acute pancreatitis
DESCRIPTION
acute pancreatitis by simmedic UKMTRANSCRIPT
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SimmedicUKM
ACUTE PANCREATITIS
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DefinitionA group of reversible lesions characterised by
inflammation of the pancreas
IncidenceMale:female ratio is 1:3- in those with
gallstones and 6:1 in those with alcoholism
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CausesNon-traumatic(75%)
Biliary tract diseasesAlcoholViral infection(EBV, CMV, mumps)Drugs(steroid, thiazide, furosemide)Scorpion bitesHyperlipidemiaHyperparathyroidism
Traumatic (5%)Operative traumaBlunt/penetrating traumaLab test(ERCP / angiography)
Idiopathic(20%)
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Symptoms and signs
The most common symptoms and signs include:Severe epigastric pain radiating to the back, relieved by
leaning forwardNausea, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of appetiteFever/chillsHemodynamic instability, including shockIn severe case may present with tenderness, guarding,
rebound.Signs which are less common, and indicate severe
disease, include:Grey-Turner's sign (hemorrhagic discoloration of the
flanks)Cullen's sign (hemorrhagic discoloration of the
umbilicus)
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Pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis
Interstitial oedema
Impaired blood flow
Ischaemia
Acinar cell injury
Interstitial inflammation oedema
GallstoneChronic alcoholism
Release of intracellular proenzymes and lysosomal hydrolases
Activation of enzymes
ACTIVATED ENZYMES
Delivery of proenzymes to lysosomal compartment
Intracellular activation of enzymes
Proteolysis(proteases)
Fat necrosis(lipase, phospholipase)
Haemorrhage(elastase)
Alcohol, drugstrauma, ischaemia,viruses
Metabolic injury(experimental)Alcohol, duct obstruction
DUCT OBSTRUCTION ACINAR CELL INJURY DEFECTIVE INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT
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pathogenesis
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pro
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Acute Pancreatitis; Haemorrhage and necrosis
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Acute pancreatitis
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Normal pancreas
Acute pancreatitis
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Saponification of fat
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Acute Pancreatitis
A surgical specimen of the transverse colon and greater omentum shows extensive fat necrosis. Note bright yellow foci. The mesenteric fat has been completely digested away so as to reveal the isolated blood vessels.
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Cullen sign – discolouration around umbilicus
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Cullen sign
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Grey-Turner sign- discolouration in the flanks
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Full blood count: neutrophil leucocytosis
Electrolyte abnormalities include hypokaemia, hypocalcemia
Elevated LDH in biliary diseaseGlycosuria ( 10% of cases)Blood sugar: hyperglycaemia in severe casesUltrasound look for stones in biliary tract
diseases.Abdominal CT scan may reveal
phlegmon(inflammatory mass), pseudocyst or abscess(complications of acute pancreatitis)
Lab investigation
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Lab investigationAmylase and lipaseElevated serum amylase and lipase levels, in
combination with severe abdominal pain, often trigger the initial diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.
Serum lipase rises 4 to 8 hours from the onset of symptoms and normalizes within 7 to 14 days after treatment.
Marked elevation of serum amylase level during first 24 hours
Reasons for false positive elevated serum amylase include salivary gland disease (elevated salivary amylase) and macroamylasemia.
If the lipase level is about 2.5 to 3 times that of Amylase, it is an indication of pancreatitis due to Alcohol or gallstone
The degree of amylase/lipase elevation does not correlate with severity of acute pancreatitis.
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Ranson Score
predicting the severity of acute pancreatitisAt admission age in years > 55 years white blood cell count > 16000 cells/mm3 blood glucose > 11 mmol/L (> 200 mg/dL) serum AST > 250 IU/L serum LDH > 350 IU/L At 48 hours Calcium (serum calcium < 2.0 mmol/L (< 8.0 mg/dL) Hematocrit fall > 10% Oxygen (hypoxemia PO2 < 60 mmHg) BUN increased by 1.8 or more mmol/L (5 or more mg/dL)
after IV fluid hydration Base deficit (negative base excess) > 4 mEq/L Sequestration of fluids > 6 L
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APACHE II score(Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation)
Score 0 to 2 : 2% mortality Score 3 to 4 : 15% mortality
Score 5 to 6 : 40% mortality Score 7 to 8 : 100% mortality
Hemorrhagic peritoneal fluidObesityIndicators of organ failureHypotension (SBP <90 mmHG) or tachycardia > 130
beat/minPO2 <60 mmHgOliguria (<50 mL/h) or increasing BUN and creatinineSerum calcium < 1.90 mmol/L (<8.0 mg/dL) serum albumin <33 g/L (<3.2.g/dL)>
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Balthazar scoring
Balthazar GradeBalthazar Grade Appearance on CT CT
Grade Points Grade A Normal CT 0 points Grade B Focal or diffuse enlargement of the pancreas 1
point Grade C Pancreatic gland abnormalities and peripancreatic inflammation
2points Grade D Fluid collection in a single location 3 points Grade E Two or more fluid collections and / or gas bubbles in or adjacent to
pancreas4points
Necrosis ScoreNecrosis Percentage Points No necrosis 0 points 0 to 30% necrosis 2 points 30 to 50% necrosis 4 points Over 50% necrosis 6 points
The numerical CTSI (Computed Tomography Severity Index) has a maximum of ten points, it is the sum of the Balthazar grade points and pancreatic necrosis grade points
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complicationsImmediate
ShockDIVCARDS
LatePancreatic pseudocystPancreatic abscessPancreatic necrosisProgressive jaundicePersistent duodenal ileusGI bleedingPancreatic ascites
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Pseudocyst of pancreas
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Acute pancreatitis. The pancreas is enlarged (blue arrow) with indistinct and shaggy margins.There is peripancreatic fluid (red arrow) and extensive peripancreatic infiltration of the surrounding fat (black arrow).
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74-year-old man with acute pancreatitis. Axial contrast-enhanced CT scan shows one fluid collection in anterior pararenal space and minimal necrosis.
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managementIv fluid replacement(normal saline)Bowel rest (NG tube, NPO) in severe caseAdministration of meperidine/pethidine as
pain killer.Antiemetic if necessaryMonitor & correct electrolytes.Prevent infection by antibiotic prophylaxis.Determine & treat specific etiology(avoid
alcohol)Indication to surgery if pancreatitis not
respond to treatment.
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Thank you..