active mains purification - ifi audio · these sources of noise are found in hi-fi systems and come...
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December2017
ACiPurifierParts1-5
TechNotes
ActiveMainsPurification
Part1:ActivelygoeswherenopurifierhasgonebeforeMainsisthefuelthatpowersanaudiosystem.Whetheritiscleanornothasamaterialimpactuponqualityandtheuser’senjoymentofplayback.iFi’slatest‘powerproduct’,theACiPurifier,isnoordinarymainspurificationcommodity.
Technologicallyadvanced,itisanACTIVEnotapassiveproduct,soitgoesaboveandbeyondandcancelsfarmorenoiseacrossthefrequencyrangethanpassivedevices.Itiseffectiveagainstboth:
i. Commonmodenoiseexistingequallyonbothofthepowerpins,referencedtotheearthpin.
ii. Differentialnoiseexistingonlybetweenthetwopowerpins–thenettoearthiszero.
Theyare,ineffect,flipsidesofthesamecoinandarethebaneofaudiosystemsregardlessofthetypeofpowersupply.
TechNotesACiPurifierParts1-5
Nullifiesnoiseotherscan’treachComparedtoothergenericnoisefilters,theACiPurifierissuperiorbecauseitisACTIVEasopposedtopassive.Thisenablesittoachieveafarmorecomprehensiveterminationofnoiseacrossthefrequencyspectrum.Asnoiseexistsacrossthefrequencyrange,thisclearlymeanstheACiPurifierisunparalleledwhenitcomestoneutralizingnoise.
ThischartcomparestheACiPurifier(greenline)whichisACTIVEtogenericmainsfilters(redline)whicharetypicallypassive.
Theeffectivenoisereductiondifferenceisasdifferentasnightandday.
i. MUCHbetteratupto-40dBand…ii. Effectiveacrossawidefrequencyrange,comparedtopassivefilterswhichcover
onlyveryhighRFfrequencies.
EveryaudiosystembenefitsfromtheACiPurifier
TheACiPurifierisdesignedforuseinANYmainspoweredaudiosystemandisveryeffectivewhenaddedtomodernaudiosystemsthathaveanabundanceofdigitalandanaloguecomponents.Typicallythesesystemsarepoweredfromaplethoraofmainsplugs.Allofthese‘wallwarts’canaddtheirownunwantednoiseissuesandpollutethelocalmainssupply.However,thedesignoftheACiPurifierissuchthatitisevenmoreeffectiveifseveralareusedto‘contain’thesametypeofnoisysources.
InsertitintotheACmainswalloutletsupplyingtheaudiosystemORinsertintothemainsextensionblockpoweringtheaudiosystem.Trybothlocationstodeterminewhichhasthegreatestimpactonimprovinganynoiseissues.
December2017
ACiPurifierParts1-5
TechNotes
BristlingwithseriousPowerTechnology
ComparedtosimilarACpowerproducts,theACiPurifiercanboastthetechnologicalfeaturesbelow,makingitfarmorecomprehensiveandeffectivethanitsrivals.
1.Purification 1.1ActiveNoiseCancellation(ANC)
Militarytechnology–themostadvancedactivenoise-cancellationavailablecovermuchlowerfrequencynoisethanpassivefilters
1.2PassiveNoiseReduction(PNR)
Apassivecircuitthatsignificantlyreduceshigherfrequencypowerlinenoisewithoutaudibleorvisibleside-effectsandremainseffectivetoseveral100MHz.
1.3AudioEarthconnection AsolidGround/Earthwithground-looppreventioncircuitbuilt-in.
2.Diagnostics 2.1Ground/Earthconnectiondiagnostic
DetectsamissingGround/Earth.
2.2Polarityconnectiondiagnostic
Detectsapolarityfault.
3.SystemProtection 3.1OvervoltageSurgeProtection
Auto-recovery.
TechNotesACiPurifierParts1-5
Part2:Mainsnoise.Arealbane.Powersupplynoiseisthebaneofeveryaudiosystem.Therearealwaysmultiplesourcesofnoiseandtheycomefromtwomainsources–insideandoutside.
Externalnoiseisallaround
Thischartshowsthatnoiseisanywhereandeverywhereandsomeofitinevitablyendsupinthemainsthatsuppliestheaudiosystem,duetothemainswiringactingasaerial.Mostofthesources,wecandolittleaboutastheyarefoundineverydaylifesuchasradiosormobilephones.
Thenextchartshowsthe‘local’noisesourcesfoundinandaroundanaudiosystem.
December2017
ACiPurifierParts1-5
TechNotes
Localnoisecomesfromhi-ficomponents
Thesesourcesofnoisearefoundinhi-fisystemsandcomefromthreemainsources:
i.ACmainspowersupplies
ii.Switch-ModePowerSupplies
iii.Digitalcircuitry.
Fromlefttoright:Thefirstsetofnoisesources(10k>10MHz)relatetoACsupplyrectifiersandtheirharmonicscausedbyLinearPowerSupplies(LPS).Yes,theymakeanoise!Thesecondsetofnoisesources(67k>200MHz)iscausedbySwitch-ModePowerSupplies(SMPS).Bycomparison,theseharmonicsruninthehigherfrequencies.Thethirdsetofnoisesources(8MHz>500MHz)iscausedbydigitalcircuitry,clocksandtheirharmonics.Andthistypeofnoiseexistsinthemostupperfrequencies.Youcanseefromthechartthattheconcentrationofnoiseisfrom30kHzupwards(thelowerthedB,thelessinfluentialisthenoise).
TechNotesACiPurifierParts1-5
LPSvsSMPS
Itisworthnotingthat,asmuchasLPSdesignsgetagoodreputationandSMPSdesignsgetabadreputation,therealityissomewhereinbetween.Andthesituationisdynamic.
First,LPSdesignsareonthewhole,goodand,onaverage,arequieterthanpoorlydesignedSMPSpowersupplies(whichtendtobemoreforchargingmobilephonesandarenotoptimisedfornoise).ThisiswhyLPSisoftenperceivedassuperiortoSMPS.
Hybridandelectriccarsusedtobeshunned,yettheyarenowalltherage.WebelievethesameishappeningforSMPS.Thesearenowmoreenvironmentally-friendlyandconsumefarlesspower.WhereasallSMPSusedtobe‘noisy’,weareoneofthefewcompanieswhohavebrokendowntheSMPSintoitsconstituentpartsandfundamentallyre-designeditforaudiophileuseiesuperlow-noise.TheiPOWERisthe‘Model3’ofSMPSpowersupplies.
NeverthelessnoteveryonehasaniPOWERattheirdisposal.ItisthereforeimportanttobeabletoeffectivelydealwithnormalSMPSnoisewhichcanbequitesevere.
ThenextsectionexplainswhichaspectsoftheACiPurifiertargetthedifferentgroupsofnoiseandhowthiscomparestothecommonapproach.
December2017
ACiPurifierParts1-5
TechNotes
Part3:ActivebeatsPassive.Passivefiltrationisthemostcommonapproachseeninaftermarketpowersupplyaccessories.
However,itisnotwithoutitslimitations:
i. ItfiltersonlyintheveryhighfrequenciesinthehighMHzregion.ii. Tobeeffective,thecapacitorsmustbelargeandthismeansbulkyandcostly.
Giventhesedrawbacks,theACiPurifierhadtobedifferent,morethoroughandmorecomprehensive.
ThesolutionfortheACIPurifierisactive+passivesectionsforthemostcompletepurificationoverthefrequencyrange.
1. ActiveNoiseCancellation(ANC) -covershighKHzandlowMHzranges2. PassiveNoiseReduction(PNR) -coversthehighMHzrange3. IntelligentEarth -connectstodeviceswithoutearthtodrainmains
leakagenoisetoearth
Thechartbelowillustratestheimpactuponnoise.
TechNotesACiPurifierParts1-5
Theblacklinerepresentsnormalnoisefoundinasystemwithnoremedyforit.Itrunsacrossthefrequencyrangeat0dBasitisnotreduced.
Theredlinerepresentstypicalmainsaccessoriesthathavepassivecircuitry–thesetypicallystarttoworkataround1MHz.
ThegreenlinerepresentstheACiPurifierimpactbystartingat10kandthenreducingnoisebyupto40dBallthewayupto100Mhz!Bycomparisonpassivefiltrationstartsmuchhigherinthefrequencyrangeat1MHzsomissesoutonfilteringtwo-thirdsofthenoise.
ACiPurifieragainstgenericpassivefilters
Asexplainedearlier,externalsourcesofnoise,fromradiostoTVstomobilephones,arenotconcentratedinjustoneareaastheycontributetonoiseacrossthefrequencyrange.
ThegraphbelowshowshowtheACiPurifiernullifiesexternalnoisesourcesacrossthefrequencyspectrum.
Bycomparison,thegenericpassivefilterdoesnotdealwithcertainradiosandwalkie-talkietypeproducts.
Withlocalsourcesofnoise,theserangefromlinearpowersupplies(yestheymakenoise!)toswitch-modepowersuppliestodigitalcircuitryandalltherelatedharmonics.Itshouldbenosurprisethat,withtheACiPurifieractivelycoveringthefrequencyrange,farmorenoiseisreduced–byanimpressive-45dBorso!Bycomparison,withagenericpassivefilter,noisefromlinearpowersuppliesandswitched-modepowersuppliesremainwithonlysomedigitalcircuitrybeingattendedto.
December2017
ACiPurifierParts1-5
TechNotes
Part4:Wheretodeploy.TheACiPurifierworksbytakingoutnoiseacrossthefrequencyrange.Intermsofeffectiveness,ittypicallyreducesnoisebyupto100xor40dB(andsometimesmore).
ThefollowingdiagramshowstheplacementofthreeACiPurifiersinonesystem.
ThefirstACiPurifier(1)isbestinsertedintothesharedmainswalloutletthatsuppliesthedownstreamaudiosystem.
AsecondACiPurifier(2)shouldthenbesituatedatthefirstentrypointofthewallmainsintotheextensionblock.
AthirdACiPurifier(3)isthenbestlocatedin-betweenthetwotypesofpowersupplies.ForexamplewerecommendthatalllinearpowersuppliesarelocatedafterthesecondACiPurifierbutbeforethethird.AllSMPSpowersuppliesshouldthenbelocatedafterthethirdACiPurifier.
Byconnectingthisway,alltherespectivenoiseis‘contained’andterminatedinitsimmediatevicinity.Also,thedigitalandanaloguepowersourcesshouldbeintheirrespectivegroupsasshownintheabovediagram.
TechNotesACiPurifierParts1-5
Part5:Notjustaprettycase.NotonlydoestheACiPurifiercarryoutexceptionalnoisefiltration,italsohasseveralotherfeaturestogothatextramile:
1) SmartDiagnosticsofPolarity–withbothversions,EUandUSA,itispossibletoconnectintheoppositepolarity.TheACiPurifierdetectsachangeandindicatesthis.
2) SmartDiagnosticsofEarth–detectsiftheaudiomainssystemitisinsertedintohasaGround/Earthornot.
3) IntelligentGround–byattachingtheoptionalgroundcable,itispossibletogiveanysystemanaudioground.GoingdirectlytotheACiPurifierandintothemains,theGround/Earthwillbeofthehighestqualityconnection,makingitthemosteffectiveatdrainingsystemnoise.
4) OvervoltageProtectionSystemmeansthatelectricalshorts,lightningstrikesandsurgesinthemainswillbedetectedandtheACiPurifierwillclampthevoltagetosafelevelstoprotectyourAVcomponentsfromdamage.
Tosummarise:
TheACiPurifierisnoordinarymainsfilter.
Firstly,andmostimportantly,itpurgestheaudiosystemmainsofnoiseusingbothActiveandPassivetechnologiestoworkacrossawidefrequencyspectrum.
Secondly,itprovidesanintelligentGround/Earthtoreducenoiseforcasesofa“missingearth”causingproblemswithnoise.
Thirdly,itchecksanddetectsthelocalmainsforEarthandPolarityanomalies.
Thereissimplynoothermainspowerimprovementaccessorylikeit.