act’s journey towards net zero carbon emissions · heater type stars energy cost to meet load*...
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ACT’s Journey Towards Net Zero Carbon Emissions
Dr Michael Smith Senior Energy Efficiency Policy and Programs OfficerEnergy Efficiency Improvement Scheme Climate Change and SustainabilityEmail: [email protected]
Phillip Yapp Senior Energy Project OfficerCarbon Neutral Government (CNG) TeamClimate Change and Sustainability
‘Net Zero Emissions’ Discussion Paper
• Proposed new targets:
o Carbon neutral by 2045 or earlier
o Interim targets as milestones, with action
plans for each interim period
• A discussion of options for emission
reductions and climate adaptation
• A sectoral approach
o Transport
o Energy/buildings
o Waste
o Land use
ACT Climate Change Strategies and Programs
Interim Targets
ACT Climate Change Strategies and Programs
0%
22%
61%
7%10%
Medium reference case 2020 emissions
ACT Emissions Profile - 2020
40% below
1990 levels
ACT Climate Change Strategies and Programs
ACT Government Policy & Programs to help
achieve decarbonisation of buildings
• ACT 100% RET by 2020 target and ACT
Renewable Energy Reverse Auctions.
• Energy Efficiency Improvement Scheme
• Next Generation Solar and Energy Storage
Program
• Carbon Neutral ACT Government Program
• Actsmart Programs
ACT Government is:
• Supporting private sector leadership to
create cost effective new residential
buildings/new suburbs such as the
Ginninderry new suburb trial
• Contributing to COAG work - 2019
national commercial building code
increase.
• Supporting ASBEC’s work - to build
consensus on industry preferences for
building code trajectories for 2022 and
beyond.
• Supporting via EEIS private sector
leadership from ActewAGL Retail – who
wants to help customers improve
heating and cooling energy efficiency.
Decarbonising our buildings sector
• Supporting private sector leadership
- to create the largest virtual battery trial here
in Canberra via Next Gen Energy Storage
Program
- to build demand response capability –smart
heating/cooling systems.
• Supporting households, who have invested in
solar PV, by creating new EEIS activities to
help them upgrade HVAC & hot water
upgrades to create schedulable load for PV.
• Developing “deemed” small business heating &
cooling activities via EEIS.
• Support greater private and public sector
investment in heating and cooling upgrades
(EEIS, Actsmart, CNG)
Decarbonising ACT’s buildings sector
Decarbonising our transport sector
• Developing new light rail
network
• EV Strategy launched and
ACT Transport Strategy
being renewed.
• Zero-carbon electricity
supply to help underpin this
transition
Towards Net Zero Emissions – New and Existing Residential
Buildings
4 Examples of Private Sector Leadership
ASBEC (2018) The Bottom Line
Report, states that
“Research shows that “all
electric” (buildings) are currently
more cost-effective than installing
gas connections in new
buildings. This is because
electric heating and hot water
technology is becoming
increasingly efficient, so despite
gas being cheaper per unit of
energy than electricity, electric
appliances have lower running
costs than their gas-powered
counterparts.“
Ginninderry Development has begun construction of its first stage:
- Includes ACT’s first “all electric” mini-suburb trial with solar PV and batteries.
- This is the first 6 star green star certified community in the ACT. https://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/act/construction-begins-on-cross-border-ginninderry-housing-
development-20180427-p4zbzu.html
First geo-thermal heated & cooled mini-suburb - Fairwater near Blacktown, Sydney.
Photo: Wolter Peeters - https://www.smh.com.au/environment/sustainability/geothermal-a-technology-that-blows-hot-
and-cold-in-sydneys-booming-west-20170410-gvherz.html
Examples of Nearly Net Zero New Apartments Pitt and Sherry (2016) Net Zero
Apartment Buildings report• “Using high performance glazing,optimising wall to window ratios, andimproving building thermal envelopefficiency results in significant wholeof system and whole of life costsavings.”
• It significantly reduces the size of the requiredapartment air-conditioning plant capacitiesresult in:o Cost reductions in air-conditioning system
installation and operational energy costs.o Spatial reduction in extent of condenser
banks.o Reduction in substation size, capital cost
and connection cost. “
Government
Energy retailer - apply target to individual sales and undertake
activities
Target (for all of ACT) Eligible activities
Amount of activity Type of activity
Community
Retailer funded
implementationRepaid through energy bills
Community savings
worth more than
implementation
costs
Incentive for
innovative low-
cost delivery
Existing Residential Buildings – Role of the EEIS
Energy Efficiency Improvement Scheme (EEIS) – a retailer obligated scheme
ACT Energy Efficiency Improvement Scheme
Energy savings in approximately 71,000 households and businesses
Over 18,000 of these were priority low income households
Over 1.2 million energy savings items installed
390,000 tCO2-e saved
Savings of around ($5.00 p/week for participating households, $57 p/week
for participating businesses)
Extension to 2020 broaden participation and expand eligible activities
Current activities being delivered commercial lighting, heating/cooling and
(soon) hot water upgrades.
Household and Business lifetime energy bill savings ~ $240 million to date.
Benefits of Energy Efficiency Obligation Schemes
EEIS heating activities have the best marginal cost of
abatement
EEIS activities with marginal cost
below $0
Residential Heating – Comparative Analysis
Heater Type Stars Energy cost to meet
load*
Central heaters
Ducted gas heater 4.3 $2,915
Ducted higher efficiency gas heater 6 $2,528
Ducted variable speed electric split
heat pump
2.5 $1,116
Room heaters
Gas flued wall heater 2.1 $1,097
Gas flued wall heater 4.4 $875
Non-ducted ”electric” split heat pump 2.5 $376
Non-ducted efficient “electric” split
heat pump
5 $287
Sources: EEIS Priority Household Target 2017 Regulatory Impact Statement http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/ri/db_56930/current/pdf/db_56930.pdf
[1] * Assumes 18.304c per kWh for electricity and 2.8c per MJ for gas. The cost of running a gas heater includes some electricity for the fan unit. This is conservatively estimated at $107 per year for ducted systems and $11 for wall units, and has been included in the total. Costs associated wi th using the units for cooling are not included.
• 2017-2018 – ACT Housing/EEIS/
ActewAGL Retail trial heating upgrade
program was run in >220 homes.
• 2018 ACT Budget announced a new 3
year ACT Housing energy efficiency
upgrade program.
• Approx. 2000 existing public housing
homes will receive energy efficiency
upgrades.
New ACT Housing Energy Efficiency Upgrade Program
Towards Net Zero Emission – Existing
Commercial Buildings
EEIS Stakeholder forum– New Activities
Expansion of Space Conditioning Activities into
Business Applications for 2019
EEIS is developing and consulting on 4 X new “deemed”
commercial heating and cooling upgrade activities:
– Replacing inefficient central space heating
– Relacing inefficient room space heating
– Replace a central heating and cooling system
– Replace an inefficient room heating and cooling
system.
These replacements are to efficient reverse cycle heat pump
packaged unit(s) (ducted or non ducted) up to 65 kW heat
capacity per commercial heating space.
NB. The GEMS/E3 database goes up to 65 kW currently for
heat pumps.
EEIS is about to consult on these proposed new deemed activities.
In this consultation EEIS is also seeking expert AIRAH member
advice on what other potential “deemed” or “measurement and
verification” commercial heating and cooling activities could be
added to the EEIS? For instance, should EEIS consider;
– Adding a new “deemed” activity for replacing standard 4 pipe
gas boiler chiller systems with high efficiency heat pumps? Or
should such an activity be done using baseline measurement
and verification methods (M&V)?
– Adding a new activity to incentivise upgrading gas boiler
heating systems to hybrid heat pump options using M&V
methods?
– Adding a new EEIS activity for commercial HVAC tuning with
M&V?
New EEIS Business HVAC Activities –
Consultation Process
The Carbon Neutral Government Program
Towards Net Zero Emission – Government
Buildings
Carbon Neutral Government Fund
• 0% interest loan to government agencies for initiatives
that reduce emissions at source
– Loan repaid from utility savings
• Initially targeting 6 year payback
• $13.6 M spent on 25 Projects
– $1.9 M annual cost savings
– ~10 GWh annual electricity savings
– ~9 TJ annual gas savings
Carbon Neutral Government Fund
Projects• LED lighting upgrades
• LED lighting and solar PV combined
• Solar Thermal - HHW
• Boiler Burner upgrades
• Building Tuning
• Heat Pump HVAC
• UVC Cooling Coil Cleaning
Transition to Heat Pumps – Technical
Considerations• Required HHW temperature
– 50 - 55˚C ideal for heat pumps
– 70 – 80˚C for ammonia heat pumps (investigating)
– 70 - 80 ˚C typical temperature for natural gas
• Climate challenges
– 5˚C common in ACT Climate forwinter warm up period
• Heat recovery
– Integrate thermal systems
– Datacentre; Cool rooms; or Geothermal
Technology
Water Temperature
~55˚C ~85ᵒC150ᵒC
Steam
Air Cooled Heat
PumpYes Limited No
Investigating
Hybrid Options Yes Yes Limited
Transition to Heat Pumps – ‘North
Building’• North Building is a mixed use facility
– Art Gallery, office and community uses
• Art gallery requires archival conditions
– Humidity control can call for both heating and cooling
• Full refurbishment of mechanical systems
– Chillers and boilers replaced with multiple 4 pipe heat
pump system
• 50˚C HHW
– Additional $650k vs like for like
– <8 year ROI
– AHUs, VAVs and BMS upgraded
Transition to Heat Pumps – ‘North
Building’• Commissioned on 8 September 2017
• Significant reduction in energy consumption in 9 months to May 18
– 2,300 GJ Gas,
– 80,000 kWh Electricity,
– 2,600 GJ total energy avoided
-
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1,000.00
1,200.00
North Building - Energy Consumption (GJ)
Gas (GJ) Electricity (GJ) Avoided Energy (GJ)
Transition to Heat Pumps – New
office assets• Challenges in procurement due to atypical approach
• Perception of technological risk
• Perception of cost risks (utilities and maintenance)
• Risk of Canberra climate reducing capacity of heat
pumps in winter warm up
– Reduced COP and de-rated capacity at low ambient
– Heat pumps cycling through defrost cycle
– Additional building systems required to manage the risk of tenant
condition
• Higher capital cost, but improved building performance.
• Risks around NABERS ratings with NSW emissions factors
Balancing CNG and LSR
• 100% renewable grid removes emissions motivation
from electricity saving projects
– Reduces ability to access CNG Fund
– Reduces attractiveness of ‘embedded’ Solar PV
– Somewhat balanced by increasing utility costs
• Subsequent emissions savings require fuel shift of gas
consuming equipment
– Generally require transition to heat pumps
– Most effective when coupled with electricity demand
reduction
– Potential for integration of electrical initiatives like
solar PV, pump/fan VSDs and LED lighting upgrades
The CNG rolling fund helps overcome upfront cost barriers. Are there private sector finance
equivalents?
Private Sector - Potential Opportunity for Financing to
Overcome Upfront Cost Barriers for HVAC upgrades?
• Energy Performance Contracts (EPCs) – There some
ESCOs working with finance institutions to provide HVAC
upgrades with EPCs.
• Energy Efficiency Council lists ESCOs with experience in
EPCs - http://www.eec.org.au/for-energy-users/find-a-
provider?service=energy-performance-contracting
• EPCs could help overcome upfront cost barriers for larger
HVAC upgrades.
• ROI can be improved by maximising synergies with
investments in commercial building hybrid electric HVAC
upgrades, waste heat recovery and solar PV.
• What other barriers are preventing HVAC upgrades in ACT?
Conclusion• Post 2020, buildings relate emissions will contribute
approximately 20% to overall ACT greenhouse gas
emissions.
• ACT Government policy and programs are seeking to
compliment private sector leadership to support the lowest
cost pathways to achieve net zero emission buildings by
2045.
• EEIS is broadening the scope of eligible activities in 2019 to
support efficient upgrades of heating systems for
businesses. EEIS is engaging with and seeking AIRAH
member advice.
• Contact details – [email protected] and 02
62074576