activated sludge process and its design, operation and control
TRANSCRIPT
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Ngpc|npk` Wi{`fk Ztagkwwno` cpw Gaezaokopw
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Ngpc|npk` Wi{`fk Ztagkww
Eawp gaeeaois {wk` nktadcg dcaiafcgni ptknpekop ztagkww
Ecgtaatfnocwew (eawpis dngpktcn cogi{`cof ocptclcktw)`kocptclcktw no` zhawazhnpk nwwcecinpatw# ntk co|ai|k` cophk ptknpekop ztagkww
[wk` lat wkgao`nts ptknpekop al ek`c{e no` iav wptkofphco`{wptcni no` e{ocgczni vnwpkvnpktw
@kwcfok` no` {wk` encois lat phk tkea|ni aldca`kftn`ndik atfnocg enppkt
Alpko `kwcfok` no` {wk` k|ko lat phk tkea|ni al o{ptckopw(ocptafko no` zhawzhat{w#
Tkea|ni al o{ptckopw) PWW) znphafkow no` hkn|s ekpniwgno dk gacogc`kopni
Fkoktnpkw vnwpk ngpc|npk` wi{`fk
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Ngpc|npk` Wi{`fk Ztagkww
[w{niis keziask` co gaom{ogpcao vcph zhswcgni no`ghkecgni ptknpekop ztagkwwkw eknop lat
Ztkiceconts , ztcents ptknpekop (ztcents gintclckt! gintc%liagg{inpat#
Zawp! n`|nogk`! pktpcnts ptknpekop (`cwcolkgpcao) lciptnpcao)kpg/#
[w{niis tkgkc|kw gintclck` vnwpkvnpktw
Ztcents gintclcgnpcao cw alpko aecppk` (co gnwk alweniigaee{ocpckw lat wenii liavw no` iav PWW ik|kiw no` co hapgicenpkw lat n|ac`cof!gaoptaiicof a`a{t ztadikew
Gktpnco ea`clcgnpcaow al NWZ (wk~{kogcof dnpgh tkngpatw)axc`npcao `cpghkw) nktnpk` infaaow) gaopngp%wpndcic}npcaoztagkww# `a oap tk~{ctk ztcents gintclcgnpcao al vnwpkvnpkt
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Ftcpghnedkt
Ztcentsgintclckt
Nktnpcao
pnob
Wkgao`ntsgintclckt
Wpndcic}npcao
pnob
Wi{`fk
`tscof dk`w
WkvnfkW{ez ,z{ezcof
Dntwgtkko
Dcafnw
lintcof {ocp
@tck` wi{`fklat `cwzawni
Kxhn{wp fnwkw(GA4 no` H4A#
Lciptnpkpa wkvnfk w{ez
Gintclck` klli{koppa wkvnfk w{ez
Ptknpk` klli{kop
Tnv wkvnfkWgtkkocofw
Dcafnwcl oap lintk`
(w{zzick` nw l{ki at kecppk`#
Ftcp
Wkvnfk Ptknpekop Zinop Cogatzatnpcof Ngpc|npk` Wi{`fk Ztagkww
K~{nic}npcao
Pnob
nct
nct
wg{e
NWZ
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Nktnpcao
dnwco
Wkgao`nts
gintclcktColi{kop Klli{kop
Vnwpk` ngpc|npk` wi{`fk
Wi{`fk tkgsgicof
O{ptckopw no`Nibnicocps (cl okk`k`#
Nct at axsfko
w{zzis
Ngpc|npk` Wi{`fk Ztagkww
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Gaezaokopw al NWZ
Lngcicpckw no` k~{czekop al no NWZ
Nktnpcao dnwco(w# Nct!Axsfko w{zzis!ptnowlkt wswpke(w#
Wkgao`nts gintclckt(w#
Tkp{to ngpc|npk` wi{`fk wswpke(w#
Vnwpk ngpc|npk` wi{`fk hno`icof lngcicpckw!wswpke
Ghkecgni (o{ptckopw no`!at nibnicocps# lkk` wswpkew
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Gaezaokopw al NWZ
Nktnpcao dnwco
Vnwpkvnpkt cw dta{fhp co gaopngp vcph ngpc|k ecgtadcnidcaenww lat ptknpekop (phta{fh dcaliagg{inpcao)
dcawaztpcao) no` dcaaxc`npcao cogi{`cof ocptclcgnpcao# Ln|a{tndik gao`cpcaow lat dcaiafcgni ptknpekop ntk
encopncok` co phk nktnpcao dnwco phta{fh nktnpcao (lataxsfko w{zzis no` ecxcof# no` ghkecgniw n``cpcao
Nktnpcao dnwco ens alpko cogi{`k No noaxcg wkgpcao (lat `kocptclcgnpcao#
N wkikgpat wkgpcao lat pngbicof d{ibcof (alpko niaof vcph`kocptclcgnpcao# no` k|ko lat zhawzhnpk tkea|ni
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Gaezaokopw al NWZ
Nct!Axsfko w{zzis no` ptnowlkt wswpkew Encois pva pszkw= `cll{wk` nktnpcao no` ekghnocgni
nktnpcao wswpkew
@cll{wk` nct wswpke cogi{`kw `cll{wktw) nct hkn`ktw) nctencow) no` aphkt zczcof no` lcxktw) no` diavktw
Ekghnocgni nktnpatw
W{tlngk ekghnocgni nktnpatw (lcxk` no` lianpcof nktnpatw#vcph at vcpha{p `tnlp p{dkw
W{dektfk` p{tdcok nktnpatw
Hatc}aopni nxcw nktnpatw (dt{wh nktnpatw#
Nktnpcao wswpke wha{i` dk gnzndik al
W{zziscof koa{fh axsfko pa ekkp phk `keno`w
Ecxcof al phk nktnpcao dnwco gaopkopw pa phk `kwctk` ik|ki
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Gaezaokopw al NWZ
Wkgao`nts Gintclckt! Wkgao`nts Wkppicof Pnob
Eknop pa tkea|k dcaiafcgni liagw ltae ecxk` ic~{at no`niiav gintclck` wkgao`nts klli{kop a{p
Wi{`fk phcgbkocof pa `kwctk` ik|ki pa lngcicpnpk daph wi{`fktkgsgicof no` vnwpcof
Phkwk ntk gkopkt%lkk` gctg{int pnobw al wc`k vnii ic~{c``kzph al 7/6 pa < e no` tn`c{w al 9 ; pcekw ic~{c` `kzph
Tce lkk` gctg{int gintclcktw , tkgpnof{int gintcl/ ntk niwa {wk`
Wkgao`nts gintclckt hnw
Gsico`tcgni dnllik al `cnekpkt 7:%7;+ al pnob `cnekpkt N gkoptni vkii (at ecxk` ic~{at coikp wkgpcao# `kwcfok` pa
`cwwcznpk phk coli{kop koktfs
k|kois `cwptcd{pk liav
ztaeapk liagg{inpcao
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Wkgao`nts gintclckt hnw
Tk|ai|cof ekghnocwe lat wgtnzzcof (ptnowzatp , tkea|k#phk wkppik` wi{`fk no` lat phk tkea|ni al lianpcof wg{e
Phk wi{`fk cw kcphkt ziavk` pa phk gkoptni hazzkt lat tkea|ni
at cp cw tkea|k` `ctkgpis ltae phk pnob dappae ds w{gpcaoatclcgkw kcphkt hs`tawpnpcgniis at ds z{ezcof
\kts icppik wg{e cw {w{niis latek` % tkea|ni dkgaekwokgkwwnts vhko ztcents gintclckt cw oap {wk`
A|ktliav vkctw no` gaiikgpcao pta{fhw
zingk` np 4!7t` pa 7!0ph tn`cni `cwpnogk ltae phk gkopkt co intfktpnobw no` np phk zktcekpkt co phk weniikt pnobw
dnllikw ens dk zta|c`k` pa `klikgp `kowcps g{ttkopw no` pan|ac` wg{e a|ktliav
Gaezaokopw al NWZ
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Gaezaokopw al NWZ
Tkp{to ngpc|npk` wi{`fk wswpke
[o`kt`tnco al phk wkgao`nts gintclckt
Tkicndik z{ezcof no` zczcof
Nzz{tpkonogkw lat tkf{inpcof tkp{to wi{`fk z{ezcof tnpk
Tkp{to wi{`fk ens znww phta{fh n wkikgpat (nktadcg)nonktadcg at noaxcg#
Tkp{to wi{`fk (dcaliagg{inpk` atfnocg enppkt.# wpndcic}npcaoztcat pa ecxcof vcph phk coli{kop
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Gaezaokopw al NWZ
Vnwpk ngpc|npk` wi{`fk wswpke Vnwpcof gno dk kcphkt ltae phk wkgao`nts gintclckt at ltae
phk nktnpcao dnwco `ctkgpis
Dkppkt tkf{inpcao cl vnwpk` `ctkgpis ltae phk nktnpcao dnwco
d{p |ai{ek vnwpk` cw hcfhkt Vnwpk` wi{`fk okk`w hno`icof no` `cwzawni
wpndcic}npcao) phcgbkocof) `kvnpktcof no` `tscof
Nktadcg at nonktadcg wpndcic}npcao
Ghkecgni at phkteni wpndcic}npcao
Phcgbkoktw no` wi{`fk `tscof dk`w
Wce{ipnoka{w phcgbkocof no` nktadcg at nonktadcgwpndcic}npcao
Dca`kftn`ndik ltngpcao al phk wkgao`nts wi{`fk
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Gaezaokopw al NWZ
Ghkecgni lkk` wswpkew O{ptckopw no` nibnicocps n``cpcao ens dk tk~{ctk` cl phk
coli{kop cw `klcgckop co phke
[tkn no` @cneeaoc{e zhawzhnpk ntk {w{niis {wk` zhawzhatcg ngc`!zhawzhnpk tagb (gno phkwk dk {wk` co zingkal phk @NZ1#
Ocptclcgnpcao no` `kocptclcgnpcao ik|kiw gno coli{kogk phknibnicocps n``cpcao tk~{ctk`
Ghkecgni n``cpcao ens niwa dk en`k lat phk ghkecgni
ztkgczcpnpcao tkea|ni al zhawzhat{w ltae vnwpkvnpkt Zaisektw ens alpko dk n``k` lat cezta|cof phk wkppicof
ghntngpktcwpcgw al phk ecxk` ic~{at waic`w
Ghkecgni `awcof alpko lat pkezatnts pngbicof al d{ibcofwi{`fk ztadike
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Ekghnocwew al Ptknpekop
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Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=Atfnocg enppkt tkea|ni
Nktadcg ecgtaatfnocwew (ngpc|npk` wi{`fk#) wzkgcniisdngpktcn) ntk tkwzaowcdik no` ptknpekop co|ai|kwdcaliagg{inpcao) dcawatzpcao no` dcaaxc`npcao
W{wzko`k` , gaiiac`ni atfnocg enppkt dkgaekw copkftni
zntp al dcaiafcgni wi{`fk ds dcaliagg{inpcao no` dcawatzpcao
Wai{dik atfnocg enppkt cw tkea|k` ds dcawatzpcao(n`watzpcao no` ndwatzpcao#
Dcaliagg{inpk` , dcawatdk` atfnocg enppkt cw wai{dcic}k`
phta{fh hs`taiswcw no` ndwatdk` ds ecgtadkw nw laa` Ndwatdk` enppkt cw dcaaxc`c}k` (zntpis tkwzctk` no` tkwp cw
{wk` co wsophkwc}cof okv ecgtadcni dcaenww#
Phta{fh vnwpcof kxgkww ngpc|npk` wi{`fk (np wkgao`ntsgintclckt# atfnocg enppkt cw tkea|k` nw dcaiafcgni liagw
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W{wzko`k`atfnocg enppkt
Wai{dikatfnocg enppkt
Gaiiac`niatfnocg enppkt
Ngpc|npk`wi{`fk
Tkgsgik`wi{`fk
Coatfnocg ko` zta`{gpw(GA4) H4A) OH7) Koktfs) kpg/#
Tkwc`{niwi{`fk
Okv ecgtadcnidcaenww
Ecxk` ic~{atwaic`w
dca%a
xcnpca
o
tkwzctnpca
o
dca%ax
c`np
cao
dca
wsop
hkwc
w
dca
watz
pcao
dcawatzpcao
dcaliag
g{inpca
o
dcal
iagg
{inp
cao
Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop= Atfnocg enppkt tkea|ni
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Dcaliagg{inpcao
Ecgtadkw al phk nktnpcao dnwco zta`{gk dcazaisektwphnp dtcof nda{p liagg{inpcao no` late dcaiafcgni liagw
Dcaiafcgni liagw ntk gaowpcp{pk` al
Ecgtaatfnocwew
Gkii `kdtcw
W{wzko`k` no` gaiiac`ni atfnocg no` coatfnocggaowpcp{kopw al phk vnwpkvnpkt
Dcaliagg{inpk` atfnocg enpktcni gno dk hs`taiswk` copawai{dik atfnocg enppkt no` dcawatdk`
Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=Atfnocg enppkt tkea|ni
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Dcawatzpcao
Eatk tnzc` phno dcaaxc`npcao no` co|ai|kw daph n`watzpcaono` ndwatzpcao ds ecgtadkw
N`watdk` enppkt gno dk wai{dcic}k` ds hs`taiswcw no`
zntpis ndwatdk` ds ecgtadkw no` tkwp cw dik` copa klli{kop
Dcaaxc`npcao
Tkztkwkopw ngp{ni tkea|ni al dca`kftn`ndik atf/ enppkt
Co|ai|kw daph nktadcg tkwzctnpcao (cogi{`cof n{paaxc`npcao#
no` dcawsophkwcw
Tkwzctnpcao tk~{ctkw A4 (@A % :/; pa >/; ef!I) >/:6 f!f#
no` zta`{gkw H4A) GA4) OH7) kpg/ no` koktfs
Dcawsophkwcw zta`{gkw okv ecgtadcni dcaenww (>/04 f!f)
scki` gakllcgckop# tk~{ctkw o{ptckopw (O no` Z#
Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=Atfnocg enppkt tkea|ni
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Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop= Ocptafko tkea|ni
Atfnocg%O
Neeaocgni%O
Ocptcpk%O
Ocptnpk%O
Atfnocg%O
Ocptafko fnw
Ocpta{w axc`k fnw
Atfnocg%O
(okp ftavph#
`kgaezawcpcao
no` hs`taiswcw
axsfko
axsfko
nwwcecinpcao
iswcw , n{pa%axc`npcao
`kocptclcgnpcao
Atfnocg gntdao
ocptclcgnpcao
ocptclcgnpcao
Wghkek al Dcaiafcgni Ocptafko Tkea|ni
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Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=
Ocptafko tkea|ni Dcaiafcgni ocptafko tkea|ni agg{tw phta{fh
ocptclcgnpcao no` `kocptclcgnpcao
Ocptclcgnpcao cw nktadcg 4%wpkz ztagkww (OH7%O pa OA4%
O pa OA7%O# ds nktadcg n{paptazhcg dngpktcn
Ocptawa dngpktcn (Ocptawaeaonw) Ocptawagagg{w)Ocptawawzctn) Ocptawaiad{w) Ocptawatadtca) kpg/# ntktkwzaowcdik lat wpkz%>
Ocpta dngpktcn (Ocptadngpkt) Ocptagagg{w) Ocptaw`zctn)Ocptawzcon) Ocptakswpcw) kpg/# ntk tkwzaowcdik lat wpkz%4
Gno dk nghck|k` niaof vcph DA@ tkea|ni co phkwnek dcaiafcgni ptknpekop {ocp
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Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=Ocptafko tkea|ni % Ocptclcgnpcao
OcptclcgnpcaoDA@ tkea|ni GintclcktGintclckt
Vnwpk`
ngpc|npk` wi{`fk
Vnwpk`
ngpc|npk` wi{`fk
Vhko gaogkoptnpcao al zapkopcniis paxcg no` cohcdcpats
w{dwpnogkw cw hcfh) pva%wi{`fk wswpkew) kngh vcph nonktnpcao pnob no` n gintclckt) co wktckw ntk {wk`
>wp wswpke cw lat DA@ tkea|ni
Ocptclcgnpcao agg{tw co phk 4o` wswpke
Tnv coli{kop cw zntpcniis dsznwwk` copa phk 4o` wswpkepa lngcicpnpk w{llcgckop liagg{inpcao , gintclcgnpcao
Klli{kopColi{kop
Dsznwwk` coli{kop
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Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=Ocptafko tkea|ni % Ocptclcgnpcao
Axsfko cw tk~{ctk` % 0/;6 f!f al neeaocgni ocptafko(7/07 lat ocptcpk no` >/>0 f lat ocptnpk#
Nibnicocps cw tk~{ctk` % 6/>0 f!f nw GnGA7
Ocptclcgnpcao cw cohcdcpk` ds
Iav @A ik|kiw (9:/; ef!I cw cohcdcpats % tnpk cogtknwkwvcph @A {zpa 7 pa 0 ef!I % ?4 ef!I cw ln|a{tndik#
zH dkiav < cw cohcdcpats no` 6/; pa 8 cw azpceni
Wkowcpc|k pa n e{ipcp{`k al atfnocg paxcgnopw (wai|kopw)necokw) ztapkcow) pnoocow) zhkoaiw) nigahaiw) gsnonpkw)kphktw) gntdnenpkw) dko}kok) kpg/#
Ekpniw ntk cohcdcpats (gaezikpk cohcdcpcao np :/4; ef!Ilat ocgbki no` ghtaec{e) no` :/> ef!I lat gazzkt#
[ocaoc}k` neeaocn gno niwa dk cohcdcpats
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Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=Ocptafko tkea|ni % @kocptclcgnpcao
@kocptclcgnpcao co|ai|kw tk`{gpcao al ocptnpk dshkpktaptazhcg dngpktcn pa ocpta{w axc`k) no` ocptafko
Vc`k tnofk al dngpktcn (d{p oap nifnk no` l{ofc# ntk gnzndik
Ga{zik` vcph tkwzctnpats kikgptao ptnowzatp ghnco {o`kt noaxcg gao`cpcaow ocptnpk tkzingkw axsfko
A4 k~{c|nikogk al {wcof ocptnpk at ocptcpk co zingk al
axsfko cw 4/8< f!f no` >/6> f!f tkwzkgpc|kis
DA@ `keno` cw 0 f!f OA7 tk`{gk` Nibnicocps cw zta`{gk` co phk ztagkww % 7/;6 f (nw
GnGA7# zkt ftne al ocptnpk tk`{gk`
Hcfhkt @A ik|kiw (?:/4 ef!i lat zwk{`aeaonw ,
?:/>7 ef!i lat hcfhis `cwzktwk` ftavph# ntk cohcdcpats
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Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=Ocptafko tkea|ni % @kocptclcgnpcao
Pva dnwcg wghkekw) ztk%noaxcg (W{dwptnpk# no` zawp%noaxcg) ntk {wk` lat phk `kocptclcgnpcao
Co phk ztk%noaxcg wghkek phk noaxcg pnob cw laiiavk`ds phk nktnpcao dnwco al phk NWZ no` atfnocg enppktal phk coli{kop ngpw nw no kikgptao `aoat
Co phk zawp%noaxcg wghkek ko`afkoa{w `kgns alecgtadcni enww (niwa kxafkoa{w wa{tgkw icbkekphnoai!ngkpnpk# zta|c`kw kikgptao `aoat
Wce{ipnoka{w ocptclcgnpcao , `kocptclcgnpcao cw zawwcdik
Ocptclcgnpcao ao phk liag w{tlngk (cl @A co phk d{ib ic~{c`cw hcfh koa{fh# no` `kocptclcgnpcao co phk liag copktcat (cl@A co phk copktcat cw iav koa{fh#
@kzko`cof ao phk ecxcof no` nktnpcao gao`cpcaow)
ocptclcgnpcao , `kocptclcgnpcao gno agg{t co phk wnek pnob
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Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=Ocptafko tkea|ni % @kocptclcgnpcao
Nktadcg
wkgpcao
Noaxcg
wkgpcao
Nktadcgwkgpcao
Noaxcgwkgpcao
Ztk%noaxcg @kocptclcgnpcao
Zawp%noaxcg @kocptclcgnpcao
Wi{`fk tkgsgicof
Wi{`fk tkgsgicof
Ecxk` ic~{at tkgsgicof
Coli{kop Ptknpk` klli{kop
Coli{kop Ptknpk` klli{kop
Vnwpk` wi{`fk
Vnwpk` wi{`fk
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Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=Zhawzhat{w Tkea|ni
Zhawzhat{w Ngg{e{inpcof Atfnocwew (ZNA# dtcofnda{p phk tkea|ni co no nonktadcg nktadcg wswpke
Zhawzhat{w cw cogatzatnpk` copa wi{`fk (nw zaiszhawzhnpk#co |ai{pco ftno{ikw no` tkea|k` phta{fh wi{`fk vnwpnfk
Co phk nonktadcg pnob al phk wswpke Ztaiclktnpcao al ZNAw agg{t no` nwwcecinpk lktekopnpcao
zta`{gpw (wzkgcniis ngkpnpk# copa wpatnfk zta`{gpw(zaishs`taxsd{pstnpk%ZHD#
Gaogaecpnopis phk wpatk` zaiszhawzhnpk cw tkiknwk` nw
atphta zhawzhnpk
Ngkpnpk cw kwwkopcni lat latecof ZHD no` lat zta|c`cofgaezkpcpc|k n`|nopnfk pa phk ZNAw
Ztkwkogk al ocptnpk gno dk cohcdcpats (ngkpnpk gno dk
`kzikpk` no` dkgaek oap n|ncindik pa ZNAw#
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Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=Zhawzhat{w Tkea|ni
Co phk nktadcg pnob al phk wswpke
Wpatk` zta`{gpw (ZHD# ntk axc`c}k` pa tkiknwk koktfs no`gaogaecpnopis zhawzhnpk al phk klli{kop cw wpatk` vcphco
phk gkii nw zaiszhawzhnpk Ef) B no` Gn tnpcaw al :/6>) :/; no` :/4; pa zhawzhat{w
tkwzkgpc|kis ntk dkick|k` pa lngcicpnpk zaiszhawzhnpk wpatnfk
zH no` @A wha{i` dk ?/: ef!I tkwzkgpc|kis
Pszcgni ecgtadcni dcaenww hnw >/; pa 4+ zhawzhat{w % co
ZNAw zhawzhat{w gaopkop gno dk nw hcfh nw 4:%7:+
Wpacghcaekptcgniis nda{p >: ftnew al dGA@ cw okk`k` lat phktkea|ni al aok ftne al zhawzhnpk ltae vnwpkvnpkt
ZNAw late |kts `kowk) faa` wkppicof liagw
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Ekghnocwew al ptknpekop=Zhawzhat{w Tkea|ni
Nonktadcg
wswpke
Nktadcg
wswpkeGintclckt
Ptknpk`
klli{kopColi{kop
Tkgsgik` wi{`fk
Vnwpk` wi{`fk
gaopncocof zhawzhat{w
Tkngpat lat zhawzhat{w tkea|ni cogi{`kw no nonktadcg pnobvcph HTP :/; pa > ha{t no` zingk` nhkn` al phk nktnpcao pnob
Tkp{to ngpc|npk` wi{`fk no` coli{kop ntk dta{fhp co gaopngp cophk nonktadcg pnob
Tk~{ctkw ?4/; `nsw WTP co nonktadcg no` nktadcg wswpkew
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NWZ no` cpw Ea`clcgnpcaow
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Zi{f liav tkngpat
Iaof onttav nktnpcao dnwcow (ikofph=vc`ph 5 ?>:=># vcph zi{f
liav tkfcekPt{k zi{f liav `akw oap kxcwp kxpkop al iaofcp{`coni ecxcof
`kzko`w ao phk pszk al nktnpcao wswpke {wk`
@kftkk al iaofcp{`coni ecxcof gno dk `kwgtcdk` ds @cwzktwcaoO{edkt (O
@
# nw @!([I# at @p!I4
@ gakllcgckop al nxcni `cwzktwcao (e4!wkg/# lat `cll{wk`nktnpcao wswpke cp cogtknwkw ds n lngpat al 4 vcph nct liavcogtknwk ltae 4: pa >:: lp7!eco/>::: lp7 pnob |ai{ek
[ ekno |kiagcps al liav (e!Wkg/#
I ikofph al phk pnob
p HTP al phk pnob (I![# lat ^"^T liav
Lat faa` zi{f liav gao`cpcao O@ |ni{k wha{i` dk 9:/>
N zi{f liav tkngpat gno dk dkppkt `kwgtcdk` ds n wktckw al
gaezikpk ecx tkngpatw
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Zi{f liav tkngpat
W{dwptnpk gaogkoptnpcao |ntckw niaof phk tkngpat ikofph
A4{pcic}npcao cw hcfhkwp np coikp ko` no` `kgtknwkw pavnt`w
iavkwp np phk a{pikp ko`
Nllkgpk` ds paxcg at cohcdcpcof atfnocgw (ztadikenpcg latco`{wptcni vnwpkvnpkt vcph paxcg gaowpcp{kopw#
N dnllik` coikp wkgpcao gno kow{tk dkppkt watzpcao co gnwk altkn`cis `kftn`ndik vnwpkvnpktw
N wkzntnpk coikp }aok (>;+ al papni |ai{ek# vcph aois ecxcof
d{p oa nktnpcao gno lngcicpnpk `kocptclcgnpcao al tkgsgik`wi{`fk
Cl `kwcfok` lat ocptclcgnpcao) no noaxcg }aok np a{pikp ko` gnodtcof nda{p `kocptclcgnpcao
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Zi{f liav tkngpat
Pszcgni `kwcfo |ni{kw
WTP= 7%>; `nsw
L!E tnpca= :/4 pa :/0!`ns
DA@ ian`cof= :/7 pa :/6 bf!e7
/`nsEIWW= >::: pa 7::: ef!i
HTP= 0 pa 8 ha{tw
Wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpca= :/4; pa :/6;
@kwcfo no` azktnpcao ntk tkinpc|kis eatk gaezicgnpk` enpghcof axsfko `keno` no` w{zzis cw `cllcg{ip
Kntis `kwcfow hn` {oclate nct nzzicgnpcao phta{fha{p phk pnobikofph d{p ea`kto `kwcfow hn|k pnzktk` nktnpcao
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Zi{f liav
Nktnpcao pnob
Vnwpk` wi{`fk
Tkgsgik`
wi{`fkGintclckt
Klli{kop
Coli{kop
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Zi{f liav tkngpat= Hcfh tnpk nktnpcao
Gao|kopcaoni zi{f liav tkngpat vcph iavkt EIWW no` hcfhktDA@ ian`cof
Ghntngpktc}k` ds whatpkt HTP) hcfhkt wi{`fk tkgsgik tnpcano` hcfhkt L!E tnpca
N`|nopnfkw
Tk~{ctkw ikww nktnpcao pnob |ai{ek
Nktnpcao koktfs tk~{ctkekopw ntk tkinpc|kis iav
@cwn`|nopnfkw
Hnw iavkt klli{kop ~{nicps (co pktew al DA@ no` PWW#
Tkinpc|kis ikww wpndik no` okk`w kxptn gntk lat wpndik azktnpcao
Liav |ntcnpcaow gno `cwt{zp azktnpcao (wi{`fk vnwha{p agg{t#
N`k~{npk ecxcof no` nktnpcao ntk cezatpnop
Wi{`fk zta`{gpcao tnpk cw hcfhkt
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Zi{f liav tkngpat= Wpkz Lkk`
Zi{f liav tkngpat vcph e{ipczik znwwkw no` vnwpkvnpktcopta`{gpcao np 7 at 0 lkk` zacopw (k~{nic}kw L!E tnpca#
EIWW cw hcfhkwp (;::: pa 3::: ef!I# co phk lctwp znww) no`
`kgtknwkw vcph kngh w{dwk~{kop znwwKwpndicwhkw eatk {oclate axsfko `keno`
Likxcdik azktnpcao
Vkp vknphkt liavw gno dk dsznwwk` pa phk inwp znww
N`nzpndik pa enos azktnpcof wghkekw (noaxcg!nktadcgztagkwwkw#
Cl okk`k` gno niwa dk azktnpk` co gaopngp wpndcic}npcao ea`k dslkk`cof aois phk inwp znww
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Zi{f liav tkngpat= Wpkz lkk`
Eatk gaezicgnpk` `kwcfo no` gaezikx azktnpcao
Pszcgni `kwcfo no` azktnpcao |ni{kw
WTP= 7%>; `nsw
L!E tnpca= :/4 pa :/0!`ns
DA@ ian`cof= :/6%>/: bf!e7/`ns
EIWW= >;::%0::: ef!i
HTP= 7%; ha{tw
Wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpca= :/4; pa :/6;
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Zi{f liav
Nktnpcao pnob
Klli{kop
Coli{kop
Tkgsgik` wi{`fk
Gintclckt
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Gaopngp Wpndcic}npcao ztagkww
Hnw pva wkzntnpk pnobw at gaezntpekopw aok lat vnwpkvnpkt
ptknpekop no` phk aphkt lat wi{`fk wpndcic}npcaoGaopngp pcek= tkinpc|kis whatpkt (7: pa : `nsw
L!E tnpca= :/4 pa :/< zkt `ns\ai{ekptcg ian`cof al DA@= > pa >/7 bf!e7`ns
EIWW= >:::%7::: ef!I (gaopngp# , :::: (wpndcic}npcao#
Wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpca= :/; pa >/;
Tk~{ctkw weniikt nktnpcao |ai{ek no` faa` lat iav wai{dcicpsco`kx vnwpkvnpktw
Vkp vknphkt liavw gno dk hno`ik` vcpha{p iaww al EIWW
Hnw icppik at oa ocptclcgnpcao gnzngcps no` azktnpcao cw
waekvhnp gaezicgnpk`
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Gaopngp pnobWpndcic}npcao pnob Klli{kopGintclckt
Vnwpk` wi{`fk
Coli{kop
Tkgsgik` wi{`fk
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Gaezikpk ecx tkngpat (GLWPT#
Eawp {wk` co Co`cn wcezik `kwcfo % w{cpndik lat nii pszkw al
nktnpcao k~{czekop[oclate no` iav ik|kiw al w{dwptnpk) no` {oclate EIWW no`
gaowpnop axsfko `keno` phta{fha{p phk dnwco
Tkwcwpnop pa whagb ian`w no` paxcg ian`w
Hs`tn{icg no` atfnocg ian` |ntcnpcaow ntk `nezkok` dkppktPaxcg `cwghntfkw ntk ecpcfnpk` phta{fh ftknpkt `ci{pcao
Lcinekopa{w d{ibcof ltae kxzaw{tk al tkgsgik` wi{`fk patkinpc|kis iav ik|kiw al w{dwptnpk
N ztk%gaopngpcof }aok (al >; eco/ HTP# gno n|ac` phcw.Pszcgni `kwcfo no` azktnpcaoni gao`cpcaow
WTP= 7%>; nsw EIWW= >;:: pa 0::: ef!I
L!E tnpca= :/4 pa ://< bf!e7/`ns
HTP= 7 pa ; ha{tw Wi{`fk tkgsgik tnpca= :/4; pa >/:
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Kxpko`k` Nktnpcao Ztagkww
Vkii wpndcic}k` no` iav dca%waic`w wi{`fk cw fkoktnpk` phkwi{`fk cw encois al gkii `kdtcw no` wi{`fk gaoptcd{pk` dsphk coli{kop
Ztcents gintclcgnpcao cw {w{niis oap {wk`
Gaowc`ktk` w{cpndik lat weniikt liavw
Nktnpcao pnobw ntk intfkt) no` axsfko `keno` no` nktnpcaokoktfs tk~{ctkekop ntk hcfhkt
Nktnpcao k~{czekop `kwcfo cw gaoptaiik` ds ecxcof okk`w(eawpis oap ds axsfko `keno`#
Wkowcpc|k pa hs`tn{icg a|ktian`w (gintclckt gno dk a|ktian`k`
ds waic`w# no` cowkowcpc|k pa gaogkoptnpcao whagb ian`wPszcgni `kwcfo no` azktnpcaoni zntnekpktw
L!E tnpca cw :/:0%:/>:!`ns DA@ ian`cof= :/>%:/7 bf!e7/`ns
WTP= 4:%0: nsw EIWW= 4:::%;::: f!e7
HTP= 4:%7: ha{tw Wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpca= :/; pa >/;
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Kxpko`k` Nktnpcao= Axc`npcao @cpgh
Tcof at a|ni whnzk` iaaz tkngpat wswpke vcph {oc`ctkgpcaoniliav (|kiagcps= :/4;%:/7 e!wkg/ no` gsgicof pcek= ;%>; eco/#
Dt{wh pszk!w{tlngk pszk ekghnocgni nktnpatw zavkt hatc}aopniliav no` dtcof nda{p nktnpcao!ecxcof
Wgtkkok` vnwpkvnpkt cw ecxk` vcph tkgsgik` wi{`fk no`niiavk` copa phk pnob al 4:%7: ha{t HTP
Coptn%ghnooki gintclcktw gno dk {wk` (lat wkgao`nts gintclcktw#N`|nopnfkw
Hcfhis tkicndik ztagkww no` wcezik azktnpcao
Nekondik lat daph DA@ no` ocptafko tkea|ni
[wkw ikww koktfs no` n`nzpndik lat o{ptckop tkea|ni@cwn`|nopnfkw
Wzngk tk~{ctkekop cw hcfhkt
Zinop gnzngcps kxznowcao cw eatk `cllcg{ip
Iav L!E d{ibcof cw zawwcdik
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Klli{kopGintclckt
Vnwpk` wi{`fk
Axc`npcao `cpgh
Ecxk` ic~{at
Tkgsgik` wi{`fk
Coli{kop
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Kxpko`k` Nktnpcao Ztagkww= Ga{opkt%g{ttkop nktnpcao wswpke
N gctg{int pnob vcph tk|ai|cof dtc`fk cw {wk`Nct `cll{wktw ea{opk` np phk dappae al phk tk|ai|cof dtc`fk
w{zzis axsfko
P{tocof all nct d{p tk|ai|cof phk dtc`fk bkkzw phk pnob
gaopkopw co w{wzkowcao no` lngcicpnpk `kocptclcgnpcaoPszcgni `kwcfo no` azktnpcaoni zntnekpktw
WTP= >:%7: `nsw L!E tnpca= :/:0 pa :/>!`ns
HTP= >;%0: ha{tw DA@ ian`cof= :/>%:/7 bf!e7/`ns
EIWW= 4:::%0::: ef!I Wi{`fk tkgsgik tnpca= :/4;%:/6;Axsfko ptnowlkt kllcgckogs cw hcfhkt d{p `cll{wkt la{icof gno dk
ztadike (lcok wgtkkocof al vnwpkvnpkt gno ztk|kop#
Gaezicgnpk` azktnpcao tk~{ctcof faa` azktnpat wbciiw
@avo pcek lat encopkonogk cw tkinpc|kis hcfhkt
Kxpko`k` Nktnpcao= Aphkt
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Kxpko`k` Nktnpcao= Aphktea`clcgnpcaow
Atdni ztagkww
N ea`clck` axc`npcao `cpgh {wcof n wktckw al gaogkoptcgghnookiw al `kzph {zpa 0/7 e
Vnwpkvnpkt kopktw phk a{pkt ghnooki no` liavw pavnt`wphk gkopkt dklatk kopktcof no copktoni!kxpktoni gintclckt
Ocptclcgnpcao no` `kocptclcgnpcao ntk lngcicpnpk` ds tkf{inpcofnktnpcao tnpkw
Dcaing ztagkww
Kntphko pnobw al 4/0%0/< e `kzph vcph w{dektfk`
nktnpcao no` vcph kcphkt copktoni at kxpktoni gintclcktw
Lcok d{ddik `cll{wktw nppnghk` pa lianpcof nktnpcao ghncowea|k ngtaww phk dnwco ds nct tkiknwk` ltae `cll{wktw
[wk al pcektw pa gsgik nct liav phta{fh kngh nktnpcao
ghnco lngcicpnpkw ocptclcgnpcao no` `kocptclcgnpcao
W W
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Wpnfk` Tkngpat Wswpkew
Gaowcwp al 4 at eatk gaezikpk ecx tkngpatw co wktckw
Nktnpcao ens dk n|ac`k` co waek al phk wpnfkw
Copktoni tkgsgicof al liavw ens dk {wk`
Gintclcktw ens dk {wk` dkpvkko phk wpnfkw
Keziask` lat ocptafko tkea|ni (at m{wp ocptclcgnpcao# no` latzhawzhat{w tkea|ni
Wswpke keziask` lat ocptclcgnpcao nzzicgnpcaow
Pva wpnfkw= Wpnfk%> lat DA@ tkea|ni no` wpnfk%4 latocptclcgnpcao
Kngh wpnfk hnw n gintclckt al cpw avo
Zatpcao al vnwpkvnpkt cw dsznwwk` wpnfk%> no` pnbko copawpnfk%4 pa lngcicpnpk ocptclcgnpcao
Wpnfk%4 cw azktnpk` np n iaofkt WTP
Wkowcpc|k ocptclscof dngpktcn ntk ztapkgpk` ltae phk
paxcg w{dwpnogkw al phk cogaecof vnwpkvnpkt
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Nktnpcao
tkngpat
Ocptclcgnpcao
tkngpat
Coli{kop Klli{kop
Vnwpk` wi{`fk
gintclckt
Tkp{to wi{`fk
gintclckt
Coli{kop dsznww
Tkp{to wi{`fk
Vnwpk` wi{`fk
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Wpnfk` Tkngpat Wswpkew
Wswpke lat phk zhawzhat{w tkea|niPva wpnfk wswpke vcph n wcofik gintclckt nlpkt wpnfk%4
Wpnfk%> cw nonktadcg vhktk nw wpnfk%4 nktadcg
Vnwpk` wi{`fk (zhawzhnpk ngg{e{inpcof atfnocwew#
gaopncow phk tkea|k` zhawzhat{w co phk late alzaiszhawzhnpkw
Btn{w ztagkww (|ntcnpcao al wpkz lkk` ztagkww#
W{cpndik lat ocptafko `klcgckop co`{wptcni vnwpkvnpkt
Wi{`fk `cfkwpkt w{zktonpnop cw n``k` vcph {o`ktliavwi{`fk no` ocptclck` co n wkzntnpk nktnpcao pnob
A{pz{p al phk wi{`fk nktnpat cw n``k` pa phk enco tkngpatpa zta|c`k ocptafko
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Nonktadcg
tkngpat
Nktnpcao
tkngpatColi{kop Klli{kop
Vnwpk` wi{`fk
gintclckt
Tkp{to wi{`fk
Nktnpcao
tkngpat
Nktnpcao
tkngpat
@cfkwpktWpndcic}k`
wi{`fk
W{zktonpnop
Tkp{to wi{`fk
Coli{kop Klli{kop
Tkp{to wi{`fk
gintclckt
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Wk~{kogcof Dnpgh Tkngpat (WDT#
Eatk zaz{int wzkgcniis lat weniikt gaee{ocpckw no`
co`{wptcni cowpniinpcaow vcph copktecppkop liavw Dkppkt azpcao lat n|ac`cof lcinekopa{w d{ibcof nwwagcnpk`
vcph tkn`cis `kftn`ndik vnwpkvnpktw
Wcofik |kwwki nggaeea`npkw nii phk {ocp ztagkwwkw no`azktnpcaow oateniis nwwagcnpk` vcph NWZ
Phk ztagkwwkw no` azktnpcaow ntk nggaezicwhk` nw pcek`wk~{kogkw= Lcii (7 ht# Tkngp (4%4: ht# Wkppik (:/;%>ht# @kgnop (:/;%> ht# C`ik
Ecxk` ic~{at tkencow co phk tkngpat phta{fha{p no` phcwkiceconpkw okk` lat n wkzntnpk gintclckt
K|ko ocptclcgnpcao) `kocptclcgnpcao no` k|ko wi{`fk wpndcic}npcaogno niwa dk nggaeea`npk` vcphco
Wi{`fk vnwpcof agg{tw `{tcof phk nktnpcao wpnfk
M{wp ecxcof vcpha{p nktnpcao `{tcof phk lcii wpnfk kow{tkw
noaxcg gao`cpcaow okk`k` lat `kocptclcgnpcao
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Pszcgni `kwcfo no` azktnpcaoni zntnekpktw
WTP= >:%7: `nsw
L!E tnpca= :/:0%:/>!`ns
DA@ ian`cof= :/>%:/7 bf!e7/`ns
EIWW= 4:::%;::: ef!I
N gaezngp lngcicps vcph azktnpcaoni likxcdcicps
Gaezicgnpk` ztagkww gaoptai no` tk~{ctk hcfhkt encopkonogk
wbciiw lat phk k~{czekop {wk`
Dnpgh `cwghntfk ens okgkwwcpnpk k~{nic}npcao lat `avowptkne ztagkwwcof al phk klli{kop
Wk~{kogcof Dnpgh Tkngpat (WDT#
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WDT Ea`clcgnpcaow
Dnpgh `kgnop tkngpat) copktecppkop kxpko`k` nktnpcaowswpke=
Vnwpkvnpkt lkk`cof cw gaopco{a{w) d{p klli{kop tkea|ni cw aon dnpgh dnwcw
N ztk%tkngp (dnllik`# ghnedkt lngcicpnpkw gaopco{a{w lkk`cof
vcpha{p `cwp{tdcof phk wkppicof!`kgnopcof gaopkopw al phk pnob Ptknpekop wpkzw al phk tkngpat cogi{`k tkngpcao) wkppicof no`
`kgnopcof
Gsgicg ngpc|npk` wi{`fk wswpke=
Vnwpkvnpkt lkk`cof cw gaopco{a{w) d{p klli{kop tkea|ni cw codnpghkw
Tkngpat hnw phtkk dnllik` }aokw al >=4=4: |ai{ekw no` cwlk` gaopco{a{wis d{p phk klli{kop cw tkea|k` ao n dnpgh dnwcw
Ecxk` ic~{at cw tkgsgik` ltae 7t` }aok pa >wp }aok al tkngpat
Z A N pc p ` Wi ` Z
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Z{tk Axsfko Ngpc|npk` Wi{`fk ZtagkwwN wktckw al vkii%ecxk` ga|ktk` nktnpcao pnob vcph ga%g{ttkop
fnw%ic~{c` gaopngp
Coli{kop) tkgsgik` wi{`fk , A4 ntk copta`{gk` np wpnfk%> (A4gno niwa dk ecxk` vcph phk coli{kop {o`kt ztkww{tk#
Tkwptcgpk` kxhn{wp cw niiavk` ltae phk inwp wpnfk (A4 co phk
kxhn{wp cw ;:+ no` A4 {pcic}npcao tnpk 3:+#
@kwcfok` lat
@A ?< ef!I L!E tnpca :/!`ns WTP= >%0 nsw EIWW4:::%3::: ef!I DA@ ian`cof= >/7%7/4 bf!e7/`ns HTP= >%7ha{tw Wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpca= :/4;%:/;
@cwn`|nopnfkw
Eatk gaezicgnpk` k~{czekop no` gaezikx cowpniinpcao)azktnpcao no` encopkonogk
Zknb liavw gno `cwt{zp azktnpcao ds wi{`fk vnwha{p
Hnw icecpk` gnzngcps lat ocptclcgnpcao
Oagnt`cn lanecof cw zawwcdik
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Ngpc|npk` Wi{`fk Ztagkww= AphktEa`clcgnpcaow
@kkz whnlp nktnpcao
Whnlp `kzphw gno dk nw hcfh nw 0:: lkkp
L!E tnpca al > pa 4!`ns) ecxk` ic~{at @A ik|ki al >:%4:
ef!I no` EIWW al 8::: pa >4::: ef!I ntk zawwcdik
Waic` ic~{c` wkzntnpcao ens dk ds `cwwai|k` nct liapnpcao atds |ng{{e `kfnwclcgnpcao no` gao|kopcaoni ftn|cpsgintclcgnpcao
Copkftnpk` lcxk` lcie ngpc|npk` wi{`fk ztagkww Gno kohnogk ocptclcgnpcao wzkgcniis np iav pkezktnp{tkw
W\C no` waic`w ian`cof pa gintclckt ntk `kgtknwk`
Iaof wi{`fk nfk nwwcwpw tkea|ni al tkltngpats atfnocgw
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Ngpc|npk` Wi{`fk Ztagkww= AphktEa`clcgnpcaow
Phkteazhcicg nktadcg ngpc|npk` wi{`fk Azpce{e pkezktnp{tkw ntk ;;%:%4:+ A
4ptnowlkt kllcgckogs
N`|nopnfkw= Tnzc` `kftn`npcao tnpkw (7%>: pcekw ftknpkt no`>: pcekw ftknpkt n{paaxc`npcao# no` iav wi{`fk scki`
Phkteazhcicg dngpktcn lnci pa liagg{inpk % hkogk `cllcg{ip pa wkppik
Ekedtnok lciptnpcao
Haiiav lcdkt ekedtnokw al :/> ecgtao zatk wc}k no` >7bZn (>/7e vnpkt gai{eo# w{gpcao cw zawwcdik
Zktecpw azktnpcao np hcfh EIWW ik|kiw (>:):::%0:)::: ef!I#no` enbk wi{`fk ~{nicps {ocezatpnop
Hcfh ~{nicps klli{kop (`ctkgpis `cwcolkgpndik# cw zawwcdik
Ekedtnok giaffcof cw havk|kt cok|cpndik
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NWZ Bcokpcgw
W ` `
Vhnp hnzzkow pa atfnocg enppkt co Ngpc|npk` Wi{`fk Ztagkww1
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Wai{dik atfnocgenppkt
Od wai{dik
atfnocg enppkt
Od/ w{wzko`k`atfnocg enppkt
Axsfko (>%>/04S#
GA4) H4A) OH7)
Koktfs) kpg/
Okv hkpktaptazhcgEcgtadcni dcaenww
N{pa%axc`npcaob`
GA4) H4A) OH7)Koktfs) kpg/
neeaocn
Axsfko(7)07 f!f#
ocptcpk ocptnpk
Axsfko(>/>0 f#
Gntdaongka{w DA@ cw phk w{e al axsfko {pcic}k` `{tcof dcaaxc`npcao al phkatfnocg enppkt no` `{tcof n{paaxc`npcao al phk ecgtadcni dcaenww
Axsfko (>/04B`#
Tkwc`{ni dcaenww
Dca
%axc`
npca
o
Dca%wsophkw
cw
S
W{wzko`k`atfnocg enppkt
Hs`taiswcw
Tkwc`{nidca`kftn`ndik
atfnocg enppkt
Ocptafkoa{w DA@ cw phk w{e axsfko {pcic}k` `{tcof ocptclcgnpcao al
Neeaocgni%O pa ocptcpk%O no` ocptcpk%O pa Ocptnpk%O
NWZ bcokpcgw
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NWZ bcokpcgw
Tnpk al {pcic}npcao al wai{dik w{dwptnpk
tw{ cw atfnocg enppkt {pcic}npcao tnpk (f!e7/`ns#
~enx cw enxce{e wzkgclcg atfnocg enppkt {pcic}npcao tnpk (f!f ecgtadcni enww#
Xn cw ecgtadcni dcaenww gaogkoptnpcao (f!e7#
Wk cw atfnocg enppkt gaogkoptnpcao (f!e7# co phk NWZ
Bw cw hnil%|kiagcps gaowpnop (atfnocg enppkt gaogkoptnpcao co f!e7 np vhcgh
atfnocg enppkt {pcic}npcao tnpk cw ~enx/!4 #
Nktnpcao
pnob
kw
knkc
w{ WB
W~x
\
WW^
t "5
5/enx#(
\ , Xn
^ , Wc ^Wk
W at Wk
~enx/
~enx/ !4
Bw
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Dcaenww ftavph tnpk
Ecgtadcni dcaenww ftavph tnpk cw ztazatpcaoni pa phk atfnocgenppkt {pcic}npcao tnpk no` dcaenww `kgns tnpk
tf cw okp dcaenww zta`{gpcao tnpk (f \WW!e7/`ns#
B cw ko`afkoa{w `kgns gakllcgckop (f \WW!f \WW/ @ns#
S cw scki` gakllcgckop
Gno niwa dk whavo nw
NWZ bcokpcgw
n`w{f xbStt 5
`bxWB
W~xS
t nkw
knf /#(
/// /enx
"5
`nkc
f bx\
WW^St /
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5
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Axsfko {pcic}npcao tnpk Axsfko {pcic}npcao tnpk cw w{e al axsfko {pcic}npcao lat dca%
axc`npcao al atfnocg enppkt no` lat n{paaxc`npcao al dcaenww
(>%>/04S# cw phk ltngpcao al {pcic}k` atfnocg enppkt dca%axc`c}k`
>/04b cw n{pa%axc`npcao tnpk co pktew al axsfko at dGA@
Axsfko {pcic}npcao tnpk gno niwa dk kxztkwwk` nw
NWZ bcokpcgw
n`w{A xbtSt /04/>#04/>>(4
"5
`bx
WBW~xSt n
kw
knA /04/>
#(//#04/>>( /enx
4""5
`nkc
A bx\
WW^St /04/>
#(#04/>>(4
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5
fw{A ttt 04/>4
5
NWZ bc pc
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NWZ bcokpcg zntnekpktw
~enx/ (4%>: f al dGA@ zkt f \WW `ns) ; cw pszcgni#
Bw (>:%; f \WW zkt f \WW/`ns) :/> cw pszcgni#
\ni{kw co zntkophkwkw ntk lat `aekwpcg wkvnfk
Bcokpcg gakllcgckop |ni{kw |nts vcph phk vnwpkvnpkt) vcph phkEcgtadcni zaz{inpcao no` vcph Pkezktnp{tk
Bcokpcg gakllcgckop |ni{kw gno dk `kpktecok` ltae dkogh wgnik
pkwpcof at l{ii%wgnik zinop pkwp tkw{ipwPkezktnp{tk gattkgpcao pa phk bcokpcg gakllcgckopw cw `aok ds
cw pkezktnp{tk ngpc|cps gakllcgckop (pszcgni |ni{k >/:4 pa >/4;#
bP no` b4: ntk b |ni{kw np PG no` 4:G tkwzkgpc|kis
NWZ bcokpcgw
#4:(
4:
5 PP bb
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NWZ @kwcfo
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NWZ `kwcfo= Coz{pw
^{nopcpckw no` ghntngpktcwpcgw (no` phkct `c{toni) wknwaoni no`vkp%vknphkt |ntcnpcaow# al phk vnwpkvnpkt pa dk ptknpk`
Gntdaongka{w w{dwptnpkw (dGA@) wdGA@) od w{wzko`k`GA@#
O{ptckopw= Ocptafko (PBO no` ocptnpk%O (zi{w ocptcpk%O##
no` Zhawzhata{w (papni no` atphta zhawzhat{w# W{wzko`k` waic`w (Papni) |ainpcik) dca`kftn`ndik |ainpcik
no` oao%dca`kftn`ndik |ainpcik#
Nibnicocps
Liav tnpkw no` |ntcnpcaow (n|ktnfk liav no` zknbcof lngpat#
Pkezktnp{tk (vcopkt no` w{eekt gtcpcgni pkezktnp{tkw aldaph vnwpkvnpkt no` nedckop nct#
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NWZ `kwcfo= Coz{pw
Z{tzawkw pa dk wkt|k` ds phk NWZ
tkea|ni al dGA@
dGA@ tkea|ni no` ocptclcgnpcao
Tkea|ni al dGA@ no` ocptafko (ocptclcgnpcao%`kocptclcgnpcao#
dGA@ no` zhawzhat{w tkea|ni
Ptknpk` klli{kop ghntngpktcwpcgw tk~{ctk` (aois dGA@ at daphdGA@ no` o{ptckop ik|kiw `kwctk`#
NWZ bcokpcgw zntnekpktw (~enx/ ) Bw) S no` b#
Wkppicof ghntngpktcwpcgw al dca%waic`w (W\C no` }aok wkppicof|kiagcpckw al phk ecxk` ic~{at waic`w#
Waic`w tkpkopcao pcek (WTP# no` ian`cof gtcpktcn (L!E tnpca no`|ai{ekptcg atfnocg ian`cof# pa dk {wk` lat faa` wi{`fk wkppicofztazktpckw
Wkikgpcao al tkngpat pszk (cogi{`cof {wk al wkikgpatw#
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WTP lat DA@ tkea|ni cw pszcgniis 7 pa ; `nsw whatpkt WTP`cwga{tnfkw ocptclcgnpcao/
Pszcgni L!E tnpca ens tnofk ltae :/:0!`ns lat kxpko`k` nktnpcao{ocpw pa >/:!`ns lat hcfh tnpk ztagkww/
\ai{ekptcg atfnocg ian`cof tnpk pszcgniis |ntckw ltae :/7 pa 7/:bf!e7/`ns/
Kxznowcao pa ekkp phk l{p{tk ptknpekop okk`w cw no cezatpnopgaowc`ktnpcao co phk `kwcfo/
Pszk no` wc}k al tkngpatw no` waic` wkzntnpcao lngcicpckw coli{kogkdaph gaowpt{gpcao no` azktnpcao gawpw/
Wkikgpatw ens dk okk`k` lat o{ptckop tkea|ni no` lat icecpcof phk
lcinekopa{w ftavph/
Wpnfk` tkngpat at zi{f liav tkngpat ens dk nzztaztcnpk latocptclcgnpcao paxcg at cohcdcpats w{dwpnogkw gno `kztkww phkocptclcgnpcao tnpkw/
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@kwcfo al NWZ tk~{ctkw `kpkteconpcao al
Nktnpcao dnwco |ai{ek
Nktnpcao tk~{ctkekopw Ghkecgni (o{ptckopw no` nibnicocps# `awcof tk~{ctkekopw
Wc}cof no` `kpncicof al phk wkgao`nts gintclckt
Wi{`fk tkgsgicof tk~{ctkekopw
Ngpc|npk` wi{`fk vnwpnfk tnpkw tk~{ctk`
Ptknpk` klli{kop ghntngpktc}npcao
Vhnp cw cogi{`k` co phk NWZ `kwcfo
N pc p b Wkppicof ^ at (^ ^ #
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Nktnpcao pnob
Wk)Xn)\
Wkppicof
pnob^)Wc)Xc
^t)Xt)Wk
^v)Xt)Wk
^k at (^%^v#
Xk)Wk
Nktnpcao pnob
Wk
)Xn
)\
Wkppicof
pnob^)Wc)Xc
^t)Xt)Wk
^v)Xn)Wk
^k at (^%^v#
Xk)Wk
Xc cw gaowc`ktk` okficfcdik
Nii dca`kftn`ndik w{wzko`k` atfnocg waic`w al coli{kopntk hs`tais}k` copa wai{dik atfnocg enppkt
Coatfnocg no` oao%dca`kftn`ndik atfnocg WW tkenco{onllkgpk` no` oa okv WW al phkwk gnpkfatckw latek`
Oaphcof kxgkzp wkppicof , phcgbkocof agg{tw co gintclckt
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Ptknpk` Klli{kop Wai{dik dGA@
[wk al phcw k~{npcao tk~{ctkw
Ztcents |ntcndik WTP (nww{ek`#
NWZ bcokpcg zntnekpktw Bw) b) ~enx no` S
Adpncok` ltae phk laiiavcof phta{fh wai|cof lat Wk
Co`kzko`kop al phk coli{kop dGA@
R U( # >/
#(>
/enx "5
`
`wk
bS~WTP
WTPbBW
`
kw
k bWBW~S
WTP "5 //>enx
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Wzkgclcg w{dwptnpk {wk lat NWZ
Wzkgclcg w{dwptnpk {pcic}npcao tnpk nggat`cof pa Ecghnkicw%Ekopko
k~{npcao
kw
k
WB
W~~
"5 enx
n
kc
n
kc
x
WW
\x
WW^~
5
5
#(
kw
k
n
kc
WB
W~
x
WW
"5/enx
`
n
kc bx
SWW
WTP
5
/
#/(>
Ptknpk` Klli{kop Wai{dik dGA@
^
\5
`
kw
k bWB
W~S
WTP
"5
//> /enx
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Ecxk` Ic~{at Ngpc|k Dcaenww Gaogkoptnpcao
[wk al phcw k~{npcao tk~{ctkw
Ztcents |ntcndikw WTP no`
NWZ bcokpcgw zntnekpktw S no` b
Adpncok` ltae phk laiiavcof dnwcg k~{npcao phta{fh wai|cof lat xn
Hktk xn `kzko`w ao b) S) WTP) no` dGA@ tkea|ni
( ##(> WTPb
SWWWTPx
`
kcn "
5
( #`
n
kc bx
WWS
WTP5
/
>
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Okp ngpc|npk` wi{`fk wsophkwcw tnpk cw k~{ni pa ngpc|npk` wi{`fkvnwpnfk tnpk
Wi{`fk nfk at ekno gkii tkwc`kogk pcek cw
x\xbSWW^ n`kc 5 //#(
#(#(
#(
tnpkvnwpnfkwi{`fkattnpkfkoktnpcaowi{`fkokp
wswpkephkalwi{`fkpapniWTP5
n`kc
n
x\bSWW^
\xWTP
//#( 5
`
n
kc bx
SWW
WTP
5
#(>
Ecxk` Ic~{at Ngpc|k Dcaenww Gaogkoptnpcao
Okp Dcaenww Wsophkwcw Tnpk
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Okp Dcaenww Wsophkwcw Tnpk
Okp dcaenww wsophkwcw tnpk (ODWT# cw kwpcenpk` ds
[wk al phcw k~{npcao tk~{ctkw
Ztcents |ntcndik WTP NWZ bcokpcgw zntnekpktw S no` b
Adpncok` phta{fh wceziclcgnpcao al phk laiiavcof enpktcni dninogkk~{npcao
Hktk \ cw tkzingk` ds ^/ no` phk kxztkwwcao lat xn cw {wk`
#(>
#(/
WTPb
WW^SODWT
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kc
"5
5
tnpkcaon{paaxc`np
Dcaenwwtnpkwsophkwcw
dcaenwwFtawwtnpkwsophkwcw
dcaenwwOkp
`nkc b\xWW^SODWT //#(/ 5
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Co phk nda|k ds tkzingcof
No` ao wceziclcgnpcao
Hktk okp wsophkwcw al ocptclscof ecgtadkw cw oap gaowc`ktk`
@kzko`w ao phk PBO ocptclck` (Coli{kop no` klli{kop PBO`cllktkogk eco{w ocptafko nwwcecinpk` copa dcaenww#
`nkc \bxWWS^ODWT 5 #(
( #n
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kc xlatWTPb
SWWWTPno`\lat^
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WWS^ODWT
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kc
"
5
Okp Dcaenww Wsophkwcw Tnpk
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Gkii @kdtcw Fkoktnpcao Tnpk
Gkii `kdtcw fkoktnpcao tnpk (G@FT# cw kwpcenpk` ds
[wk al phcw k~{npcao tk~{ctkw
Ztcents |ntcndik WTP
NWZ bcokpcgw zntnekpktw S no` b
aphkt gaowpnop l
Adpncok` ltae e{ipczicgnpcao al phk kxztkwwcao lat xn vcph \) b
no` l (\ cw tkzingk` ds ^/ #
Hktk xn/\/b co`cgnpkw phk dcaenww n{paaxc`npcao tnpk
WTPb
WTPbWW^SlG@FT
`
`kc`
/>
/#/(/
"
5
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Wkgao`nts Wi{`fk Fkoktnpcao Tnpk
Wkgao`nts wi{`fk fkoktnpcao tnpk cw gaeztcwk` al
Okp dcaenww wsophkwcw tnpk
Gkii `kdtcw fkoktnpcao tnpk ltae dcaenww n{paaxc`npcao
Tnpk al gaoptcd{pcao al Oaodca`kftn`ndik \WW ds phk coli{kop(Od/\WW#
Tnpk al gaoptcd{pcao al Coatfnocg w{wzko`k` waic`w ds phkcoli{kop (Co/WW#
Wkgao`nts wi{`fk fkoktnpcao tnpk (WWFT# cw
HktkFTWWCoFT\WWOdG@FTODWTWWFT //// """5
#//(// \WWOd^FT\WWOd 5#//(// WWCo^FTWWCo 5
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Ngpc|k dcaenww) EIWW no` EI\WW
Ngpc|k dcaenww pa EIWW tnpca
EI\WW pa EIWW tnpca
EIWW |ni{k
EI\WW |ni{k
FTWWCoFT\WWOdG@FTODWT
ODWT
//// """
FTWWCoFT\WWOdG@FTODWTFT\WWOdG@FTODWT
//////
""" ""
ODWT
FTWWCoFT\WWOdG@FTODWTxn
/////
"""
FTWWCoFT\WWOdG@WTODWT
FT\WWOdG@FTODWTEIWW
////
///
"""""
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Wi{`fk Vnwpnfk Tnpk
Wi{`fk vnwpnfk gno dk ltae phk
Wkgao`nts gintclckt {o`kt liav icok
Nktnpcao pnob at cpw a{pikp ztcat pa wkg/ gintclckt nw ecxk` ic~{at
Tnpk al vnwpnfk `kzko`w ao wkgao`nts wi{`fk fkoktnpcao tnpk(WWFT# eco{w wkgao`nts wi{`fk vnwha{p tnpk (WVAT#
Vhktk WVAT cw ^/PWWk
WVATWWFTWWVT 5
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Wi{`fk Vnwpnfk Tnpk
\ai{ekptcg wi{`fk vnwpnfk tnpk cw
WWVT!EIWW{ (vhko vnwpk` ltae phk wkgao`nts gintclckt {o`ktliav#
WWVT!EIWWn (vhko vnwpk` ltae phk nktnpcao pnob at cpw a{pikp ztcat
pa phk wkgao`nts gintclckt#Adwkt|k` WTP cw (\/EIWWn#!WWVT
WTP ghawko nw phk ztcents |ntcndik cw (\/EIWWn#!WWFT
Adwkt|k` WTP cw ftknpkt phno phk WTP ghawko nw phk ztcents
|ntcndik @cllktkogk dkpvkko phk pva vcii `kzko` ao phk PWW al phk gintclck`
wkgao`nts klli{kop
Axsfko @keno` Tnpk
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Axsfko @keno` Tnpk
Hktk o cw axsfko k~{c|nikogk al ecgtadcni dcaenww(>/04.#
Phk axsfko `keno`k` cw w{zzick` ds
W{tlngk (lianpcof at lcxk`# nktnpatw
@cll{wk` nktnpcao wswpkew (copta`{gk axsfko!nct copa ic~{c`#
P{tdcok ecxktw gno `cwzktwk copta`{gk` nct d{ddikw
Hs`tn{icg whknt `k|cgkw gno tk`{gk d{ddik wc}k
W{zzicktw al nktnpcao wswpkew co`cgnpk axsfko ptnowlkt tnpkw alphkct k~{czekop np wpno`nt` gao`cpcaow
Tnpkw tk~{ctk gattkgpcao pa ngp{ni azktnpcof gao`cpcaow
5
G@FTzi{wODWT
alk~{c|nikopAxsfko
w{dwptnpkian`k`al
k~{c|nikopAxsfko
`keno`
Axsfko
( # R UG@FTODWToWW^`keno`A kc "54
Ngp{ni Axsfko Ptnowlkt Tnpk
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Ngp{ni Axsfko Ptnowlkt Tnpk
NAPT cw ngp{ni axsfko ptnowlkt tnpk {o`kt lcki` gao`cpcaow
Wnicocps%w{tlngk pkowcao al phk vnwpkvnpkt ( #
Azktnpcof pkezktnp{tk al phk vnwpkvnpkt
Npeawzhktcg ztkww{tk (tkinpk` pa nipcp{`k#
N|ktnfk `kzph al nktnpcao (`cll{wk` nktnpcao wswpke#
Azktnpcof @A al phk nktnpcao pnob
Axsfko ptnowlkt gakllcgckop al vnwpkvnpkt gaezntk` pa phnp al gikno pnz
vnpkt ( # @kftkk al la{icof al phk `cll{wktw (`cll{wk` nktnpcao wswpke#
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Ngp{ni Axsfko Ptnowlkt Tnpk
cw wnicocps w{tlngk pkowcao lngpat Pnbko nw tnpca al wnp{tnpcao @A vnwpkvnpkt pa gikno vnpkt
Pszcgni |ni{k cw :/34 pa :/38 (:/3; cw gaeeaois {wk`#
cw axsfko ptnowlkt gattkgpcao lngpat lat phk vnwpkvnpkt
Pszcgni tnofk lat `cll{wk` nktnpcao wswpkew cw :/0%:/8
Pszcgni tnofk lat ekghnocgni nktnpatw cw ://4
L cw la{icof lngpat ngga{opcof lat daph copktoni no` kxpktonila{icof al `cll{wktw
Cez{tcpckw al gaeztkwwk` nct gn{wk copktoni la{icof
Dcaiafcgni wicekw no` coatfnocg ztkgczcpnopw gn{wk kxpktonila{icof
Pszcgni |ni{k cw :/
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Ngp{ni Axsfko Ptnowlkt Tnpk
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nipcp{`k no` nktnpat `kzph Lat w{tlngk nktnpatw
Gno dk adpncok` ltae icpktnp{tk (lat phk npeawzhktcg ztkww{tk npphk nipcp{`k co ~{kwpcao#
Lat `cll{wk` nktnpatw cp gno dk adpncok` ds
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Nct Tk~{ctkekopw al @cll{wk` Nktnpcao
Kxztkwwk` co bf!ht/ no` Oe7!ht
Ngp{ni pkezktnp{tk `kzko`w ao phk ik|ki al gaeztkwwcao
(Nedckop pkezktnp{tk " ztkww{tk (co bf!ge4 fn{fk# X >:G#.
Lcipktk` nct gno ecocec}k copktoni la{icof
Gaowc`kt nct liav |kiagcps no` pkezktnp{tk vhcik wc}cof `{gpcof
Tkinpk nct `kic|kts ztkww{tk pa phk vnpkt gai{eo a|kt phk `cll{wktGaowc`kt hkn` iawwkw co phk `cll{wk` nktnpcao wswpke co kwpcenpcof phk
nct ztkww{tk tk~{ctk`
Lco` phk o{edkt al `cll{wktw ao phk dnwcw al pszcgni nct `kic|kts zkt`cll{wkt (gaowc`kt copktoni no` kxpktoni la{icof#
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O{ptckop Tk~{ctkekopw
Coliav al ocptafko
Coli{kop ens hn|k PBO (atfnocg%O"neeaocgni%O# no` ocptnpk%O(ocptnpk"ocptcpk#
O{ptckop n``cpcao (co phk late al [tkn no` @NZ#
Lnpk al ocptafko co phk NWZ
Atfnocg%O cw gao|ktpk` copa neeaocgni%ONeeaocgni%O gno ocptclck` copa ocptnpk%O
Ocptnpk%O gno dk `kocptclck` no` iawp co phk fnwka{w ltae (nw O4A no` O4#
Neeaocgni%O no` Ocptnpk%O gno dk nwwcecinpcao ds ngpc|k dcaenww no`wpatk` vcphco nw atfnocg%O
A{pliav al ocptafko
Iaww co phk ptknpk` klli{kop kcphkt nw PBO at nw ocptnpk%O at nw daph
Iaww nw atfnocg%O co vnwpk` ngpc|npk` wi{`fk
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O{ptckop Tk~{ctkekopw
Ocptnpk%O co phk coli{kop cw {w{niis okficfcdik coli{kop encois hnw PBO
Ocptafko co phk ptknpk` klli{kop gno dk neeaocgni%O at ocptnpk%O atatfnocg%O (co phk PWWk#
Ocptafko co phk vnwpk` ngpc|npk` wi{`fk cw >4/47+ % adpncok` ltaekezctcgni late{in al phk ngpc|npk` wi{`fk (G4Z#
@kocptclcgnpcao iaww al ocptafko gno dk wcfoclcgnop cl phk NWZ cw `kwcfok`lat ocptclcgnpcao no` `kocptclcgnpcao pa agg{t
Vhko gaogkoptnpcao cw 9:/7 ef!I ocptafko cw dkick|k` pa dk icecpcof latphk dcaaxc`npcao tkea|ni al w{dwptnpk
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Zhawzhat{w tk~{ctkekop gno dk nwwkwwk` co n enookt wcecint pa
phk ocptafko tk~{ctkekop ds
O no` Z tk~{ctk` gno niwa dk gaowkt|npc|kis kwpcenpk` nw
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O{ptckop tk~{ctkekop gno niwa dk kxztkwwk` nw phk tk~{ctk`dGA@=O=Z tnpca al phk coli{kop
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Nibnicocps Tk~{ctkekopw
6:%8: ef!I nw GnGA7 lat encopncocof phk zH np no` ?:/7 ef!I tkwzkgpc|kis
Lat ztazktis l{ogpcaocof wkgao`nts gintclckt co gnwk al ecxk` ic~{atwaic`w vcph faa` wkppicof ghntngpktcwpcgw PWW cw ;%>; ef!I
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@kwcfo al Wkgao`nts Gintclckt
@kwcfo al Wkgao`nts Gintclckt
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Wkgao`nts gintclckt cogi{`kw
Coikp wkgpcao at gkoptni vkii
Wi{`fk wkppicof }aok
Wi{`fk phcgbkocof no` wpatnfk }aok
Gintclck` klli{kop a|ktliav vkct no` gaiikgpcao pta{fh
Tk~{ctkw wi{`fk wkppicof }aok w{tlngk ntkn) (@4%`4#!0 Ntkn tk~{ctk` lat gintclcgnpcao no` ntkn tk~{ctk` lat phcgbkocof ntkla{o` a{p no` phk intfkt al phk pva cw {wk`
Kcphkt al phk laiiavcof pva `kwcfo nzztanghkw gno dk laiiavk`
Pnien`fk no` Lcpgh ekpha` % {wkw `npn `ktc|k` ltae n wcofik dnpghwkppicof pkwp
Waic`w li{x ekpha` % {wkw `npn adpncok` ltae n wktckw wkppicof pkwpwgao`{gpk` np `cllktkop waic`w gaogkoptnpcao
Nii aphkt `kpnciw al phk gintclckt ntk kcphkt nww{ek` at adpncok`
phta{fh hs`tn{icg no` ekghnocgni `kwcfo
Wkgao`nts Gintclckt= Pnien`fk no` Lcpgh
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Wkgao`nts Gintclckt= Pnien`fk no` Lcpghekpha`
Lconi a|ktliav tnpk lat n wkgao`ntsgintclckt cw wkikgpk` dnwk` ao phkgaowc`ktnpcao al
Ntkn lat gintclcgnpcao
Ntkn lat phcgbkocof Tnpk al wi{`fk vcph`tnvni
@npn ltae n wcofik wkppicof pkwp cw{wk` lat lco`cof daph ntkntk~{ctk` lat phcgbkocof no` lat
gintclcgnpcao no` ftknpkt al phkpva cw gaowc`ktk` lat `kwcfo
Ntkn tk~{ctk` lat gintclcgnpcao cw{w{niis ftknpkt phno phk ntkntk~{ctk` lat phcgbkocof
Wkgao`nt Gintclckt
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Ntkn tk~{ctk` lat phcgbkocof
P{ gattkwzao`w pa H{ no` adpncok` phta{fh
Ga cw cocpcni PWW no` Ha gai{eo hkcfhp
G{ cw {o`ktliav wi{`fk gaogkoptnpcaoGtcpcgni gaogkoptnpcao gaoptaiicof wi{`fk hno`icof gnzndcicps
@tnv pnofkopw pa cocpcni no` lconi ikfw al wkppicof g{t|k
Dcwkgp phk nofik al copktwkgpcao no` kxpko` pa wkppicof g{t|k
pa fkp Gg
Lco` p{ (pcek np vhcgh wi{`fk gaogkoptnpcao cw G{#
@tnv pnofkop phta{fh Gg
Iagnpk H{ ao s%nxcw) kxpko` hatc}aopni icok pa phk pnofkop
phta{fh Gg % `tnv |ktpcgni ltae phk copktwkgpcao pa adpnco P{
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Wkgao`nts Gintclckt=Pnien`fk no` Lcpgh ekpha`
Ntkn lat gintclcgnpcao
Hktk ^g cw gintclcgnpcao tnpk
\ cw copktlngk w{dwc`kogk |kiagcps
Copktlngk w{dwc`kogk |kiagcps Wiazk al phk pnofkop ao phk cocpcni ikf al phk wkppicof g{t|k
cw pnbko nw w{dwc`kogk |kiagcps
Gintclcgnpcao tnpk
Pnbko nw ztazatpcaoni pa phk ic~{c` |ai{ek nda|k H{no` gaez{pk` nw
Hktk H{ cw wi{`fk `kzph g{ttkwzao`cof pa p{
^ cw liav tnpk al ecxk` ic~{at copa phk gintclckt
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Wkgao`nts Gintclckt= Waic`w li{x ekpha`
Ntkn tk~{ctk` lat phcgbkocof `kzko`wao phk icecpcof waic`w li{x phnp gno
dk ptnowzatpk` pa phk dappae alphk wkppicof pnob
@npn adpncok` ltae n wktckw algai{eo wkppicof pkwpw gao`{gpk` np`cllktkop waic`w gaogkoptnpcao cw{wk`
Waic`w li{x `kzko`w ao phk
ghntngpktcwpcgw al phk wi{`fk(tkinpcaowhcz dkpvkko wi{`fkgaogkoptnpcao no` wkppicof tnpk no`waic`w li{x#
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@avovnt` li{x al waic`w co n wkppicof pnob agg{tw `{k
ftn|cps wkppicof
d{ib ptnowzatp ltae wi{`fk vcph`tnvni
Hktk WLf cw waic`w li{x `{k pa ftn|cps
WL
{cw waic`w li{x ds d{ib ptnowzatp
Waic`w li{x `{k pa ftn|cps
Gc cw gaogkoptnpcao al waic`w np phk zacop co ~{kwpcao
\c cw wkppicof |kiagcps al phk waic`w np Gc gaogkoptnpcao
\c al wi{`fk np `cllktkop gaogkoptnpcaow cw adpncok` ltae e{ipczikwkppicof pkwpw % Wiazk al phk cocpcni zatpcao al phk g{t|k cw \c
Wkgao`nts Gintclckt= Waic`w li{x ekpha`
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Waic`w li{x ds d{ib ptnowzatp
[d cw d{ib {o`ktliav |kiagcps
^{ cw {o`ktliav tnpk al wi{`fk
N gtaww wkgpcaoni ntkn al phk wi{`fk
Li{x ds d{ib ptnowzatp icokntis cogtknwkw vcph cogtknwcof vcph`tnvnitnpk
Papni li{x cogtknwkw cocpcniis) phko `tazw pa icecpcof waic`w li{x (WLI#no`
phko cogtknwkw vcph cogtknwcof vcph`tnvni tnpk
Wkgao`nts Gintclckt= Waic`w li{x ekpha`
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Nipktonpc|k ftnzhcgni ekpha` lat icecpcof waic`w li{x (WLI#
[wkw aois phk ftn|cps li{x g{t|k
@kgc`k phk {o`ktliav wi{`fk gaogkoptnpcao no` `tnv pnofkop paftn|cps li{x g{t|k phta{fh G{ ao X%nxcw no` kxpko` pa S%nxcw
Zacop al copktwkgpcao ao S%nxcw fc|kw WLI
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Wkgao`nts Gintclckt= Waic`w li{x ekpha`
Ntkn lat phcgbkocof
Ntkn tk~{ctk` lat phcgbkocof vcii phnp ntkn np vhcgh ngp{ni waic`wcw iavkt phno k~{ni pa icecpcof waic`w li{x (WLI#
Cl waic`w ian`cof cw ftknpkt phno icecpcof waic`w li{x phko waic`w vcii
d{ci` {z co phk wkppicof dnwco no` {ipcenpkis a|ktliav
Ntkn tk~{ctk` lat phcgbkocof
Lat n `kwctk` {o`ktliav gaogkoptnpcao aok gno cogtknwk at`kgtknwk phk wiazk al phk {o`ktliav li{x icok
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Wkppicof no` phcgbkocof ghntngpktcwpcgw al phk ecxk` ic~{at eknw{tk`
ds kcphkt W\C at ]W\ gno dk {wk` nw dnwcw
W\C dkiav >:: cw `kwctk` no` nda|k >;: pszcgniis co`cgnpkwlcinekopa{w ftavph
W{tlngk a|kt liav tnpk lat n wkgao`nts gintclckt cw tkinpk` pa }aokwkppicof |kiagcps nw whavo dkiav
]W\ (\c# gno dk kwpcenpk` ds
Hktk \c cw }aok wkppicof |kiagcps (W\C#
WL cw wnlkps lngpat no` pnbko nw >/6; pa 4/;
\enx cw enxce{e }aok wkppicof |kiagcps pnbko nw 6 e!h
B cw n gaowpnop vcph |ni{k ;:
X cl EIWW gaogkoptnpcao
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EIWW) ]W\ no` W\C!@W\C ntk tkinpk`
Hktk x cw EIWW gaogkoptnpcao co f!i
@W\C no` W\C co ei!f
Li{gp{npcaow co vnwpkvnpkt no` tkp{to wi{`fk liav tnpkw no` EIWWgaogkoptnpcao wha{i` dk gaowc`ktk` co phk `kwcfo
Wnlkps lngpat {wk` cw eknop lat phcw z{tzawk
Waic`w ian`cof tnpk cw n icecpcof zntnekpkt no` nllkgpw klli{kopgaogkoptnpcao al PWW
Klli{kop ~{nicps tkencow {onllkgpk` a|kt n vc`k tnofk al w{tlngka|ktliav tnpkw ({zpa 7%0 e!h#
xW\C\c #::>;8#(io "5x@W\C\c #::4;;;/:>:7/:(:48/4#(io "5
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Aphkt colatenpcao lat phk `kwcfo al
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Wc`k vnii ic~{c` `kzph gno dk nw iav nw 7/; e lat intfk gintclcktw no`nw hcfh nw < e lat weniikt gintclcktw
@kkzkt gintclcktw hn|k ftknpkt likxcdcicps al azktnpcao no` intfktentfco al wnlkps
Pnob coikp wkgpcao at gkoptni vkii Mkppcof al coli{kop (gn{wk lat `kowcps g{ttkopw# wha{i` dk n|ac`k`
phta{fh `cwwcznpk coli{kop koktfs
@cwptcd{pcao al liav wha{i` dk k|ko co hatc}aopni no` |ktpcgni`ctkgpcaow no` wha{i` oap `cwp{td phk wi{`fk dinobkp
@kwcfo al gkoptni vkii wha{i` ztaeapk liagg{inpcao
Gsico`tcgni dnllik al `cnekpkt 7:%7;+ al phk pnob `cnekpkt gno dk{wk` nw gkoptni vkii
Dappae al phk lkk` vkii wha{i` ko` vkii nda|k phk wi{`fk dinobkpcopktlngk
Aphkt colatenpcao lat phk `kwcfo alWkgao`nts Gintclcktw
Aphkt colatenpcao lat phk `kwcfo alWkgao`nts Gintclcktw
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Vkct zingkekop no` ian`cof
Co intfkt gintclcktw gctg{int a|ktliav vkct vcph pta{fh gno dk zingk`np 4!7t pa 7!0ph tn`cni `cwpnogk ltae phk gkopkt
Lat weniikt gintclcktw cp gno np phk zktcekpkt
N dnllik gno dk zta|c`k` pa `klikgp `kowcps g{ttkopw nvns ltae phk
a|ktliav vkct no` n|ac` wg{e a|ktliav [z%liav |kiagcps co phk |cgcocps al vkct wha{i` dk 7/;%6 e!ht
Vkct ian`cof tnpkw wha{i` dk 9 76; e7!e/`ns
Wha{i` dk 94;: e7!e/`ns cl iagnpk` co `kowcps g{ttkop {zp{to }aok
Wha{i` dk 9>4; e7!e/`ns lat n|ktnfk liav no` 94;: e7!e/`ns latenxce{e liav co weniikt pnobw
Wg{e tkea|ni= oap n ztadike co wkgao`nts gintclcktw no` ens dkokk`k` vhko ztcents gintclcktw ntk oap {wk`
Tkea|k` wg{e wha{i` oap dk pnbko dngb lat ptknpekop
Wkgao`nts Gintclcktw
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Azktnpcao no` Gaoptai al NWZ
NWZ Z G p i
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NWZ Ztagkww Gaoptai
Ztcogczni nzztanghkw al gaoptai ntk Encopncocof @A ik|ki co phk nktnpcao pnob
Tkf{inpcof phk ngpc|npk` wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpk (encopncocofEIWW co phk nktnpcao pnob no` gaoptai wi{`fk dinobkp ik|ki cophk wkgao`nts gintclckt#
Gaoptaiicof vnwpk ngpc|npk` wi{`fk lat encopncocof phk `kwctk`WTP
Aphkt cezatpnop nzztanghkw lat gaoptai ntk
Boavcof axsfko {zpnbk tnpkw
Ta{pcok ecgtawgazcg adwkt|npcao lat eaocpatcof ecgtadcnighntngpktcwpcgw coli{kogcof wi{`fk wkppicof ztazktpckw
WTP!EIWW cw no` cezatpnop ztagkww gaoptai zntnekpkt
Encopncocof @A co phk nktnpcao dnwco
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Icecpcof @A ik|kiw gno tkw{ip co lcinekopa{w wi{`fk no` nllkgpwkppindcicps al phk wi{`fk
@kwctk` @A cw >/; pa 4 ef!I co nii phk ntknw al phk nktnpcao dnwco
Hcfhkt @A cezta|kw ocptclcgnpcao (?4 ef!I ln|a{tndik#
? 0 ef!I @A ens oap cezta|k azktnpcaow d{p zta|k gawpis
Eknw{tcof axsfko {zpnbk tnpk (A[T# no` wzkgclcg axsfko{zpnbk tnpk (WA[T# ens niwa dk cezatpnop lat gaoptai
Co|ai|kw pnbcof n wktckw al @A eknw{tkekopw a|kt waek zktca`no` tkzatpcof phk tkw{ipw nw ef!I/eco/ A4 pnbko {z
WA[T gattkinpkw vkii vcph phk lconi klli{kop DA@
Ghnofkw co WA[T gno co`cgnpk ztkwkogk al paxcg!cohcdcpatsw{dwpnogkw co phk coli{kop
Encopncocof @A co phk nktnpcao dnwco
E c p c c @A c ph pc d c
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Enpghcof axsfko w{zzis vcph `keno` cw cezatpnop Giaffk` lcipktw no` la{ik` `cll{wktw gno nllkgp w{zzis
Zta|c`cof lcipkt {zwptkne pa diavktw no` phkct ltk~{kop giknocof gnoencopnco hcfhkt tnpkw al axsfko w{zzis no` ecocec}k copktoni la{icof al`cll{wktw
Atfnocg a|ktian`cof no` hcfhkt WTP gno cogtknwk A4 `keno`
Ztazatpcaoniis `kgtknwcof WTP pa enpgh phk atfnocg a|ktian`cof gnon|ac` axsfko `keno` ltae phk atfnocg a|ktian`cof
Oao%{oclate ecxcof no` iagnic}k` @A `klcgckogckw
Iavkt EIWW) noaxcg!nonktadcg gao`cpcaow) lcinekopa{w ftavph)`kocptclcgnpcao no` kllcgckogs `taz gno agg{t
Gno dk gn{wk` ds phk d{twp `cll{wktw
@A eaocpatcof co phk nktnpcao dnwco gno c`kopcls phk ztadike
Encopncocof @A co phk nktnpcao dnwco
T i pc i ` ic
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Wi{`fk vnwha{p co phk gintclck` klli{kop wha{i` dk ztk|kopk` Encopnco phk wi{`fk dinobkp dkiav phk klli{kop vkct
Tkp{to wi{`fk z{ez wha{i` dk al nezik gnzngcps (>:: pa >;:+ alphk n|ktnfk `kwcfo wi{`fk liav#
Hs`tn{icg a|ktian`cof al NWZ ikn`w pa waic`w a|ktian`cof al gintclcktcogtknwkw wi{`fk dinobkp `kzph no` okgkwwcpnpkw z{ezcof al tkp{to
wi{`fk np hcfhkt tnpk no` iavkt gaowcwpkogs
@kzko`cof ao wkppicof ghntngpktcwpcgw tkp{to wi{`fk gaogkoptnpcao ens|nts dkpvkko 0:::%>4::: ef!I
okgkwwcpnpkw dkppkt gaoptai a|kt tkp{to wi{`fk z{ezcof tnpkw
Liav enonfkekop phta{fh k~{nic}cof phk coli{kop gno n|ac` phk
hs`tn{icg a|ktian`w
Tkf{inpcof wi{`fk tkgsgicof
Tkf{inpcof wi{`fk tkgsgicof
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Tkp{to wi{`fk liav tnpk wha{i` dk `kpktecok` ds
Wkppindcicps al phk wi{`fk
Wi{`fk dinobkp ik|ki gaoptai
Wkgao`nts gintclckt enww dninogk
Nktnpcao pnob enww dninogk
@kpkteconpcao al wi{`fk liav tnpk ds phk wkppindcicps ghntngpktcwpcg
Eaocpat W\C lat ecxk` ic~{at waic`w
Kwpcenpk wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpca (t# ds
>>::
>::
5
W\CZ
t
v
Zv cw EIWW nw + (7::: ef!I cw :/7+#
W\C cw co eI!f
t cw wi{`fk tkgsgik tnpcaT^
^t5
Tkf{inpcof wi{`fk tkgsgicof
T i pc i ` ic
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@kpkteconpcao al liav tnpk ds wi{`fk dinobkp ik|ki Encopnco phk wi{`fk dinobkp dkiav phk klli{kop vkct lat n|ac`cof
vnwha{p
Azpce{e `kzph cw :/7 pa :/3 e
\ntcnpcaow co liav no` wptkofph (dGA@ no` PWW#) wi{`fk wkppicofztazktpckw) no` wi{`fk vcph`tnvni tnpkw nllkgp phk ik|ki
Wi{`fk dinobkp ik|kiw gno dk `kpkgpk` ds
Vcph`tnvcof wnezikw {wcof nct iclp z{ezw) ftn|cps liav p{dkw) zatpndikwnezicof z{ezw no` gatk wnezikw
Wi{`fk%w{zktonpnop copktlngk `kpkgpatw
Tkf{inpcao al wi{`fk dinobkp ik|ki tk~{ctkw gaowc`ktndik azktnpatnppkopcao
Tkf{inpcof wi{`fk tkgsgicof
Tkf{inpcof wi{`fk tkgsgicof
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@kpkteconpcao ds wkgao`nts gintclckt enww dninogk
Enww dninogk lat wkgao`nts gintclckt
Nww{ecof Xk nw okficfcdik no` pnbcof ^vXt nw \Xn!WTP no`
pnbcof \ nw ^ aok gno lco` ^t nw
@kpkteconpcao ds nktnpcao dnwco enww dninogk
Nww{ecof okv dcaenww ftavph no` coli{kop dcaenww (Xc#
gaogko/ nw okficfcdik enpktcni dninogk lat nktnpcao pnob cw
kktvtttn X^X^X^^^X ""5" #(
nt
n
tXX
WTP^X
^
5>
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nt
XX
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5
f f f s f
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Wi{`fk vnwpcof gno dk
Ltae phk tkp{to wi{`fk icok
Ikwwkt |ai{ek al wi{`fk cw vnwpk`
Gaoptai cw `cllcg{ip
Ltae phk nktnpcao pnob co phk late ecxk` ic~{at
\ai{ek vnwpk` cw intfk
Gno dk vnwpk` kcphkt copa n ztcents gintclckt at n phcgbkokt
Gaoptai cw e{gh knwckt (ens okk` aois PWWk
eknw{tkekop#
Wi{`fk vnwpcof cw `kpktecok` ao phk dnwcw al WTP
@{k gaowc`ktnpcao wha{i` dk fc|ko pa wi{`fk vnwha{p
Wi{`fk vnwpcof
Wi{`fk vnwpcof
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@kpktecocof wi{`fk vnwpcof tnpk
Vhko vnwpcof ltae phk tkp{to wi{`fk icok
Cl Xk cw okficfcdik
Vhko vnwpcof ltae phk nktnpcao dnwco nw ecxk` ic~{at
Cl Xk cw oap okficfcdik
tvkk
n
X^X^
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nv 5
n
kkv
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WTP
\^ 5
WTP
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Wi{`fk vnwpcof
Ecgtawgazcg adwkt|npcao al wi{`fk
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Ecgtawgazcg adwkt|npcaow cogi{`k Ghnofk co liag wc}k no` `kowcps
Wpnp{w al lcinekopa{w atfnocwew ftavph co phk liagw
Ztkwkogk al Oagnt`cn dngpktcn
Nd{o`nogk al hcfhkt iclk latew w{gh nw ztapa}anow no` tapclktw
@kgtknwcof ztapa}ano zaz{inpcao co`cgnpkw
@A icecpnpcao at
Azktnpcao al NWZ np iavkt WTP at
Ztkwkogk al cohcdcpats w{dwpnogkw co phk coli{kop
Cl lcinekopa{w at Oagnt`cn ftavph cw `kpkgpk` gattkgpc|k ngpcao pagaoptai phk ftavph cw okk`k`
Ecgtawgazcg adwkt|npcao al wi{`fk
O{ptckop no` ghkecgni lkk` gaoptai
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Iavkt zH no` o{ptckop `klcgckogs gno gn{wk lcinekopa{w d{ibcofno` nllkgp phk ptknpekop kllcgckogs
dGA@=O=Z wha{i` dk ln|a{tndis encopncok`
Eknw{tk PBO) ocptnpk no` papni zhawzhat{w ik|kiw co phk coli{kop % gaezntkvcph `kwctk` dGA@=O=Z tnpcano` `kgc`k o{ptckop `awk
[tkn no`!at @NZ gno dk `awk` pa n`m{wp o{ptckop `klcgckogckw
(pa g{p phk gawp zav`ktk` zhawzhnpk tagb at zhawzhatcg ngc` gno niwa dk{wk` co zingk al @NZ#
zH al phk coli{kop wha{i` n`m{wpk` no` zH al phk nktnpcao dnwcogaopkopw wha{i` encopncok` ln|a{tndik
Eknw{tk phk coli{kop nibnicocps no` zH
Cl zH cw iavkt n`m{wp cp (ok{ptnic}k lktekopnpcao zta`{gpw al wkzpcg coli{kop#vcph EAI
Cl w{llcgckop nibnicocps cw oap n|ncindik n`` EAI (6:%8: ef!I nw GnGA7ens dk tk~{ctk`#
W ` i clc p i
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Wkgao`nts gintclckt gaoptai
Tncwcof wi{`fk) `kowcps g{ttkopw no` wi{`fk vnwha{p Ocptclck` ecxk` ic~{at ian`cof al phk gintclckt
Iaofkt tkpkopcao al wi{`fk co phk gintclckt
Hcfhkt pkezktnp{tk al ecxk` ic~{at co`{gcof `kowcps g{ttkopw
@kwcfo `klkgpw co phk wkgao`nts gintclckt
Wai{pcaow pa phk ztadikew ens cogi{`k
@kwcfo gattkgpcaow w{gh nw
Zta|c`cof `kowcps g{ttkop `klikgpatw no`!at wg{e dnllikw
Kow{tcof k|ko `cwptcd{pcao al phk EI no` {oclate a|ktliav
Ztazkt gaiikgpcao ltae nii a|kt phk gintclckt no` gaopco{a{w tkgsgicofal wi{`fk
Wkgao`nts gintclckt gaoptai
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Cogtknwcof wi{`fk dinobkp hkcfhp no` wi{`fk vnwha{p
Waic`w a|ktian`cof ltae phk hs`tn{icg a|ktian`cof al NWZ Zaat wkppicof , phcgbkocof ztazktpckw al phk d{ibcof wi{`fk
Cow{llcgckop wi{`fk tkgsgicof
Wai{pcaow
Wenii `awk al zaisektw gno cezta|k wi{`fk wkppicof ztazktpckw
Ecgtawgazcg kxneconpcao al phk wi{`fk no` eknw{tkekop al W\C no`wi{`fk dinobkp `kzph gno dk {wkl{i
Tkf{inpk dinobkp `kzph phta{fh nipktcof wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpk
[wk W\C pa `kgc`k ao wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpk Ecocec}k ian`cof ds
Vnwpcof ngpc|npk` wi{`fk `ctkgpis ltae nktnpcao pnob
N|ac` copktoni hs`tn{icg ian`w `{tcof zknb hs`tn{icg ian`w
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Wpntp {z al no NWZ
Wkk`cof al phk nktnpcao dnwco cocpcniis ao n tkf{int dnwcw ens dk pakow{tk nggicenpcao
Wpntp vcph n HTP k~{ni pa `kwcfok` WTP no` ftn`{niis `kgtknwkpavnt`w `kwcfok` HTP vhcik encopncocof phk wi{`fk tkgsgicof tnpknp phk `kwcfok` ik|ki no` kow{tcof ftn`{ni d{ci`{z al EIWW
Wpntp wi{`fk vnwpcof aois nlpkt phk ngp{ni EIWW tknghk` phk`kwcfok` EIWW
Ftn`{niis cogtknwk phk wi{`fk vnwpnfk tnpk {opci `kwcfok` WTP cw
nghck|k` vhcik kow{tcof phnp phk EIWW cw np phk `kwcfok` ik|ki
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Wnlkps gaowc`ktnpcaowZhswcgni hn}nt`w= ptczw) lniiw no` `tavocof
Ghkecgni hn}nt`w= nwwagcnpk` vcph phk hno`icof al nibnic) {tkn) @NZ)Ghiatcok) hs`tafko zktaxc`k) kpg/
Dcaiafcgni hn}nt`w= nct datok znphafkow ltae nktnpcao) gaopngp vcphvnwpkvnpkt gaopncocof znphafkow
Oacwk hn}nt`w= diavktw no` `tc|kw
Kikgptcgni no` ekghnocgni hn}nt`w
Gaolcok` wzngk hn}nt`w= wkgao`nts gintclckt {o`kt%`tnco wswpke
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Azktnpcaoni ztadikew
nwwagcnpk` vcph NWZ
Azktnpcaoni Ztadikew al NWZ
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Gaeeao ztadikew koga{opktk` co azktnpcof phk NWZ
D{ibcof wi{`fk
Tcwcof wi{`fk
Oagnt`cn lane
D{ibcof wi{`fk Gn{wkw hcfh w{wzko`k` waic`w co phk klli{kop
Liagw `a oap gaezngp no` wkppik vkii no` wi{`fk dinobkp `kzph cogtknwkw(dksao` pszcgni >: pa 7: ge#
Tkw{ipw co zaat ptknpekop zktlatenogk
Encopncocof `kwctk` ik|ki al EIWW!EI\WW dkgaekw `cllcg{ip) klli{kophnw w{wzko`k` DA@) hcfhkt tkgsgik tnpkw tk`{gk vnwpkvnpktw HTP
Pva pszkw al d{ibcof= Lcinekopa{w no` \cwga{w d{ibcof
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Lcinekopa{w d{ibcof
Lcinekopw oateniis ztapt{`k a{p al phk wi{`fk liag
W{tlngk ntkn pa enww tnpca cogtknwkw no` wi{`fk nppncow zaat wkppicofztazktpckw
\cwga{w d{ibcof
Gn{wk` ds kxgkwwc|k nea{op al kxptngkii{int hs`tazhcicg dcazaisekt
Enbkw phk wi{`fk hcfhis vnpkt tkpkopc|k (hs`ta{w d{ibcof#
D{ibcof Wi{`fk
D{ibcof Wi{`fk
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Lngpatw gn{wcof d{ibcof
Vnwpkvnpkt ghntngpktcwpcgw) icbk) tkn`cis dca`kftn`ndik atfnocg enppktno` lktekopnpcao zta`{gpw) H4W no` tk`{gk` w{il{t gaeza{o`w (wkzpcgvnpkt#) o{ptckop `klcgckogs no` iav zH
Liav |ntcnpcaow no` |ntcnpcaow co zH
@kwcfo icecpnpcaow) icbk gaezikpk ecx tkngpat gao`cpcaow) icecpk` nct
w{zzis) zaat ecxcof) whatp gctg{cpcof) `klkgpc|k wi{`fk gaiikgpcao no`tkea|ni no` icecpk` tkp{to wi{`fk z{ezcof gnzngcps
Azktnpcaoni cww{kw) icbk) iav @A) cow{llcgckop o{ptckopw) iaofkt WTPno` w{dwk~{kop iav L!E) cow{llcgckop wai{dik DA@ (lat phkwklcinekopa{w atfnocwew ntk |kts gaezkpcpc|k#) copktoni zinop
a|ktian`cof (tkgsgik ian`w al gkoptnpk no` lciptnpk#O{ptckop icecpcof wswpkew no` |kts hcfh ian`cof al vnwpkvnpkt vcph
hcfh ik|kiw al tkn`cis dca`kftn`ndik GA@ gno gn{wk |cwga{w d{ibcof
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Gaoptai al d{ibcof ens tk~{ctk co|kwpcfnpcao ao
Vnwpkvnpkt ghntngpktcwpcgw
Ztagkww ian`cof Tkp{to no` vnwpk wi{`fk z{ezcof tnpkw
Copktoni zinop a|ktian`cof
Gintclckt azktnpcao
Co|kwpcfnpcao cw {w{niis wpntpk` vcph ecgtawgazcg kxneconpcao al ecxk`ic~{at
D{ibcof Wi{`fk
D ibc Wi `
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Wai{pcaow lat d{ibcof
@kgtknwcof WTP at azktnpcof phk nktnpcao k~{czekop np l{iignzngcps gno pnbk gntk al d{ibcof ltae icecpcof @A
@A wha{i` dk ?4 ef!i {o`kt oateni ian`cof gao`cpcaow
Wkikgpat ztagkwwkw (nktadcg) noaxcg no` nonktadcg# co zingk algaezikpk ecx wswpkew gno dk n wai{pcao lat d{ibcof ltae iaofktWTP no` iav L!E tnpcaw
Copktoni zinop a|ktian`cof gno dk n|ac`k` phta{fh tkgsgicof
gkoptnpk no` lciptnpk `{tcof phk zktca`w al ecoceni hs`tn{icg no`atfnocg ian`cof
Oap tkpncocof phk wi{`fk lat eatk phno 7: eco{pkw gno n|ac`wkzpcg gao`cpcaow no` w{dwk~{kop d{ibcof
D{ibcof Wi{`fk
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D{ibcof gno dk pkezatntcis gaoptaiik` ds Gi4 no` H4A4
:/::4%:/::8 bf zkt `ns al Gi4 zkt bf al EI\WW lat ;%>: ht HTP
wswpkew Ghiatconpcao gno zta`{gk p{tdc` klli{kop no` bcii ocptclcktw
Ptchniaekphnokw no` aphkt gaeza{o`w vcph zapkopcni hkniph no`ko|ctaoekopni kllkgpw gno dk latek`
@awk al H4A4 `kzko`w ao kxpkop al lcinekopa{w `k|kiazekop
D{ibcof Wi{`fk
Tcwcof Wi{`fk
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@cllktkopcnpk` ltae d{ibcof wi{`fk ds ztkwkogk al wenii fnw d{ddikw co phk
wi{`fkGaeeao co wswpkew vcph gao`cpcaow ln|a{tndik lat ocptclcgnpcao
Ocptclcgnpcao cw phk gaeeao gn{wk
Ocptclcgnpcao co phk nktnpcao dnwcow zta`{gkw ocptcpk no` ocptnpk
@kocptclcgnpcao co phk gintclcktw gao|ktpw zta`{gkw ocptafko fnw Ptnzzcof al ocptafko fnw enbkw phk wi{`fk d{asnop
Wai{pcaow ens cogi{`k
Tk`{gk` wi{`fk `kpkopcao co phk gintclckt (cogtknwcof phk wzkk` al wi{`fkgaiikgpcao no` vcph`tnvni#
Tk`{gk` ecxk` ic~{at liav pa phk gintclckt (`kgtknwkw wi{`fk `kzph#
@kgtknwk WTP no`!at nktnpcao lat gaoptaiicof ocptclcgnpcao
Zawp%nktnpcao noaxcg ztagkww ztk|kopw `kocptclcgnpcao co gintclcktw
Lanecof
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[w{niis nwwagcnpk` vcphOagnt`cn no` Ecgtaphtcx znt|cgkiin
Hs`tazhadcg gkii w{tlngkw niiav nppnghekop al dngpktcn pa no`wpndcic}npcao al nct d{ddikw pa gn{wk lanecof (:/; pa >/: e phcgb#
Phk lanecof gno fa dksao` phk NWZ no` fkp copa nktadcg no` nonktadcgwi{`fk `cfkwpktw
Gaoptai eknw{tkw N|ac` lane ptnzzcof nktnpcao dnwcow (dnllikw vcph liav {o`kt gno ptnz
lane co phk dnwco#
Tk`{gk aci no` ftknwk (Oagnt`cn no` Ecgtaphtcx ntk {w{niis nwwagcnpk`vcph phkwk# liav copa phk nktnpcao dnwco
N|ac` tkgsgicof al wbceecofw al gintclcktw pa nktnpcao dnwcow
[wk al wkikgpatw gno `cwga{tnfk lanecof
N``cpcao al wenii gaogkoptnpcaow al gnpcaocg zaisektw no` ghiatcokwztns a|kt phk w{tlngk al lane gno niwa tk`{gk lanecof
f
Wkikgpat Ztagkwwkw
N ii b c l ii b ` l c c h
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N wenii pnob at n wktckw al wenii pnobw ntk {wk` lat ecxcof phkcogaecof vnwpkvnpkt vcph phk tkp{to wi{`fk {o`kt nktadcg at
noaxcg!nonktadcg gao`cpcaow Gaoptaiw lcinekopa{w d{ibcof no` cezta|kw wi{`fk wkppicof
ghntngpktcwpcgw
Hcfh tdGA@ L!E tnpca `cwga{tnfkw lcinekopa{w ftavph d{p
koga{tnfkw liag latecof oao%lcinekopa{w dngpktcni ftavphWkikgpat ztagkww `kwcfow ntk pva pszkw
bcokpcg at hcfh L!E wkikgpatw
Hcfhkt w{dwptnpk gaogkoptnpcaow tkw{ip co lnwpkt w{dwptnpk {zpnbk ds liag
latecof dngpktcn Hcfh @A (< %8 ef!I# cw okk`k` lat encopncocof nktadcg liag
Tkgaeeko`k` L!E tnpcaw ntk >4) < no` 7 zkt `ns GA@ L!E tnpcaw latn 7 pnob wkikgpat
paa hcfh L!E tnpcaw) ?8 DA@!`ns # gno gn{wk |cwga{w d{ibcof
Wkikgpat Ztagkwwkw
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Ekpndaicg at noaxcg at nonktadcg ztagkwwkw wkikgpatw
Cezta|k` wi{`fk wkppicof ghntngpktcwpcgw no` ecoceni lcinekopa{wdngpktcn ntk adwkt|k` vcph phk dcaiafcgni o{ptckop tkea|ni ztagkwwkw
Lcinekopa{w dngpktcn gno oap {wk ocptnpk at ocptcpk nw kikgptao nggkzpat{o`kt noaxcg gao`cpcaow
Lcinekopa{w dngpktcn `a oap wpatk zaiszhawzhnpkw no` hkogk gno oapgaow{ek ngkpnpk {o`kt nonktadcg gao`cpcaow
Noaxcg at nonktadcg ekpndaicg gao`cpcaow ntk {wk`
Nonktadcg wkikgpat gno dk {wk` dklatk phk nktnpcao pnob (zhawzhat{wtkea|ni gno agg{t#
Cl ocptclcgnpcao cw {wk`) phko noaxcg wkikgpatw gno dk {wk`
Lat hcfh L!E noaxcg!noktadcg wkikgpatw W\C al ecxk` ic~{at gno dknw iav nw ::%>4: eI!f#
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NWZ eaocpatcof
Eaocpatcof
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Eaocpatcof cogi{`cof wnezicof ltk~{kogs no` zntnekpktw pa dknonis}k` wha{i` dk okk` dnwk`
Eaocpatcof ens dk tk~{ctk` lat
Gnttscof a{p ptknpndcicps wp{`ckw no` `kwcfo al phk NWZ
Lngcicpnpcof azktnpcao no` gaoptai al phk NWZ
Nwwkwwcof gaezicnogk vcph phk tk~{ctkekopw (nghck|kekop al wkpno` `kwcfo kllcgckogckw#
Zktlatenogk k|ni{npcao al phk NWZ
Eaocpatcof co|ai|kw wnezicof no` noniswcw al wnezikw al
Coli{kop vnwpkvnpkt al phk NWZ
Nktnpcao pnob gaopkopw
Ecxk` ic~{at dkcof lk` pa phk wkgao`nts gintclckt
Gintclck` wkgao`nts klli{kop (wkgao`nts gintclckt a|ktliavw#
Tkp{to wi{`fk
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Eaocpatcof
Eaocpatcof gno dk aoicok (nzztaztcnpk lat ztagkww gaoptai .#
Eaocpatcof co|ai|kw gaiikgpcao al wnezikw no` noniswcw co
Co`{wptcni {ocpw avo KPZ at gkoptni indatnpats (lat ta{pcok
zntnekpktw# A{pwc`k indatnpats (waekpcekw 7t` zntps indatnpats# lat n`|nogk`
noniswcw (lat oao%ta{pcok zntnekpktw tk~{ctcof wazhcwpcgnpk`cowpt{ekopw#
7t` zntps indatnpats cw `kzko`k` ao wzkgcniis lat gaezicnogk
nwwkwwekop! eaocpatcof
Wnezicof iagnpcao wha{i` m{`cgca{wis ghawko
Eaocpatcof
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Ekpha` al wnezicof ghawko wha{i` kow{tk gaiikgpcao al tkztkwkopnpc|kwnezikw
[w{niis ftnd wnezicof gno wkt|k phk z{tzawk
Aggnpcaoniis gaezawcpk (liav ztazatpcaonpk`1# wnezicof ens dktk~{ctk`
Ltk~{kogs al wnezicof no` zntnekpktw pa dk noniswk` lat wha{i` dk
`kgc`k` ao phk dnwcw al phk eaocpatcof admkgpc|k!z{tzawk
Pszcgni wnezicof iagnpcaow no` gaeztkhkowc|k icwp al zntnekpktw latnoniswcw lat no NWZ ntk c`kopclck` hktk
Wnezicof np nii phk iagnpcaow) wnezicof ds nos wzkgclcg ekpha` al
noniswcw) no` noniswcw lat nii phk c`kopclck` zntnekpktw ens oapnivnsw dk tk~{ctk`
Wnezicof ltk~{kogs gno dk np lcxk` copkt|niw no` vhkok|kt n okk`ntcwkw
Wptknew pa dk eaocpatk` no` zntnekpkt
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Coli{kop (cogi{`cof copktoni tkgsgik liavw#= Nwwkww daph ~{nopcpsno` ghntngpktcwpcgw
Liav tnpk no` |ntcnpcaow (cl okk`k` phk liav wha{i` dk enonfk`#
Copktoni tkgsgik liavw
Atfnocg enppkt gaogkoptnpcao DA@) dGA@ (DA@ bcokpcgw# no`GA@
O{ptckopw PBO (neeaocgni no` atfnocg ocptafko#) ocptnpk zi{wocptcpk ocptafko) no` papni zhawzhat{w
W{wzko`k` waic`w= PWW) \WW) od\WW (co`ctkgp ekpha`#
Papni nibnicocps) Pkezktnp{tk no` zH
Nktnpcao dnwco gaopkopw= Pkezktnp{tk) zH no` @cwwai|k` axsfko Axsfko {zpnbk tnpk no` wzkgclcg axsfko {zpnbk tnpk (Paxcgcps
nwwkwwekop#
Eaocpatcof al NWZ
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Eaocpatcof al NWZ
zH co phk nktnpcao pnob pa ghkgb vhkphkt koa{fh nibnicocpscw ztkwkop
O{ptckopw co phk ptknpk` klli{kop PBO) Ocptnpk%O no`Papni%Z
@A co phk nktnpcao pnob (wnezik wha{i` oap gaek cogaopngp vcph nct no` dcaiafcgni liagw wha{i` dk `kngpc|npk`#
EIWW no` EI\WW) PWW co phk gintclck` wkgao`ntsklli{kop no` W\C al ecxk` ic~{at
\cw{ni no` ecgtawgazcg kxneconpcao al ecgtadcni liagw
Wptknew pa dk eaocpatk` no` zntnekpkt
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Ecxk` ic~{at
EIWW no` EI\WW
Ocptnpk no` ocptcpk ocptafko
W\C no` ]W\
Ecgtawgazcg kxneconpcao al dcaiafcgni liagw
Tkp{to wi{`fk
EIWW at gaowcwpkogs
Gintclck` wkgao`nts klli{kop
Wai{dik DA@) papni DA@) GA@Ocptnpk zi{w ocptcpk ocptafko no` PBO (neeaocgni no` atfnocg
ocptafko wkzntnpkis#
Papni zhawzhat{w no` PWW
z
@kwcfo al phk NWZ
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Ghntngpktc}npcao no` ~{nopclcgnpcao al phk coli{kop pa dk ptknpk`
Liav tnpk no` |ntcnpcaow (n|ktnfk liav no` zknbcof lngpat# liav k~{nic}npcao ens dk okk`k` pa `nezko |ntcnpcaow
Atfnocg enppkt gaogkoptnpcao DA@) dGA@ (DA@ bcokpcgw# no`GA@
O{ptckopw PBO (neeaocgni no` atfnocg ocptafko#) ocptnpk zi{wocptcpk ocptafko) no` papni zhawzhat{w
W{wzko`k` waic`w= PWW) od\WW (co`ctkgp ekpha`#
Papni nibnicocps
Pkezktnp{tk (w{eekt gtcpcgni no` vcopkt gtcpcgni pkezktnp{tk alphk coli{kop#
Nedckop gao`cpcaow) icbk) w{eekt no` vcopkt gtcpcgni pkez/)nipcp{`k no` npeawzhktcg ztkww{tk) ens dk