action research for social learning and water governance – a facilitative service approach- bruce...
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Action research for social learning and water governance – a facilitative service approach
Bruce Lankford24 November 2010. SESSION 6: Case studies on Knowledge support systems CTA Conference, South Africa
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Responding to scale in water mgt and food security – irrigation expansion and water allocation
Long-term engagement using action-research programmes (5-10 years)
(Test) Framework of mono/polycentric governance
Facilitate change management including gaming approach to natural resource management
Scientists as brokers of knowledge; multi/trans-disciplinarity
Promotion of local experts, leaders, artisans as catalysts of community learning and infrastructural redesign
Action-research for water management
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Food/water security in Sub-Saharan Africa: expansion with water allocation
Current irrigation 13 million ha irrigated215 million ha cultivated6% of total is irrigatedCompared to 37% AsiaOpportunities to increase
Policy questionsHow to increase areaImprove performance of existing areas
At low cost Not stress river basinsWater → other sectors
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Micro-technologies inappropriate (ICRISAT “African Market Gardens”)
Treadle pumps
Micro-irrigation kits
Row crops – perishable veg & fruit Near urban centres Lift of <0.5 metre ideally Treadle work-effort equiv 0.5 ha = 0.6 million Joules/day$20-$100 bucket kits = Cost US$5-10K/haGovernance of diffuse vs point demandCumulative irrigated area can deplete small catchments
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Implementing irrigation reform and expansion; recognising conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Large distances and distant communities/sectorsHigh levels of water unpredictability and variability Data scarcityLack of administrative reachFiscal constraints Irrigation systems (with many thousands of farmers) account for 60-80% depletion of freshwater?
Horizontal (geographic) scale
‘Remote complexity’
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Vertical reach of scale (As ecologists say “there’s plenty of room at the bottom”)
Smallholder irrigation – in southern Tanzania
System are fractal – replicating bifurcations
River systemMain canal systemSecondaryTertiaryFarmFieldBund/rowCrop plantCrop branchLeafStomata
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April 7, 2023
Scale & localisation: forms of polycentrismRequire modular units
Breaking large basins down into smaller units of management
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Facilitating water management – role of experts mediating local policies
Devolving responsibilityFacilitating local ownershipLocal bye-laws Problem resolutionTechnological choice Top-enders Tail-enders
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Current costs for irrigation new-build & rehabilitation (FAO, WB, JICA, EU) approx $10,000/haLocal artisanal engineers to keep costs of irrigation investments below $5000/ha, while aiming for less than $2-3K/ha
Controlling costs: putting users into water policy and delivery
Formal designed irrigation headworks
– too expensive?
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Replace this type of support thinking
“Farmers must be trained on soil and water technologies to enhance crop production and food security”
ASARECA. 2006 Maputo Workshop statement www.asareca.org/swmnet
With this kind of support thinking:
What training needs arise when we facilitate dialogue and local policy-making? When we bring farmers from top- and tail-end systems together while handing them responsibility to allocate water between irrigators, systems and to downstream sectors?
Engaging with irrigators’ knowledge
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Food and water security – sustainable irrigated areaVertical and horizontal scale challengesHuman capacity & skills investments Governance architecture; polycentrismScientists as mediators (transformative agents)Water users & local engineers as water experts
Framework to accommodate thisLong-term, large action-research projects: supporting & creating local ability/responsibility for water policy
Conclusions