galt,F but below recrystallization tempera- Bell Telephone Laboratory, report that tinture. 373 whiskers (about 1o0- cm. diam.) displayOctober: J. E. Cline and J. Wulff de- elastic and plastic behavior not far fromscribe a method of producing composite that of a perfect crystal of about 0ooo

metal-ceramic bodies, starting from pow- times greater strength than ordinary tinders consisting of ceramic partides which crystals. 380have been coated with metal by vapor April: F. W. Glaser and W. Ivanick suc-deposition. 374 ceed in preparing compacts of solid bind-

October: L. D. Hower, Jr., J. W. Lon- er-free titanium carbide specimens ofdree, Jr., and H. F. G. Ueltz investigate remarkably high strength by hot pressinga three-phase approach to cermet com- powder containing 79.1 per cent titanium,pacts (oxide, interstitial compound, and 19.3 per cent combined carbon, and o.6metal). 375 per cent free graphitic carbon at about

November: A. R. Blackburn and T. S. 1.3 tsi at temperatures ranging from

Shevlin, Ohio State, develop a method 26000 to 30000 C. 381

of producing a 30 per cent chromium- May: P. Chiotti describes a procedure for70 per cent alumina cermet by sintering the preparation of the nitrides and car-compacts of the constituents at 17000 C bides of several metals and for the prepa-in a slightly oxidizing atmosphere of ration of refractory bodies from them.hydrogen with -induced water vapor in 382a sealed furnace heated with molyb- June io: S. A. Ballard, R. C. Morris, anddenum elements. 376 J. L. Van Winkle, Shell, note that liquid

December: F. B. Litton reports he was carboxylic acid diesters of polyalkyleneable to roll hafnium metal cold to a 65 glycols have high viscosity indices, lowper cent reduction, but it could not sub- pour points, good thermal stability, andsequently be bent without fracture, and considerable resistance to oxidation 383he suggests that 30 percent might bee aJuly: F. R. Larson and J. Miller adapt tomore suitable reduction. 34 the rupture and creep behavior of sev-

December: J. F. Wygant describes the eral widely different alloys a relationformation of bodies of magnesium oxide which evaluates the relative effects of time

65675-42--427

and temperature on the tempering of with a thin sheet of surfacing resin, whichsteels. 384 is useful in making radar domes. 390

July: W. G. Pfann discusses the phe- February: E. Ryschkewitch reports thatnomenon of zone-melting and examines an increase in porosity of about io perthe consequences of the subsequent man- cent lowers the compressive strength ofncr of freezing with respect to solute dis- sintered alumina or zirconia by about 50tribution in the ingot and with particular per cent. 391reference to purification and to preven- April 28: Substantially fire-resistant hy-tion of segregation. 385 draulic fluids consisting of mixtures of aAugust: A nickel-bound (cobalt-free) trialkyl phosphate and a triaryl phosphatechromium carbide is developed by Gen- which may also contain viscosity indexeral Electric with good resistance to abra- improvers, corrosion inhibitors, and an-sion, erosion, and corrosion and particu- tioxidants are claimed by F. J. Watson,larly high resistance to oxidation at high Shell, in two patents. 392

temperatures. 386 June i6: L. A. Mikeska and P. V. Smith,

September: N. Dudzinski shows the pos- Standard Oil Development Co., develop asibility of manufacturing aluminum al- synthetic lubricant of branched-chainloys of high Young's modulus by the ad- trialkyl esters of phosphoric acid. 393dition of intermetallic compounds andhigh-melting-point metals, which them- July: G. B. Wachtman, Jr., and L. H.selves have a high value of Young's Maxwell, A.R.D.C., show that the plasticmoduhvlus 38 Ydeformation of ceramic oxide single crys-modulus. 387 tals approximates one-half the meltingOctober: T. Washburn and E. R. Parker temperatures on the absolute scale. 394provide the first experimental verifica- November: W. D. Kingery, M.I.T., re-tion of the existence of edge dislocations, No emerW D.ier y, M.i.T, r-views the metal-ceramic reactions, sur-finding their behavior under stress to be faeaein acor wit th ory.388 face and interfacial energies, constituentin accord with theory. 388 properties, and effect of the dispersed state

on the fabrication and properties of

i953 cermets. 395

November i7: Hydraulic fluids of low1953: H. Staudinger is awarded Nobel density which are substantially fire re-Prize for Chemistry for showing that sistant are prepared from trialkyl phos-small molecules polymerize by chemical phates and polyhydric alcohols by M. F.intersection, not by physical aggregation, George, Jr., and P. M. Reedy, Jr., Lock-and that linear molecules can be built heed Aircraft Co. 396synthetically. He also established the r December -:A.R.G.Brown, A.R.lationship between the m olecular w eight H all, and W . R oyal B r aft A .tR.of a high polymer and its viscosity in Hall, and W. Watt, Royal Aircraft Estab-so higpo l r ad ilishment, obtain flat specimens of pyro-solution. 389 lytic graphite by cracking hydrocarbons

January i3: R. J. Nebesar develops a syn- on to flat graphite rods, the density ap-thetic fabric (glass fiber, nylon, orlon), proaching the theoretical density as theimpregnated with resin and then covered temperature of deposition is raised. 397

28

4 refractory metals using silicon or zir-conium as the primary element andvarious elements as the secondary. 404

1954: J. F. Lynch, J. A. Slyh, and W. H.

Duckworth impart significant oxidation October i9: R. F. Baker, Westinghouse,resistance to graphite by coating it with receives patents for ductile molybdenum

molybdenum disilicide powder suspended and molybdenum alloys (less than 2o per

in a phenolic resin and then baking at cent tungsten plus a total of 0.50 per cent

215o0-22a0o C. 398 nickel, cobalt, and iron) and for forgingmolybdenum alloyed with o.r per cent

March: L. J. Trostel, Jr., E. T. Mont- cobalt. 405

gomery, and T. S. Shevlin, A.R.D.C.,

describe the vibrational forming of cer- December: C. L. Kolbe, General Electric

mets of ceramic oxide fibers and pow- Research Laboratory, shows the feasibil-

dered metal mixtures, such as fibrous ity of hot-working molybdenum in an

aluminum silicate bonded by 71.4-91.0 inert atmosphere. 4o6

weight per cent of stainless steel. 399

June 8: Polyvinyl acetals are stabilized 1955with two-thiazoline-two-thiol for safety-glass interlayers by C. H. Jarboe, Du 1955: E. S. Blake, W. C. Hamann, andPont, the high thermal stability of the J. W. Richards show that esters contain-adhesive making it especially valuable ing no beta hydrogen atoms are morefor use in aircraft. 400 stable thermally and can withstand tem-

August: E. M. H. Lips and H. Van peratures at least goo F higher than other

Zuilen, N. V. Phillips, report a method esters. 407

of obtaining exceedingly high strength in 1955: General Electric Research Labora-alloy steels by cooling from the austenitiz- tory produces synthetic diamond. 408ing temperature to a subcritical tempera-ture where they are deformed and then 1955: C. T. Sims, C. M. Craighead, and

quenching and tempering at a low tem- R. 1. Jaffee, Battelle, report on the fabri-cation of rhenium metal by powder

perature. 401 metallurgy and on its various physical

September: P. G. Cotter and J. A. Kohn and mechanical properties. 409prepare hafnium carbide from a melt at January: J. E. Dorn shows that elevatedslightly above 28000 C. 402 temperature creep of metals occurs by aSeptember a2: R. A. Kempe and R. R. process of dislocation climb which re-Ruppender, Thompson Products, coat quires activation and diffusion of atoms.molybdenum and tungsten articles at 410x6ooo-23oo° F with aluminum, silicon, January: R. E. Wilson, L. B. Coffin, andor zirconium obtained by the decomposi- J. R. Tinklepaugh, A.R.D.C., report thattion of the halides in a stream of hydro- the modulus of rupture strength of self-gen. 403 bonded silicon carbide increased with

September 28: E. Wainer, Thompson temperature, achieving 69,ooo psi atProducts, develops a binary coating for 25000 F. 4Xt

29

April: M. L. Kronberg reports on the September 13: Silicone fluids usable asplastic deformation of single crystals of hydraulic fluids can be stabilized andsynthetic sapphire. 412 given resistance to gelation at elevatedApril: G. Natta, Milan Polytechnic, de- temperatures by the addition of an or-scribes a new clans of polymers which ganic phosphite (tritolyl and triphenyl

scries ne clss o poymes wich phosphite), according to A. R. Gilbert,have exceptional structural regularity and General Electric. 42

are made from c-olefins. 413November: E. M. Sherwood us at. de-

April x9: Charles B. Criver, Alcoa, de-

scribes the properties and preparation of termine the vapor pressure of rheniumat over a temperature range of 222o0°27a50

aluminum-base alloys suitable for use at C, finding it te r be approximately one

elevated temperatures (copper 5-9 per and one half times that of tantalum, and

cent, manganese 0.15-1.2 per cent, vana-

dium 0-05-0-15 per cent, and zirconium estimate its boiling point as 563o0 C.

0.05-0.25 per cent), plus minor constit- 421

uents. 414 December: K. M. Taylor, CarborundumCorporation, describes a self-bondedMay 3: W. M. Wheildon, Jr., Norton boron nitride (I) made by hot-pressing,

Company, files application for a patent whose crystal structure and machining

for a process of atomizing directly from wnd crisatructure semachosesolid bodies to produce a ceramic coat- and lubricating properties resemble those

in.45 of graphite. 422ing. 415

la. determine the December 27: Cellular plastics used asJune: D. J. Maykuth . deteinternal material or fillers or as layerseffect of small quantities of various ele- in sandwich assemblies are strengthenedments on the ductility of chromium and with use of a fibrous glass fabric securedreport the fabrication of an iodide chro- to the inner surface of the metal, accord-mium sheet having an average ductile- ing to a patent issued to E. Simon, F. W.to-brittle bend-transition temperature be- Toma an d t A . Simon, F. Whlow 0 C.416 Thomas, and L. A. Dixon, Jr., Lockheedlow o° C. 0x6 Aircraft Corp. 423June: G. Natta and P. Corradini, MilanPolytechnic, analyze the X-ray diagramsof isotactic polystyrene, which show that

the chain has a helical shape, each turn 1956: Work conducted by W. R. D. Jonesconsisting of three monomeric units. 417 and G. V. Hogg, Cardiff University, on

July: C. D. Bopp and 0. Sisman report magnesium-lithium alloys indicated silverthat benzene rings in polymers improve to be most effective in increasing alloyresistance to nuclear radiation, a phenom- ftability. 424enon probably due to their high reso- January: F. L. Block e ad. obtain high-nance energy. 418 purity chromium by electrolysis of purl-

August a: R. M. Poorman, Linde Air fled aqueous solutions at elevated tern-

Products Company, devises method of peratures. 425flame-spraying ceramic coatings using January: R. C. Gifkins proposes thatdetonation waves. 419 round or r-type cracks can be initiated

30

along grain boundaries by the action of November: C. W. Chen and E. S. Mach-grain boundary shearing. 426 fin postulate that, since intercrystallineJanuary: J. A. Hedvall reports that in- v-type cracks occur in bicrystal in the ab-active gases dissolved or adsorbed in o sence of plastic deformation, jogs alreadyides in some cases affect the surface activ. exist in grain boundaries. 435ity of the solid. 427 December 25: A method for flame-spray-April r7: F. W. Diggles develops a ing a coating of refractory cermets ontransparent plastic material made of cel- metal surface is discovered by E.T. Mont-lulose acetate butyrate ester and methyl gomery, A. P. Welch, and J. L Bitonte,methacrylate and suitable for attachment Ohio State University. 436to aircraft canopies. 428

June: M. C. Carosella and J. D. Mettler, 1957Electro Metallurgical Co., describe a newprocess for producing high-purity chro- January 29: H. P. Hood and S. D.mium from high-carbon ferrochromium Stookey, Corning Glass, develop a crystal-(obtained from an electric furnace) and line glass with properties within the range99.8 per cent chromium electrodeposited of heavy structural materials by adding ain diaphragm cells from a chromium- nucleating agent like titanium oxide toalum solution. 429 the pure mixture, which when heated,June 9: C. T. Sims, Battelle Develop- cooled, and slowly baked yields a densement Corp., receives a patent for rhenium mass of interlocking crystals. 437fabrication processes. 430 March: J. E. Burke claims that in sinter-

June 26: John P. Swentzel, Carborun- ing with alumina the grain boundariesdum Co., develops a new dense silicon- act either as sinks or as diffusion pathsnitride-bonded silicon carbide refractory. for lattice vacancies. 438

43' May 21: While investigating the low-July 21: 1. Mikheeva ef ai. report a temperature unstable plastic deformationmethod for preparing a high-purity of aluminum alloys, Z. S. Basinski dis-aluminum-lithium alloy by the thermal covers that discontinuities in the stress-decomposition of lithium aluminum strain curve are caused by a localizedhydride. 432 temperature rise produced during theSeptember: H. H. Ublig describes the de- deformation. 439pendence of the oxidation rate of metals July: N. W. Furby, R. L Peeler, and R. I.on the work function of the metal and on Stirton report that Oronite Fluid 8515, athe properties of semiconducting oxides in silicate ester fluid, is used in hydrauliccontact with the metal. 433 systems of the B-58 supersonic bomber

November: R. A. Alliegro, L. B. Cofin, and the X-15 research vehicle built by

and J. R. Tinklepaugh, Alfred Univer- North American.sity, produce pressure-sintered silicon car- August: C. A. Arenberg et al. report thatbide with a modulus of rupture of 70,0oo the addition of calcium fluoride to vana-psi at 25O0 F. 434 dium pentoxide in the sintering of thoria

31

was beneficial in the development of high oxygen atoms bridging between twodensity bodies. 441 boron atoms, while at concentrations be-

August: E. P. Hyatt, C. J. Christensen, yond that of the thermal expansion mini-

and I. B. Cutler report that ferric oxide mum, some oxygens are assumed to have

aided in lowering the sintering tempera- only one boron neighbor. 444

tures of both zircon and zirconia bodies September: A. E. R. Westman and P. A.to give sintered bodies of high density. Gartaganis study the chain-length dis-

442 tributions in solutions of sodium phos-

August 6: N. W. Furby, J. M. Stokely, phate glasses and discover cyclicphosphates to exist in solutions of glasses

and E. G. Foehr develop alkyl ethers de- having or approaching the metaphosphaterived from polyalkylene glycols for use as composition despite prolonged heating ofjet-turbine lubricants. 443 the glasses in the molten condition. 445

September: M. L. Huggins and T. Abe December: E. Ryshkewitch, Nationalpostulate that in glasses containing, in Beryllia Corp., observes that coiled chipsaddition to boric oxide, small relative formed when a diamond tool (at roomamounts of an alkali or alkaline earth temperature) cuts the surface of highlyoxide, some of the boron atoms are sur- polished materials (ruby, quartz glass,rounded by four oxygen atoms, all the etc.) display plasticity. 446

32

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44

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45

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352. Dreyling, Alfred, and Charles W.341- Ballard, S. A., R. C. Morris, and 35.DclnAfeadC resW341.Balard S. ., . C Morisand Johnson, U.S. Patent 2,517,852, August 8,J. L. Van Winkle, U.S. Patent 2,481,278, 1950 .September 6, 1949.

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46

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397. Brown, A. R. G., A. R. Hall, andW. Watt, Density of deposited carbon,

385. Pfann, W. G., Principles of zone- Nature, 172: 1145-6, December 19, x953.melting, Transactions of the AIME, 194:747-53, July 1952. 398. Lynch, J. F., J. A. Slyh, and W. H.747-3, Jly 152.Duckworth, WADC Technical Report

386. Kennedy, J. D., Chromium carbide No. 53-457, T954.

meets many industrial needs, Materialsand Methods, 36: 166-74, August 1952. 399. Trostel, Louis J., Jr., Earle T. Mont-

gomery, and Thomas S. Shevlin, WADC387. Dudzinski, N.,The Young'sModu- Technical Report No. 54-172, Pt. I,lus, Poisson's Ratio, and rigidity modulus March 1954.

of some aluminum alloys, Journal of theInstitute of Metals, 8z: 49-55, September 400. Jarboe, Charles H., U.S. Patent1952. 2,680,727, June 8, 1954.

388. Washburn, Jack, and Earl R. Par- 40o. Lips, E. M. H., and H. Van Zuilen,ker, Kinking in zinc single-crystal ten- Improved hardening techniques, Metalsion specimens, Journal of Metals, 4: Progress, 66: xo3-4, August r954.1076-8, October 1952. 402. Cotter, P. G., and J. A. Kohn, In-389. Staudinger, Hermann, Nobel prizes, dustrial diamond substitutes. I. PhysicalScientific American, 289: 49, December and X-ray study of hafnium carbide,1953. Journal of the American Ceramic Soci-390. Nebesar, Robert J., U.S. Patent ety, 37: 415-20, September 1954.

2,625,499, January 23, 1953. 403. Kempe, R. A., and R. R. Ruppender,391. Ryschkewitsch, E., Compression US. Patent 2,689,807, September 21,strength of sintered alumina and zir- 1954.conia, Journal of the American Ceramic 404. Wainer, E., U.S. Patent 2,69o,409,Society, 36:65-8, February 1953. September 28, 1954.

48

405. Baker, Robert F., U.S. Patents 417. Natta, G., and P. Corradini, Kristall-2,692,2x6-7, October 19, 1954. struktur des isotaktischen Polystyrals,

406. Kolbe, Carl L., Inert gas forging, Makromoleculare Chemie, z6: 77-80,4o6 Kobe Cal L, ner ga frging June 1955.Journal of the Electrochemical Society,zo1: 6ox-3, December 1954. 4V8. Bopp, C. D., and 0. Sisman, Radia-

407. Blake, E. S., W. C. Hamann, and tion stability of plastics and elastomers,

J. W. Richards, WADC Technical Re- Nudeonics, z3: 28-33, July 1955.

port No. 54-532, ptS. I-[11, 1955. 419. Poorman, R. M., U.S. Patent 2,714,-

408. General Electric Research Labora- 563, August 2, 1955.

tory, Man-made diamonds, Schenectady, 420. Gilbert, A. R., U.S. Patent 2,717,902,N.Y., 1955. September 13, 1955.

409. Sims, C. T., C. M. Craighead, and 421. Sherwood, E. M., et d., The vaporR. I. Jaffee, Physical and mechanical pressure of rhenium, Journal of the Elec-properties of rhenium, Transactions of trochemical Society, zo1: 65o-4, Novem-the AIME, 203: x68-79, 1955. ber 1955.

41o. Dorn, J. E., Some fundamental ex- 422. Taylor, K. M., Hot-pressed boronperiments on high temperature creep, J. nitride, Industrial and EngineeringMech. Phys. Solids, 3: 85-x16, January Chemistry, 47: 2506-9, December x955.1955.

423. Simon, Eli, Frank W. Thomas, and411. Wilson, R. E., L. B. Coffin, and J. R. Lloyd A. Dixon, Jr., U.S. Patent 2,728,-Tinklepaugh, WADC Technical Report 702, December 27, 1955.

No. 54-38, pt. 2, January 1955.424. Jones, W. R. D., and G. V. Hogg,

412. Kronberg, M. L., Plastic deforma- The stability of mechanical properties oftion of single crystals of synthetic sap- beta-phase magnesium-lithium alloys,phires, American Ceramic Society Bulle- Journal of the Institute of Metals, 85:tin, 34, Program 13, April 1955. 255-6t, 1956.

413. Natta, G., Une nouvelle classe de 425. Block, F. E., P. C. Good, and G.polymers d'a-olefines ayant une rigulariti Asai, Electrodeposition of high-purityde structure exceptionnelle Polymer Sci- chromium, Journal of the Electrochemi-ence, &6: 143-54, April 1955. cal Society, 1o6: 43-7, January x956.

414. Criver, Charles B., U.S. Patent 426. Gifkins, R. C., A mechanism for the2,7o6,68o, April 19, 1955. formation of intergranular cracks when

boundary sliding occurs, Acta Metal-415. Wheiddon, W. M., U.S. Patent lurgica, 4: 98-9, January 1956.2,707,69!, May 3, £955.

427. Hedvall, J. Arvid, The effects of dis-416. Maykuth, D. J., el al., A metallurgi- solved or adsorbed inactive gases on thecal evaluation of iodide chromium, Jour- reactivity of oxides, Transactions of thenal of the Electrochemical Society, zoa: British Ceramic Society, 55: 1-12, Janu-316-3!, June 1955. ary 1956.

49

428. Diggles, Frederick W., U.S. Patent 438. Burke, J. E., Role of grain bound.2,742,443, April 17, x956. aries in sintering, Journal of the Ameri-

can Ceramic Society, 40: 8o-5, March429. Carosella, M. C., and J. D. Mettier, 1957.

The first commercial plant for electro- 1957'

winning of chromium, Metal Progress, 439. Basinski, Z. S., The instability of69: 51-6, June x956. plastic flow of metals at very low temper-

atures, Proceedings of the Royal Society,430. Sims, C. T., U.S. Patent 2,749,260, 240,4: 229-42, May 21, 1957.June 9, x956. 44o. Furby, N. W., R. L. Peeler, and431. Swentzel, John P., U.S. Patent R. I. Stirton, Oronite high temperature2,752,258, June 26, 1956. hydraulic fluids 82o0 and 8515, Transac-

432. Mikheeva, L, M. S. Selivokhina, tions of the ASME, 79: 1029-38, July

and 0. H. Krivkova, 0 termicheskom 1957"razlozhenii aliumogidrida litiia, Doklady 441. Arenberg, C. A., el a!., ThoriaAkademii Nauk SSSR, 109: 541-2, July ceramics, Bulletin of the American21, x956. Ceramic Society, 36: 202, August 1957.

433- Uhlig, H. H., Initial oxidation rate 442. Hyatt, E. P., C. J. Christensen, andof metals and the logakithimic equation, 1.B. Cutler, Sintering of zircon and zir-Acta Metallurgica, 4: 541-54, September conia with aid of certain additive oxides,1956. Bulletin of the American Ceramic Soci-

ety, 36: 307, August 1957.

434. Alliegro, R. A., L. B. Coffin, and

J. R. Tinklepaugh, Pressure-sintered sili- 443. Furby, N. W., J. M. Stokely, and

con carbide, Journal of the American E_ G. Foehr, U.S. Patent 2,80 ,968,Ceramic Society, 39: 386-9, November August 6, z957.1956. 444. Huggins, Maurice L., and Tosio

Abe, Structure of borate glasses, Journal435. Chen, C2. W., and E. S. Machlin,, On of the American Ceramic Society, 40:

the mechanism of intercryscalline crack- of temer C m57.

ing, Acta Mettallurgica, 4: 655-6, No- 287-92, September 1957.

vember x956. 445. Westman, A. E. R., and P. A. Gar-taganis, Constitution of sodium, potas-

436. Montgomery, E.. T., A. P. Welch, sium, and lithium phosphate glasses,and J. L. Bitonte, U.S. Patent 2,775,531, Journal of the American Ceramic Society,December 25, 1956. 40: 293-9, September x957.

437. Hood, H. P., and Stanley D. 446. Ryshkewitch, E., Are ceramics reallyStookey, U.S. Patent 2,779,136, January brittle? Ceramic Industry, 69: 116-7,29, 1957. December x957.

50

Name Index

Numerals refer to entry, not page numbers

Abe, Tosio, 444 Benner, S. G., 362Adelson, D. E., 346 Bens, F. B., 303Agte, C., 125 Berchet, Gerard J., 187Alexander, Peter P., 209 Berry, A. J., 337,345,370Alliegro, R. A., 434 Bidaud, Auguste Florentin, 225

Altethum, H., 125 Bieber, C. G., 249Ameberg, C. R., 363 Bilby, B. A., 330Anderson, E. L, 3o1 Binder, W. 0., 373Andrade, E. N. da C., 196, 358 Bishop, Frederic L., 240Archbutt, S. L., i9 Bitonte, J. L., 436Archer, R. S., 23, 44, 45, 63 Bixler, Carl E., 350Arenberg, C. A., 441 Blackburn, A. R., 33 3 , 376Arvin, J. A., 107 Blake, E. S., 407Asai, G., 425 Block, F. E., 4 25Aston, R. L., 77 Bock, E., 277Atwood, Harry N., x7o Bollenrath, F., 215Auld, Frederick H., 124 Bolt, R. 0., 356Austin, C. R., 13r Bolz, L H., 309,325,372

Bopp, C. D, 418Bachmetew, E. F., 121 Bossert, R. A., 257Bacon, F. E., 323 Bradley, Harry P., 3 3 xBaer, J., 73 Bradley, J., 59Bain, R. C, 37 Brenner, P., 20oBailey, R. W., 6r Bretschneider, Otto, 135Baker, Robert F., 405 Brewer, Leo, 355,365Balke, C. C., 29 0 Brown, A. R. G., 3 97Balke, Clarence W., 290 Brown, C. F., 293Ballard, S. A., 383 Buck, M. P., 24 9Barry, Arthur J, 313 Buerger, M. J, z63Basinski, Z. S., 439 Bungardt, W., 215

Bateman, J., 351Becker, K, 125 Burdick, M. D., 3 35Becket, F. M., 104, 149 Burgers, J. M, 222

Beidler, E. A., 360 Burke, J. E., 438Bengough, G. D, 71 Burton, W. K., 334

5'

Cabrera, N., 334 De-nnison, Brook J., 235Caldwell, F. W., 50 Dnt, B. M., 89

Campbell, E. D., 67 Di~.gglcs, Frederick W., 428Campbell, I. E., 342, 360 Dile, Theodore W., 234

Canter, R., 265 Di.-c,E. H. Jr., 76, 93Caprio, A. F., 90 Di-wn, Uloyd A. Jr., 423

Carosdila, M. C., 429 Diirr, Edward, 140Carothers, Wallace H., io6, 107, 130, 146, Down, J. E., 410

187, 203, 212, 213, 214 Druyer, John F., 258

Carter, A., 351 Drueyfus, H., 3, 299

Chalmers, Bruce, 236 Dra-yling, Alfred, 352

Chen, C. W., 435 Du ckworth, W. H., 398

Chevenard, P., io9 Du.- dzinski, N., 387

Childs, W. J., 359 Du-n, John L., 331Christensen, C. J., 442 Duhrhman, S., 32

Cibula, A., 343 Dylstra, Harry B., 152

Clausen, G. E., 259

Clay, 0., 50 Eas twood, L. W., 348

Clement, A. W., 22 Ed1 ineton, G. S., 28o

Cline, James E., 359, 374 Efir-moff, V. V., x98

Chiotti, p., 382 Ehr-lich, P., 336

Coffin, L. B., 411, 434 Ens;rninger, G. R., 2o6

Collins, A. M., 130 Epnmer, C., 83

Comstock, G. F., 198, 219 Ericlhs, Walter P., 267, 268

Cordiano, J. J., 271 Eva xns, K. M. Channel, 164

Cornelius, H., 215 Eva -is,T. W., 346

Corradini, P., 417 Eva:.ns, Ulick R., 8o

Cotter, P. G., 402

Cottrell, A. H., 330 Fabzxc, J. I. G., 225

Craighead, C. M., 409 FarE:•y, N. W., 356

Crawford, C. A., 317 Farr-mer, E. H., 278

Cremer, G. D., 271 Fast-, J.D., 218

Criver, Charles B., 414 Fatt-inger, V., 349

Cunneen, J. 1., 278 Faw-'cett, E. W., 155, 193, 223, 242

Cutler, I. B., 442 Fear-y,N. A. T.N., 4, I1Fidc-J, Burnham E., 94, 97, 101

Daly, Arthur J., 287 Fife. H.R., 318,327, 339

Dauben, Carol H., 355, 365 Fink--, W., 67

Davisson, C., 86 Fattz=ers, A., 8

Dean, R. S., 301 Fleiwschmann, Martin, 207

de Boer, J. H., 57,66 Foelmr, E. G., 443

De Bruyne, Norman A., 192, 253, 254, Fo•rtana, M. G., 329

26x, 262, 269, 276, 289,308 Forcdyce, C. R., 174

De Pree, L, 337 Fraa.c, F. C., 334, 353

Denison, G. H. Jr., 356 Fna.l,, Russell, 94, 97,134, 149,237

52

Frenkel, J., 70 Hamann, W. C., 407Frey, Karl, 22! Hamjian, H. J., 340, 344Fry A., 43 Hanson, D., xg, 46Frye, J. H. Jr., 264 Harotin, Philip R., 287Furby, N. W., 440, 443 Harrison, W. N., 309, 3x6, 325, 362, 372

Haughton, John Leslie, i89Gait, J. K., 380 Havens, G. G., 288Gains, Alphonse, 221 Hedvall, J. Arvid, 427Gartaganis, P. A., 445 Heine, J., 125

Gates, William E. F., 238 Heinrich, Ernst, 270Gault, H., 36 Henderson, C., 358Gauthier, G., 2o8 Herring, C., 38oGaylor, M. L. V., 1o2 Herrmann, Willy 0., 175,231Geer, W. C., 52 Herzog, R. 0., 14Geller, R. F., 295, 335 Heuser, Ralph V., 268George, M. F. Jr., 396 Hickman, J. W., 312Germer, L. H., 86 Higgins, Sigfried, 162Geyer, H. D., 265 Hirschl, I., 26oGibson, R. 0., 155, 193, 223, 242 Hofmann, Fritz, 126

Gifkins, R. C., 426 Hogg, G. V., 424Gilbert, A. R., 420 Hollomon, J. H., 291

Gillet, H. W., 28 Hood, H. P., 437Gilliam, W. F., 247 Hook, D. E., 337Glaser, F. W., 38! Hoopes, William, 54Goldschmidt, H., 34,35 Hopff, H., x14, i65Gonser, B. W., 342 Hower, L. D., Jr., 375Good, P. C., 425 Hubbard, Donald A., 269

Goodwin, H. B., 368 Hiittig, G. F., 349Gough, H. J., 46 Huggins, Maurice L., 444Gordon, R. B., 354 Hull, Albert W., 13Graves, S. E., 5 Hull, F. C., 354Green, L, 366 Hulse, G. E., 293

Greenidge, C. T., 368 Hume-Rothery, William, 62, 164, 176,Greninger, A. B., 31o 210, 264Griffith, Alan A, 21 Hurter, H., x91Grossman, Darwin B., 285 Hyatt, E. P., 442Grossman, M. A., 256 Hyde, James Franklin, 292,300

Guertler, William, 2

Gulbransen, E. A., 312 Irmann, R., 324Guy, A. G., 328 Ivanick, W., 381

Haehnel, W, x75 Jacobson, Ralph A., 187Hall, A. R., 397 Jaffe, L. D., 29!

Halliwell, George P., 186 Jaffee, R. I., 409Ham, John L, 304 Jancke, W., 14

53

Jarboe, Charles H., 4oo Lips, E. M. H., 40!Jeffries, Z., 23, 44, 45, 63 Lissig, Edward T., 275Jellinghous, W., 123 Litton, Felix B., 377Jofe, A., 47 Londree, J. W. Jr., 375John, H., 26 Long, J. R., 301Johnson, Charles W., 352 Lowers, H. R., 333Johnson, J. B., 136 Lowry, E. F., 161Johnston, R. L, 63 Lynch, J. F., 398Jones, W. R. D., 424

McAdam, D. J., Jr., 68, 8zKeen, R., 366 McCandless, E. L., 167Keller, F., 257 McKenna, P.M., 204, 228, 357Kempe, R. A., 403 McLain, J. R., roKennedy, J. D., 386 McVetty, P. G., 272Kieffer, R., 347 Mabbatt, Gilbert W., 164Kiessling, R., 314, 319 Machlin, E. S-, 435Kingery, W. D., 395 Machlin, R. L., 321Kinzel, A. B., ioo Mack, E. L. 28Kirkendall, E. 0., 315 Maddex, P. J., 348Kirpitschewa, N. W., 47 Mallett, M. W., 229Kisner, W. M., 359 Maim, C. Y., z74Kjcllgren, B. R. F., 241 Maim, F. S., 87Klingohr, 0., 137 Malmstrom, C., 366Koch, H. P., 278 Marden, J. W., 16, 82, xx6Kohler, K., 349 Mark, Herman, 114, 117, 120, 132, 150,Kohn, J. A., 402 165, 177Kolbe, Carl L., 406 Marks, Bernard M., 211Kostuen, H., aoi Mathesan, Howard W., 103Kroll, W., 72, 185, 190, Z94, 233, 239, Maxwell, L. H., 394

302, 323, 326 Maykuth, D. J., 416Kronberg, M. L., 412 Mehl, R. F., 167Kurdjumow, G., i z8 Meissner, K. L, 69

Menger, A., 277Labataille, Louis, 361 Merica, P. D., 9, 64, 151, 184Langmuir, Irving, 15, 32, 197 Merrick, A. W, 296Larson, F. R., 384 Mettler, J. D., 429Laughlin, C. C., 338 Mikeska, L A., 393Lawson, W. E., 96 Mikheeva, 1., 432Leland, H. L., 322 Miller, James, 384Lennard-Jones, J. E., 89 Miner, M. A, 298Leuchs, Otto, 140 Montgomery, E. T., 399,436Levene, P. A., 84 Moore, D. G., 3o9, 316,325,362,372Lewitsky, M. A., 47 Morris, R. C., 341,383Lidman, W. G., 34o, 344 Morrison, Harry, 252, 294Lilienfeld L., 1, 29, 31 Morvat, Edward L. R., 289

54

Mowry, A. L-, 332 Powell, C. F., 34 , 36o

Mudge, W. A., 75, 113,151 Powell, R. W., 217

Miller, Robert, 158 Prandd, Ludwig, 91, 138Mushat, Irving E., 274 Prange, C. H., 157

Preston, G. D., zoa

Nagel, Fritz J., 367 Price, G. H. S., 202

Nathansohn, Alexander, 148 Prytherch, W. F., 189

Natta, Giulio, 273, 413, 417 Pulfrich, Hans, x99

Nebesar, Robert J., 390Neher, Harry T., 248 Raft, R, 177

News, 0., 35 Ramage, John H., 369

Nevin, James V., 246 Rasow, .-, 27Newell, Harold D., 207 Rawdon, H. S., 92Newton, J. A., I2 Rayner, Claude A. A., 251, 253, 254, 276Nieuwland, J. A., 127, 12 Raynor, G. V., 210

Nock, J. A, Jr., 250 Read, W. T., 353Norman, W. A., 281 Reed, S. Albert, 40Norton, J. T., 332 Reedy, P. M. Jr., 396Nowicki, D. H., 342 Reilly, John H., 226

Renfrew, Archibald, 238

Oberg, T., 136 Rheinfrank, G. B., Jr., 281

O'Rear, J. G., 371 Rhines, F. N., 167, 305

Orowan, E., 224, 263 Rich, M. N., x6, 82, Tx6Ostromislensky, I., 49, 58, 105 Richards, J. W, 407Otto, Michael, 126 Richmond, J. C., 3x6

Riechers, Kurt, 232

Pacz, A., 25, 65 Ripper, K., 41Parke, Robert M-, 303,304 Roberts, F. H., 318, 339Parker, E. R., 243, 388 Rochow, E. G, 247,266,282,297

Paton, J. G., 193 R6hm, Otto, 171, r72, I8i, x83Patrick, J. C., 115 Room, Leo, 286

Pease, Robert N., 112 Rosband, P., 5 5

Peeler, R L., 440 Roscoe, R., 182

Perkins, Granville A., x47 Rosenberg, Samuel J., 244Perrin, Michael W., 193,223 Rosenhain, W., 19

Pfann, W. G., 385 Roff, Otto, 135

Phragmen, G., 33 Ruddle, R. W, 3 4 3Pilling, N. B., 184 Ruppender, R. R., 403Pinten, Peter, 270 Ryshkewitch, E., 39!, 446

Pitts, J. W., 309, 372Plauson, H., 38 Sachs, G., x18

Plunkett, Roy J., 245 Sander, W., 2, 69Pollack, Maxwell A., 274 Saunders, Seymour G., 252, 294

Pollak, F-, 30, 74 Sawyer, Charles B., 227, 241

Poorman, L M., 419 Schaefer, Vincent J., x97

55

Schafmeister, R., 129 Sutton, H., 71Schlechten, A. W., 302 Swan, Hylton, x62Schlechtweg, H., 153 Swentzel, John P., 431Schmid, E., 55. x68 Sykes, W. P., 20Schmidt, W., 144Schofield, F. H., 217 Tapsell, H. J., 59Schrbter, K., 56 Taylor, G. I., 39, x6o

Schottky, Walter, 122 Taylor, Hugh S., xii

Schwarz, Gustav, 159 Taylor, K. M., 422

Schwarzkopf, Paul, 26o Templeton, D. H., 355, 365Scott, H., 9, 354 Tesse, T. F., 6oSearcy, Alan W., 355 Thomas, Frank W., 423Seitz, F., 379 Thomas, R. M., 283, 284

Sejournet, Jacques, 361 Thompson, J. A., 22 9

Shaw, Bernard, 287 Tinklepaugh, J. R., 411, 4 34

Sherwood, E. M., 421 Trent, E. M., 351Shevlin, T. S., 333, 376, 399 Triggs, William W., 200

Shoemaker, Charles S., 240 Troiano, A. R., 310

Simon, E., 423 Trostel, L J., Jr., 399Simon, Waldo L., 145 Tunnell, R. W., 6

Sims, C. T., 409, 430Sisman, 0., 418 Ueltz, H. F. G., 375

Skehan, J. W., 259 Uhlig, H. H., 433

Skirrow, Frederick W., 103 Underwood, James W., 279Slyh, J. A., 398Smigelskas, A. D., 315 Van Arkel, A. E., 51, 57, 66

Smith, P. V., 393 Van Natta, Frank J., 146

Smithels, C. J., 88, 202 Van Winkle, J. L., 341,383

Southcombe, J. E., 7 Van Zuilen, H., 4ox

Sparks, W. J., 283, 284 Velde, L., 27

Spessard, D. R., 371 Voorhees, V., 156Spitaler, P., i88Staiger, F., 169 Wachtman, G. B., Jr., 394

Stanley, R. C., 53 Wagner, Carl, 122, 139

Staudinger, H., I69, 178, 389 Wainer, E., 338, 404

Stirton, R. I., 440 Wallbaum, Hans Joachim, 255

Stock, A., 34 Walsh, J. F., 90

Stokely, J. M., 443 Waltenberg, R. G., 9

Stookey, S. D., 437 Walter, G., 179

Strain, Daniel E., 216 Walter, R., 24

Strain, Franklin, 274 Walti, A., 84

Sukohl, Heinrich, 159 Walton, S. F., 363

Sullivan, David J., 311 Ward, T. W. H., 5Sullivan, F. W., 156 Warren, B. E., x95

Sutherland, D. M., x8 Wartmen, F. S., 301

56

Washburn, J., 388 Winkler, Fritz, 142

Watson, F. J., 364, 392 Wirz, W. A., 85Watt, W., 397 Wissler, W. A., ux9Webel, Franz, 141 Wood, W. A., 230

Weber, Ludwig J., 143 Woodward, Charles F., 248Welch, A. P., 436 Wulff, Carl, 117Westgren, A., 33 Wulff, J., 359, 374Westman, A. E. R., 445 Wygant, James F., 378Wever, F., x23Wheildon, W. M., 415 Yavorsky, Paul J., 295Whinfield, John R., 307 Yerkes, L. A., 302

Whitehill, L. N., 346Wiley, Ralph M., 226 Zachariasen, W. H., 133Williams, I., 130 Zambrow, J. L., 329Williams, S. V., 202 Zener, Carl, 306, 320

Wilson, R. E., 411 Zeriveck, Werner, 270

Wilson, T. R. C., x2 Zisman, W. A., 371

57

Subject Index

Numerals refer to entry, not page numbers

Acetylene, 127, 128 Ceramics, i99. (See also specific mate-Acrylic polymers, 238, 240 rials)Adhesives, 6, 26, 29, 30, 42, 87, 90, 99, Cerium, 189

174, 175, 205, 206, 225, 231, 234, 235, Cermets, 56, 137, 333, 351, 374, 375, 376,251, 252, 253, 254, 262, 269, 270, 275, 340, 395, 399, 436. (See also specific

276, 277, 278, 279, 288, 289, 293, 294, materials)334, 350, 367, 400, 428 Chromium, 59,88, 0og, rz6, xi9, 123, z34,

Aliphatic hydrocarbons, 156 157, 185, 207, 303, 326, 354, 4x6, 425,Alkylene oxides, 141 429

Alumina, 391 Coatings, 5, 8, x8, 26, 36, 6o, 166, 258,Aluminum general, 27, 69, 2o0, 271, 324, 268, 280, 286, 299, 436

343, 387 Cobalt, 22, 56, 131, 157, z6x, z86Aluminum alloys, 2, 9, 19, 25, 40, 44, 45, Columbium, x49, 243, 29o

63, 65, 75, 92, X02, 121, 143, 151, 219, Composite materials, 85, x24, z62, x92,250, 257, 414, 432 261, 268, 287, 423

Aluminum coatings, 71, 76, 93 Copper, 202, 227, 241

Aluminum metal, 54, 154, 91 Corrosion, 68, 8o, 8x. (Seedso Fatigue)

Aniline-formaldehyde resins, 78, 79, 221 Creep, 61, 272, 384, 410

Beryllium, 34, 72, 227, 241, 259 Diallyl phthalate, 346Borides, 209, 314, 336Boronid, 20, 365 Elastomers, 52, 73, 114, 115, 130, 145,

B65, 337

Carbides, 51, 56, 137, 204, 228, a6o, 332, Esters, 407338, 342, 344, 347, 349, 351, 357, 381, Ethyl cellulose, 31, 39, 98, 140

386402, 344, 347,349 Ethylene, 83, 112, 126, 193, 223, 242

386, 4o0, 411, 434Carbon, 4 08 Fabrics, 3, 232, 285, 309, 352, 390Cellular resins, 308 Fatig-ue, 68, 8r, 298, 321

Cellulose, 14, 120, 132, 159

Cellulose acetate, 148 Glass, 99, 133, 187, r95, 231, 235, 248,Cellulose ester, 5, 120 a28, 400, 437, 444, 445

CellUlose ether, z, 29 Glyptol resins, 96

58

Graphite, io8, 217, 366, 397, 398 Polyesters, 146, 17r, 18o, x8x, 183, 211,

216, 274

Hafnium, 57, 66, 377 Polymers, general, io6, 107, 150, 155,

Hardening, 9, 23, 43. (See also metal- 169, 389, 413, 417. (See also specific

lurgy and specific materials) materials)

Hydraulic fluids. (See specific mate- Polyoxyalkylere Compounds, 318,327rials) Polypropylene glycols, 84

Hydrocarbons, liquid aromatic, 142Refractories, 229, 335, 378, 382, 394, 427,

Iron, 13, 33, 67, 123, 131, 184, 207, 237, 431, 446. (See also specific ma'terials)

243. (See (Ilso Steel) Rhenium, 125, 409, 42!, 430

Isobutylene, 284Silanes, 345, 370

Lithium, 424, 432 Silicides, 255, 36o

Lubricants, 7, 15, 283, 322, 327, 339, 341, Silicon, 1o0, 323, 355

356, 361, 364, 37T, 383, 392, 393, 396, Silicones, 247, 282, 292, 297, 300, 313

420, 440, 443 Solid state physics, general, 21, 32, 39, 47,

55, 70, 86, 89, 91, 122, 138, 139, 153,

Magnesia, 229 16o, 163, 164, 168, 176, 182, 210, 222,

Magnesium, 69, 188, 189, 208, 424 224, 230, 236, 263, 264, 3o6, 312, 320,

Metallurgy, general, 46, 62, 77, 118, 144, 330, 334, 353, 379, 380, 388, 412, 426,

215, 244, 305, 306, .315, 320, 358, 385, 433, 435, 439

438 Steel, 17, 28, 43, 100, 129, 149, 198, 256,

Micarta, 50 29!, 310, 373, 401

Molybdenum, 20, 22, 101, 104, 134, i96, Styrene, 48, 49, 117, 158, 173, 177, 178,

207, 237, 304, 355, 359, 360, 361, 405, 273, 417

4o6

Tantalum, 355Nickel alloys: Tetrafluoroethylene, 135, 245

Al-9 4, 97, TO, 249 Thorium, 57

Co--31, I6I, 186 Titanium, 57, 109, 131, I90, 194, 219,

Cr-59, 98, 109, TT9, 149, 328, 354 233, 239, 249, 301, 348

Cu-5 3 , 64, 113, 317 Tungsten, 119, 134, 203, 355, 368

Mo-z22, 101, 134, 237

Si-xoi Urea formaldehydes, 35, 41, 74, 179

Nitrides, 51, 422

Nitriding, 43 Vanadium, 82Vinyls, 38, 58, 103, 105, 147, 172, 220,

Phenol-formaldelhyde, 95 226, 248

Phosphoric acid, zo8Plastic, 4, 170- (See also specific sub- Wood, 12, 246

stances)

Polyamides, 200, 203, 212, 213, 214, 311. Zirconia, 295, 391

(See also urea formaldehyde) Zirconium, 16, 57, 66, 208, 218, 302, 323

59 ......... . .. . ..... cr. , I-I.f,