acute inflammation. acute inflammation component definition: acute inflammation is a rapid response...
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ACUTE INFLAMMATION
ACUTE INFLAMMATION COMPONENTDefinition: Acute inflammation is a rapid response to an
injurious agent that serves to deliver mediators of host defense-leukocytes and plasma proteins-to the site of injury.
Acute inflammation has three major components: (1) alterations in vascular caliber that lead to an increase in blood flow; (2) structural changes in the microvasculature that permit plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave the circulation; (3) emigration of the leukocytes from the microcirculation, their accumulation in the focus of injury, and their activation to eliminate the offending agent. (Robbins, 7th ed.)
When a host encounters an injurious agent, such as an infectious microbe or dead cells, phagocytes that reside in all tissues try to get rid of these agents.
At the same time, phagocytes and other host cells react to the presence of the foreign or abnormal substance by liberating cytokines, lipid messengers, and the various other mediators of inflammation.
PLASMA PROTIEN & ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Plasma proteins leave the vessels, most commonly through widened interendothelial cell junctions of the venules. The redness (rubor), warmth (calor), and swelling (tumor) of acute inflammation are caused by the increased blood flow and edema.
Circulating leukocytes, initially predominantly neutrophils, adhere to the endothelium via adhesion molecules, transmigrate across the endothelium, and migrate to the site of injury under the influence of chemotactic agents.
Leukocytes that are activated by the offending agent and by endogenous mediators may release toxic metabolites and proteases extracellularly, causing tissue damage.
During the damage, and in part as a result of the liberation of prostaglandins, neuropeptides, and cytokines, one of the local symptoms is pain (dolor).
Plasma proteins leave the vessels, most commonly through widened interendothelial cell junctions of the venules. The redness (rubor), warmth (calor), and swelling (tumor) of acute inflammation are caused by the increased blood flow and edema.
Circulating leukocytes, initially predominantly neutrophils, adhere to the endothelium via adhesion molecules, transmigrate across the endothelium, and migrate to the site of injury under the influence of chemotactic agents.
Leukocytes that are activated by the offending agent and by endogenous mediators may release toxic metabolites and proteases extracellularly, causing tissue damage.
During the damage, and in part as a result of the liberation of prostaglandins, neuropeptides, and cytokines, one of the local symptoms is pain (dolor).
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
INJURY Acute inflammationMediators
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
VasoconstrictionVasodilationIncreased vascular
permeabilityHemoconcentration and
stasisLeukocyte AdhesionTransmigrationChemotaxisAggregationPhagocytosis
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONSEQUENCE OF EVENTS
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONVASODILATION
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONVASODILATION
Incr
ease
in P
erm
eabi
lity
Time
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONINCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
Histamine (Mast Cells)Seratonin (Platelets)
Normal flow
Stasis
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONHEMOCONCENTRATION AND STASIS
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONLEUKOCYTE ADHESION
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONLEUKOCYTE ADHESION
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONEMIGRATION (TRANSMIGRATION)
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONEMIGRATION (TRANSMIGRATION)
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONCHEMOTAXIS
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONAGGREGATION
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONPHAGOCYTOSIS - ATTACHMENT
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONPHAGOCYTOSIS - ENGULFMENT
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONPHAGOCYTOSIS – KILLING AND DEGRADATION
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
SerousCatarrhalFibrinousHemorrhagicSuppurativeGangrenousPseudomembranou
s
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONPATTERNS
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONSEROUS
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONSEROUS
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONCATARRHAL
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONFIBRINOUS
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONSUPPURATIVE / PURULENT
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONSUPPURATIVE / PURULENT - ABSCESS
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONSUPPURATIVE / PURULENT - ABSCESS
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONSUPPURATIVE / PURULENT - EMPYEMA
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONULCERATIVE
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONGANGRENOUS
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONGANGRENOUS
Appendix Gallbladder
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONPSEUDOMEMBRANOUS
Heat RednessSwellingPainLoss of
function
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONLOCAL MANIFESTATIONS
FeverChillsMyalgiaDiscomfort
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONSYSTEMIC MANIFESTATIONS
Leukocytosis
(granulocytosis vs. lymphocytosis)Elevated serum acute phase proteins
(C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, etc)Increased ESR
(erythrocyte sedimentation rate)Hypercoagulability
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONLABORATORY MANIFESTATIONS
ACUTE INFLAMMATIONSEQUELAE
INJURY
RESOLUTION
Autoimmune disease
Chronic inflammation
Acute inflammation
Viral infection
Chronic irritation
Mediators
Mediators
Mediators