Activity Analysis and Linkages for Shelter Efficiency.State policy makers increasingly recognize that housing is not only an important shelter resource for older persons, but also a key element of community-based care. Over the last two decades, significant state and local activity has led to an increase in service-enriched housing for older persons. Service-enriched housing refers to living arrangements that include health and/or social services in an accessible, supportive environment. Emerging forces are leading to increased pressure for the expansion of service-enriched housing. These forces include: a growing and diverse population of older renters; older adults preferences to age in place; the increasing frailty of subsidized housing residents;thedevelopmentofassistedliving(AL);theenactmentofMedicaid waivers; and implementation of the Olmstead decision. Although studies have not included cost-analysis, available research demonstrates that service-enriched housing promotes resident satisfaction, successfully provides services to frail populations, and supports aging in place. Given both limited resources and research, this article addresses how states can adequately respond to and capitalize on these forces in order to best meet the long-term needs of older adults.Why Should States Invest in Service-Enriched Housing?Service-enriched housing is attractive to states because it: Provides alternatives to costly institutionalization. Helps housing sponsors create more successful tenancies by increasing resident satisfaction and decreasing resident turnover. Enables local service providers to deliver services more efficiently. Benefits residents, who can retain their independence longer in settings of their choice. Eases residents transitions from one setting to another.Research has shown that even low intensity programs involving only service coordination can support a gingin place and help maintain frail older persons in residential settings. Higher intensity programs, such as AL, serve similar objectives but for people who are more severely impaired. Programs take advantage of economies of scale associated with older persons living together, thereby potentially saving money for both states and localities.What Barriers Slow the Development of Service-Enriched Housing? Organizationalbarriersarisefromthesheernumberofagenciesandentities with some responsibility for service-enriched housing. Each operates with different incentives and resources. There is a professional divide between policy makers in health as distinct from those in housing. No one body owns the problem of meeting the needs of frail elders in subsidized housing, and the problem is underscored by the reality that savings that mightresultfromhealthorserviceexpendituresgenerallydonotaccrueto agencies that fund the development and operation of the housing. Financing service-enriched housing is often a complex and time-consuming enterprise. Creating service-enriched housing may require piecing together financing from numerous state, federal, and local sources such as Section 202, Low-Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTC), Section 8 vouchers, Community Development Block Grants (CDBGs), redevelopment funds, and donated or discounted land from localities. Furthermore, senior housing competes with other funding priorities for resources. Similarly, securing funding for services add site another layer of complexity despite the range of possible sources available. Regulations may delay housing development if the licensing and regulatory processes are uncoordinated. States have different philosophies about the role of licensing, although in general, regulations are stricter for AL than for supportive housing. States also have varying admission and retention requirements that may or may not overlap with Medicaid waiver requirements. Perhaps the most serious regulatory impediment is related to the relationship between licensing and funding. Usually, licensure cannot be obtained until a facility is operational, but failure to obtain a state license may result in the denial of federal funds.What Strategies Should States Follow to Improve the Availability and Affordability of Service-Enriched Housing?States can employ a variety of strategies to overcome the barriers that impede development of service-enriched housing. Three broad organizational strategies include:1. Engage in strategic planning. Strategic planning can overcome organizational barriers by: Incorporatingservice-enrichedhousingintostatehousingandLTCplans. Utilizingtaskforcestoachievespecificobjectivesandaddressproblems. Creating demonstration programs.States have created a spectrum of service-enriched housing options for frail older persons by addressing the needs of seniors in various planning processes (e.g., consolidated plans, housing elements, aging service plans) and creating mechanisms to help implement them, such as task forces and demonstration programs.2. Efficientlybrokerresources.Statescansuccessfullyovercomefinancial barriers by: Determining how to best utilize existing resources. Launching an aggressive search for new funding.States must determine how best to capitalize on available resources, including federal, state, and local funding, foundation grants, and private sources. This often means acting as a broker for local communities. States can participate in locating new funding opportunities and disseminating information on those opportunities. States can act alone or through umbrella organizations to advocate with Congress or federal agencies such as Housing and Urban Development (HUD),Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and Administration on Aging (AoA) for new programs, increased funding, or changes in regulations. States can also provide direct technical assistance in obtaining funds.3. Work with housing sponsors and services providers. States can overcome regulatory barriers by: Working with major provider groups to overcome regulatory barriers. States should regard service-enriched housing developers, both public and private, as partners, not as adversaries. Through offering provider incentives and creating effective partnerships among state agencies, local communities, and providers, states may be able to expand service-enriched housing more effectively.The following more specific strategies can be used to addresseither separately or in combinationthe availability of supportive services, the physical environment of supportive housing, and the affordability of the housing and/or service components. Each strategy requires a different level of investment, and states must decide which strategies will best use their resources to meet specific needs.1. Encourage housing sponsors to include service coordinators and service linkages in existing housing by: Expanding the availability of service coordinators in HUD, Housing Finance Agencies (HFA) sponsored housing, other private housing, and naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs). Increasing services available in senior housing through stronger linkages with aging network programs.2. Increase the efficiency of service delivery. States can empower providers to develop supportive housing with services that minimize duplication and encourage efficiency by: Clustering services to Medicare and Medicaid home care recipients living in senior housing and NORCs. Co-locating new service sites (e.g., adult day health centers and senior centers) near or even within senior housing. Placing a priority on applications that incorporate services for residents as well as those that provide services to the wider community.3. Encourage housing sponsors to incorporate AL services into existing housing. States can license and promote AL services for subsidized housing by: Creating special mechanisms so that AL for subsidized housing is licensed as a service package. Addressing the concerns of housing sponsors about the additional responsibility and effort involved in providing services. Utilizing state funding to continue and expand the HUD Congregate Housing Services Program (CHSP) by providing AL services within current projects.4. Provide vouchers for private AL. States can expand the range of affordable AL by:Developing guidelines and mechanisms for use of vouchers in private AL. Combining Medicaid waivers and Section 8 vouchers to allow very frail, low-income older persons to enter private AL facilities.5. Encourage health care providers to incorporate supportive housing in service programs. States can help bridge the divide between housing and health care by: Providing HFA incentives to encourage service providers to develop housing near health care facilities and senior programs. Educating health and social service providers about the advantages of delivering services to concentrated groups of older persons in senior housing and NORCs.6. Retrofit housing buildings and units to make them more supportive. States can promote accessibility and supportive features in both existing and new housing. Specific policies include: Working in conjunction with local code enforcement, HUD and the Department of Justice to ensure developer compliance with the Fair Housing Amendments Act (FHAA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Encouraging the use of CDBGs, HUD modernization funds, project reserve funds, and low-interest loan funds for retrofitting existing housing complexes and modifying individual units. Providing incentives for housing sponsors to include features based on the principles of universal design.7. Transform multi-unit housing into AL. States can address regulatory issues and create mechanisms so that Medicaid waivers and other funds can be used to overcome the roadblocks that impede the conversion process by:Providing technical assistance to housing sponsors in assessing the financial feasibility of retrofitting, obtaining necessary commitments for Medicaid Waivers, and resolving regulatory issues. Using bond funds, reserves, or low-interest loans via HFAs to subsidize conversion projects.8. Mobilize resources to prevent affordable housing from converting to market-rate. States and localities can work to preserve the affordable housing stock for older persons by: Lobbying the federal government to expand incentives for federal preservation programs. Providing their own incentives to current developers/owners to maintain affordable rents. Assisting non-profit developers to take over ownership/management of at-risk housing before it is converted to market rates.10 LINKING HOUSING AND SERVICES FOR OLDER ADULTS9. Mobilize resources to develop new supportive housing stock or establish purpose-built AL. States can increase the supply of affordable, service-enriched housing by: Designating state dollars, e.g., via HFA set asides or housing trust funds, to build new units. Working with government-sponsored enterprises (e.g., Fannie Mae, Federal Home Loan Banks) to stimulate private investment, especially in rural locations. Providing priority in the distribution of LIHTC to projects that include service coordination, services, and universal design features. Stream lining funding, licensing, and regulatory processes and coordinating housing developers and service providers to promote purpose-built AL.Policy ImplicationsAlthough this article contains many recommendations on how to proceed, experience suggests that the most effective strategies are to increase service coordination in multi-unit housing, retrofit existing buildings and modify units, and use Medicaid waivers in conjunction with SS Iand Section 8vouchers to make AL affordable in both existing and new developments. Following are recommendations for how states should handle common trade off decisions around supportive housing.Should states license AL as a building or as a service package? In deciding how AL will be licensed, states must make choices that involve balancing safety with autonomy, costs with quality, and medical and social approaches. The goal may best be achieved through licensing the facility and services together. Should states use strict eligibility criteria or more general targeting? States can target service-enriched housing programs based on age, disability level, income, or a combination of characteristics. Expanding eligibility criteria may allow states to provide services to a larger number of people and make service delivery more efficient. Should states build new service-enriched housing or preserve/transform existing housing? The reality is that states probably need to do both. Older people aging in place in subsidized housing can benefit from immediate retro fitting and service linkages. On the other hand, much of the existing housing may be too expensive to retrofit and inappropriate for persons with high degrees of physical and cognitive impairments (e.g., Alzheimers disease). For these segments of the population, it may be better to build new facilities such as AL or specially designed small group homes.Consumerpreferencesandanagingpopulationarecreatinganincreasingdemandforservice-enrichedhousing,and in order to provide services effectively, states will have to expand and improve the current housing stock to make it moresupportive.Expandingprogramswillrequireefficientlyutilizingexisting funding and developing new funding sources. Even when funding is available, however, programs are still difficult to develop without adequate state and local partnerships. Partnerships help to ensure community investment and relieve states from some of the burden of creating and managing new programs. States should recognize that the best programs are long-term investments that require planning for future needs. Service-enriched housing programs may require new legislation, regulatory changes, and investment in housing stock. In order to reap the greatest return, these programs should be based on careful planning and needs assessments. As part of an overall approach to community-based care, service-enriched housing can provide a supportive environment that integrates shelter, health, and social services.What Should Be the Focus of Future Research?Future research around service-enriched housing should: Focus on outcomes of different service-enriched housing options, with an emphasis on cost-effectiveness and targeting. Specifically, research should explore who benefits most from services, how long frail older persons can be supported in different housing types, the costs of housing transitions, and the cost-effectiveness of service-enriched housing relative to institutionalization. Longitudinal research on the housing careers of older person as they age in place or move would be particularly useful in answering these questions. Target processes that result in best practice programs. While it is easy to find exemplary programs, it is more difficult to determine how they can be replicated. Research is needed to help states, localities, housing sponsors, and service providers anticipate issues and develop successful programs. Develop the ability to measure quality in service-enriched housing. As increasingly frail older persons age in place, it is important to balance autonomy with consumer protection by monitoring service-enriched housing quality. Analyze how housing can be better aligned with the health and social services systems.

INTRODUCTION: HOUSING IS A LONG-TERM CARE RESOURCEState policymakers increasingly recognize that housing is not only an important shelter resource for older persons, but also a key element of long-term care (LTC). Over the last two decades, significant state and local activity has led to an increase in service-enriched housing for older persons. For the purposes of this article, service-enriched housing refers to living arrangements that include health and/or social services in an accessible, supportive environment. Service-enriched housing can include group residences specifically designated for older persons, such as government-subsidized senior apartments, retirement housing and assisted living (AL). It can also include naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs), which are made up of dwellings that were not designated for older persons but where seniors have lived for most of their adult lives (aging in place). NORCs can be public housing, private apartment buildings, mobile home parks, or any neighborhood with a high concentration of older persons who have aged in place. Although the overwhelming majority of older persons in multi-unit housing live in private apartments, this article focuses on what can be learned from the experience of enhancing services in government-subsidized housing. Until recently, the nations 20,000 subsidized senior housing complexes have been an underutilized resource for meeting the needs of frail older persons.AIMSThe purpose of this article is to help policy analysts, policy makers, aging advocates, and researchers analyze: The potential of service-enriched housing Barriers that slow its development State strategies to: Overcome barriers Improve its availability and affordability Trade-offs and choices associated with these strategies Policy implications and future researchAs states grapple with the challenges posed by a growing number of older persons, the historic gulf between housing and LTC is no longer tenable. Senior housing that is enriched with health and social services has great potential for enabling elders to age in place in their homes and communities. Despitebarriers characteristic of human service delivery (e.g., fragmentation, organizational boundaries), states and localities have already demonstrated their abilitytosolveproblemsatbothendsofthespectrumbyexpandingthesupply of affordable, service-enriched housing and by implementing programs to deliver services in senior housing. Thisdocumentidentifiespromisingstateandlocalstrategies.Itspurposeis to help state policy makers, policy analysts, aging advocates, and researchers analyze the challenges and opportunities in creating service-enriched housing throughtheuseofexistingresourcesandgenerationofnewones.Althoughsolutions have developed over time and might be seen as unique to a given state orcommunityspoliticalculture,manyofthemaregenericand,withsometailoring,canbeusedinavarietyofstates(seeAppendixA.)Theyareorganized according to a continuum of low to high levels of investment (time, resources, and commitment) that is required of stakeholders. The information provided is designed to enable state policy makers to better understand the issues involved in using housing as a community-based care resource, with an emphasis on improving linkages between housing and services. It focuses on the crucial roles played by state housing and aging agencies, as well as housing sponsors.

Environmental Concept in Architectural DesignEnvironmental Design/ArchitectureAs its name suggests, the environmental design/architecture major combines aspects of landscape design with architecture. In this program, youll learn how to design indoor and outdoor spaces that are in ecological and aesthetic harmony with their surroundings. Youll study the principles of architecture, landscape architecture, and urban planning, which involve math, physics, drawing, and computer classes.As an environmental design/architecture major, your task is to consider the larger aesthetic picture when planning and creating your spaces, structures and other projects. Each of four variables (and their relationships to each other) will be considered when engineering your designs: architecture (buildings); landscape (including parks, gardens, and recreational surfaces); interiors (spaces within existing buildings); and environmental graphics (signs and information boards). As an environmental design/architecture major, youll also learn how to construct structures and spaces that are both ecologically sustainable and environmentally safe.Environmental designers and architects work on both public and private spaces, used for leisure, recreational, commercial, or living purposes. Examples of their work include parks, garden centers, green roofs, courtyards, and public squares.Environmental designis the process of addressing surrounding environmental parameters when devising plans, programs, policies, buildings, or products. Classical prudent design may have always considered environmental factors; however, the environmental movement beginning in the 1940s has made the concept more explicit.[1]Environmental design can also refer to the applied arts and sciences dealing with creating the human-designed environment. These fields includearchitecture,geography,urban planning,landscape architecture, andinterior design. Environmental design can also encompass interdisciplinary areas such ashistorical preservationandlightingdesign. In terms of a larger scope, environmental design has implications for the industrial design of products: innovative automobiles, wind-electricity generators, solar-electric equipment, and other kinds of equipment could serve as examples. Currently, the term has expanded to apply to ecological and sustainability issues.History

The photo shows a training meeting with factory workers in a stainless steelecodesigncompany fromRio de Janeiro,Brazil.The first traceable concepts of environmental designs focused primarily on solar heating, which began inAncient Greecearound 500 BCE. At the time, most of Greece had exhausted its supply of wood for fuel, leading architects to design houses that would capture the solar energy of the sun. The Greeks understood that the position of the sun varies throughout the year. For a latitude of 40 degrees in summer the sun is high in the south, at an angle of 70 degrees at the zenith, while in winter, the sun travels a lower trajectory, with a zenith of 26 degrees. Greek houses were built with south-facing faades which received little to no sun in the summer but would receive full sun in the winter, warming the house. Additionally, the southern orientation also protected the house from the colder northern winds. This clever arrangement of buildings influenced the use of thegrid patternof ancient cities. With the North-South orientation of the houses, the streets of Greek cities mainly ran East-West.The practice of solar architecture continued with theRomans, who similarly had deforested much of their nativeItalian Peninsulaby the first century BCE. The Romanheliocaminus, literally 'solar furnace', functioned with the same aspects of the earlier Greek houses. The numerous public baths were oriented to the south. Roman architects added glass to windows to allow for the passage of light and to conserve interior heat as it could not escape. The Romans also used greenhouses to grow crops all year long and to cultivate the exotic plants coming from the far corners of the Empire. Pliny the Elder wrote of greenhouses that supplied the kitchen of the Emperor Tiberius during the year.[2]Along with the solar orientation of buildings and the use of glass as a solar heat collector, the ancients knew other ways of harnessing solar energy. The Greeks, Romans and Chinese developed curved mirrors that could concentrate the sun's rays on an object with enough intensity to make it burn in seconds. The solar reflectors were often made of polished silver, copper or brass.Early roots of modern environmental design began in the late 19th Century with writer/designerWilliam Morris, who rejected the use of industrialized materials and processes in wallpaper, fabrics and books his studio produced. He and others, such asJohn Ruskinfelt that the industrial revolution would lead to harm done to nature and workers.The narrative of Brian Danitz and Chris Zelov's documentary filmEcological Design: Inventing the Futureasserts that in the decades after World War II, "The world was forced to confront the dark shadow of science and industry." From the middle of the twentieth century, thinkers likeBuckminster Fullerhave acted as catalysts for a broadening and deepening of the concerns of environmental designers. Nowadays,energy efficiency,appropriate technology,organic horticultureandagriculture,land restoration,New Urbanism, and ecologicallysustainable energyand waste systems are recognized considerations or options and may each find application.By integrating renewable energy sources such assolar photovoltaic,solar thermal, and evengeothermal energyinto structures, it is possible to createzero emissionbuildings, where energy consumption is self-generating and non-polluting. It is also possible to construct "energy-plus buildings" which generate more energy than they consume, and the excess could then be sold to the grid. In theUnited States, theLEEDGreen Building Rating System rates structures on their environmental sustainability.ExamplesExamples of the environmental design process include use of roadway noise computer models in design of noise barriers and use of roadway air dispersion models in analyzing and designing urban highways.Designers consciously working within this more recent framework of philosophy and practice seek a blending of nature and technology, regarding ecology as the basis for design. Some believe that strategies of conservation, stewardship, and regeneration can be applied at all levels of scale from the individual building to the community, with benefit to the human individual and local and planetary ecosystems.Specific examples of large scale environmental design projects include: Boston Transportation Planning Review BART -Bay Area Rapid TransitSystem Daily City Turn-back project and airport extension. Metropolitan Portland, Oregon light rail system

Energy Conservation and Design ProcessEnergy conservationrefers to reducing energy consumption through using less of an energy service. Energy conservation differs fromefficient energy use, which refers to using less energy for a constant service.[1]For example, driving less is an example of energy conservation. Driving the same amount with a higher mileage vehicle is an example of energy efficiency. Energy conservation and efficiency are both energy reduction techniques.Even though energy conservation reduces energy services, it can result in increasedenvironmentalquality,national security,personal financial securityand highersavings.[2]It is at the top of the sustainableenergy hierarchy.[citation needed]It also lowers energy costs by preventing futureresource depletion.[3]Energy taxesSome countries employenergyorcarbon taxesto motivate energy users to reduce their consumption. As detailed in the book,Green Illusions, carbon taxes can allow consumption to shift to nuclear power and other alternatives that carry a different set of environmental side effects and limitations. Meanwhile, taxes on all energy consumption stand to reduce energy use across the board, while reducing a broader array of environmental consequences arising from energy production. The State of California employs a tiered energy tax whereby every consumer receives a baseline energy allowance that carries a low tax. As usage increases above that baseline, the tax is increasing drastically. Such programs aim to protect poorer households while creating a larger tax burden for high energy consumers.[4]Building Design/Design ProcessProcess design"Process design" (in contrast to "design process" mentionedabove) refers to the planning of routine steps of a process aside from the expected result. Processes (in general) are treated as a product of design, not the method of design. The term originated with the industrialdesigning ofchemical processes. With the increasing complexities of theinformation age, consultants and executives have found the term useful to describe thedesign of business processesas well asmanufacturing processes.

One of the primary ways to improve energy conservation in buildings is to use anenergy audit. An energy audit is aninspectionand analysis of energy use and flows for energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output(s). This is normally accomplished by trained professionals and can be part of some of the national programs discussed above. In addition, recent development ofsmartphoneapps enable homeowners to complete relativily sophisticated energy audits themselves.[5]Building technologies and smart meters can allow energy users, business and residential, to see graphically the impact their energy use can have in their workplace or homes. Advanced real-time energy metering is able to help people save energy by their actions.[6]

Elements of passive solar design, shown in a direct gain applicationInpassive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distributesolar energyin the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike activesolar heatingsystems, it doesn't involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices.The key to designing a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the localclimate. Elements to be considered include window placement and glazing type,thermal insulation,thermal mass, and shading. Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be retrofitted.TransportationIn the United States, suburban infrastructure evolved during an age of relatively easy access to fossil fuels, which has led to transportation-dependent systems of living. Zoning reforms that allow greater urban density as well as designs for walking and bicycling can greatly reduce energy consumed for transportation. The use of telecommuting by major corporations is a significant opportunity to conserve energy, as many Americans now work in service jobs that enable them to work from home instead of commuting to work each day.[7]Consumer products

An assortment of energy-efficient semiconductor (LED) lamps for commercial and residential lighting use. LED lamps use at least 75% less energy, and last 25 times longer, than traditional incandescent light bulbs.[8]Consumers are often poorly informed of the savings of energy efficient products. A prominent example of this is the energy savings that can be made by replacing incandescent light bulbs with more modern alternatives. When purchasing light bulbs, many consumers opt for cheap incandescent bulbs, failing to take into account their higher energy costs and lower lifespans when compared to modern compact fluorescent and LED bulbs. Although these energy-efficient alternatives have a higher upfront cost, their long lifespan and low energy use can save consumers a considerable amount of money.[9]The price of LEDs has also been steadily decreasing in the past five years, due to improvement of the semiconductor technology. Many LED bulbs on the market qualify for utility rebates that further reduce the price of purchase to the consumer.[10]Estimates by The U.S. Department of Energy state that widespread adoption of LED lighting over the next 20 years could result in about $265 billion worth of savings in United States energy costs.[11]The research one must put into conserving energy is often too time consuming and costly for the average consumer, when there are cheaper products and technology available using today's fossil fuels.[12]Some governments and NGOs are attempting to reduce this complexity withecolabelsthat make differences in energy efficiency easy to research while shopping.[13]To provide the kind of information and support people need to invest money, time and effort in energy conservation, it is important to understand and link to people's topical concerns.[14]For instance, some retailers argue that brightlightingstimulates purchasing. However, health studies have demonstrated thatheadache,stress,blood pressure, fatigue and worker error all generally increase with the commonover-illuminationpresent in many workplace and retail settings.[15][16]It has been shown that naturaldaylightingincreases productivity levels of workers, while reducing energy consumption.[17]Energy conservation by the countriesAt the end of 2006, theEuropean Union(EU) pledged to cut its annual consumption of primary energy by 20% by 2020.[18]The 'European Union Energy Efficiency Action Plan' is long awaited. As part of the EU'sSAVE Programme,[19]aimed at promoting energy efficiency and encouraging energy-saving behaviour, theBoilerEfficiency Directive[20]specifies minimum levels of efficiency for boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels.India[edit]Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA)www.pcra.orgis an Indian government body created in 1977 and engaged in promoting energy efficiency and conservation in every walk of life. In the recent past PCRA has done mass media campaigns in television, radio & print media. An impact assessment survey by a third party revealed that due to these mega campaigns by PCRA, overall awareness level have gone up leading to saving of fossil fuels worth crores of rupees(Indian currency) besides reducing pollution.Bureau of Energy Efficiencyis an Indian governmental organization created in 2001 responsible for promoting energy efficiency and conservation.IranInIranthe Iranian Fuel Conservation Company is responsible for promoting energy efficiency and conservation for fossil fuels. The administration decreased the fuel subsidies primarily to reduce the effect of rapidly intensifying energy consumption on Iran's economy.Japan

Advertising with high energy inShinjuku,Japan.Since the1973 oil crisis, energy conservation has been an issue inJapan. All oil based fuel is imported, so indigenoussustainable energyis being developed.TheEnergy Conservation Centerpromotes energy efficiency in every aspect ofJapan. Public entities are implementing the efficient use of energy for industries and research.LebanonIn Lebanon and since 2002The Lebanese Center for Energy Conservation (LCEC)has been promoting the development of efficient and rational uses of energy and the use of renewable energy at the consumer level. It was created as a project financed by the International Environment Facility (GEF) and the Ministry of Energy Water (MEW) under the management of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and gradually established itself as an independent technical national center although it continues to be supported by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) as indicated in the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between MEW and UNDP on June 18, 2007.New ZealandInNew ZealandtheEnergy Efficiency and Conservation Authorityis the Government Agency responsible for promoting energy efficiency and conservation. TheEnergy Management Association of New Zealandis a membership based organization representing the New Zealand energy services sector, providing training and accreditation services with the aim of ensuring energy management services are credible and dependable.Sri LankaSri Lanka currently consumesfossil fuels,hydro power,wind power,solar powerand dendro power for their day to day power generation. The Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority is playing a major role regarding energy management and energy conservation. Today, most of the industries are requested to reduce their energy consumption by using renewable energy sources and optimizing their energy usage.Asia PacificDespite the vital role energy efficiency is envisaged to play in cost-effectively cutting energy demand, only a small part of its economic potential is exploited in the Asia Pacific. Governments have implemented a range of subsidies such as cash grants, cheap credit, tax exemptions, and co-financing with public-sector funds to encourage a range of energy-efficiency initiatives across several sectors. Governments in the Asia-Pacific region have implemented a range of information provision and labeling programs for buildings, appliances, and the transportation and industrial sectors. Information programs can simply provide data, such as fuel-economy labels, or actively seek to encourage behavioral changes, such as Japans Cool Biz program that encourages setting air conditioners at 28-degrees Celsius and allowing employees to dress casually in the summer.[21]More inPacific Energy Summit.United StatesMain article:Energy conservation in the United StatesThe United States is currently the second largest single consumer of energy, following China. TheU.S. Department of Energycategorizes national energy use in four broad sectors: transportation, residential, commercial, and industrial.[22]Energy usage in transportation and residential sectors, about half of U.S. energy consumption, is largely controlled by individualconsumers. Commercial and industrial energy expenditures are determined by businesses entities and other facility managers. National energy policy has a significant effect on energy usage across all four sectors.NigeriaIn Nigeria, the Lagos State Government is encouraging Lagosians to imbibe an energy conservation culture. TheLagos State Electricity Board (LSEB)is spearheading an initiative tagged Conserve Energy, Save Money under the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. The initiative is designed to sensitize Lagosians around the theme of energy conservation by connecting with and influencing their behavior throughdo-it-yourself tipsand exciting interaction with prominent personalities. In September 2013,Governor Babatunde Raji Fasholaof Lagos State and Africas #1 rapper Jude MI Abaga(campaign ambassador)([23]) participated in theGovernors first ever Google+ HangoutonYouTubeon the topic of energy conservation.In addition to the hangout, during the month of October (the official energy conservation month in the state), LSEB hosted experience centers in malls around Lagos State where members of the public were encouraged to calculate their current household energy consumption and discover ways to save money using the 1st-ever consumer-focused energy app in sub-saharan Africa ([2]). To get Lagosians started on energy conservation, Solar Lamps and Phillips Energy-saving bulbs were also given out at each experience center. Pictures from the experience centers: (part of Lagos state government energy initiatives)NepalUntil recently,Nepalhas been focusing on the exploitation of its huge water resources to produce hydro power. Demand side management and energy conservation was not in the focus of government action. In 2009, bilateral Development Cooperation between Nepal and the Federal Republic of Germany, has agreed upon the joint implementation of Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme. The lead executing agencies for the implementation are the Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS). The aim of the programme is the promotion of energy efficiency in policy making, in rural and urban households as well as in the industry.[24]Due to the lack of a government organization that promotes energy efficiency in the country, theFederation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI)has established the Energy Efficiency Centre under his roof to promote energy conservation in the private sector. The Energy Efficiency Centre is a non-profit initiative that is offering energy auditing services to the industries. The Centre is also supported by Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme ofDeutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit.[25]A study conducted in 2012 found out that Nepalese industries could save 160,000 Megawatt hours of electricity and 8,000 Terajoule of thermal energy (like diesel, furnace oil and coal) every year. These savings are equivalent to annual energy cost cut of up to 6.4 Billion Nepalese Rupees.[26][27]As a result of Nepal Economic Forum 2014,[28]an economic reform agenda in the priority sectors was declared focusing on energy conservation among others. In the energy reform agenda the government of Nepal gave the commitment to introduce incentive packages in the budget of the fiscal year 2015/16 for industries that practices energy efficiency or use efficient technologies (incl. cogeneration).

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINESQUEZON CITY

ASSIGNMENT

REZELLE MAY M. DAGOOC AR12FC4

ARCHITECT BERNABE C. LAZARTE JR. PROFESSOR