Acta Bot. Gallica, 2004, 151 (1), 55-64.

Conservation status of Eryngium viviparum Gay

by Maria I. Romero, Pablo Ramil and Marco Rubinos

Universidade de Santiago, Escola Politecnica Superior, Dpto. Botanica, Campus de Lugo, E-15702

Lugo

arrive le 31 juillet 2003, accept/de 24 septembre 2003

Abstract.- Eryngium viviparum Gay is listed as threatened in various Europeandocuments, including the 1979 Berne Convention (Annex I), listings from theIUCN (1983, 1992, 1997), and the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC, in which it isincluded in Annex 11 and listed as a priority species. Here we report detailed stu­dies of its distribution, especially in the NW Iberian Peninsula, and assess its cur­rent conservation status in view of distribution, popUlation estimates and threatassessments. Weconclude that about 93% of the total population is located inNW Spain (23 confirmed sites, mostly in Galicia), with a highly fragmented dis­tribution; about 57% of the Spanish population can be considered threatenedand about 2% severely threatened (i.e. immediate risk of extinction). It is thusclassifiable as Endangered in Spain, Critically Endangered in France (where ithas only a single population) and Endangered worldwide.

Key words: aquatic plant - habitats Directive - atlantic endemic species - areaof distribution - habitat fragmentation - small popUlation. '

Resume.- Eryngium viviparum Gayest une espece menacee, ainsi considereedans plusieurs catalogues europeens comme la Convention de Berne de 1979(Annex i), les Iistes successiv!Js de rUiCN (1983, 1992, 1997) ainsi que dans laDirective Habitats 92143/CE ou elle est placee en annexe 11 et considereecomme "espece prioritaire". Dans ce travail nous avons etudie la distributionactuelle, specialement dans le nord-ouest de la peninsule. iberique, et enrT]smetemps nous abordons une revision du statut des sites (nombre d'individus dessous~populations et evaluation de leurs menaces). Parmi nos conClusions souli-

, gnons que 93% de 'ses populations se localisent au nord-ouestde l'Espagne (23stations ,confirmees,' en Galice principaI6l:nent) avec une distribution ties, frag;mentee ; environ 57% des populations espagnoles doivent ,stre considereescomme 'meriace'es, dont 2% forterrient 'menacees (c'est-a-dire it 'risque imrnediatd'extinction). Enfin, nous propo$ons .de c1asser I'espece comme En daHgerenEspagne, En danger critique d'extinction en France (u~e station seulement) etEn danger a I'echelle,du monde.

Mots cZes ,. piante aquatique - Directive Habitats - espece endemique atlantique- aire de distribution - fragmentation d'habitat - population reduite.

56

1. INTRODUCTION

Aquatic plants constitute one ofthe most threatened groups in the European flora, basicallyas a result of anthropic habitat destruction and alteration. This ecological group incltldesEuropean taxa like Eryngium viviparum Gay, a small umbellifer which grows in areas sub­ject to seasonal flooding (Cook, 1983). This species is an Atlantic-region endemic with adisjunct distribution in NW France (Morbihan department) and NW Spain and previouslyPortugal (Dupont, 1962). It has been listed as a threatened species, such for over twodecades in various European documents including the Berne Convention (Annex I; Anon.,1979), various mCN listings (1983, 1992, 1997), and the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC(Anon., 1992). In the 1997 mCN listing, it is classified as Vulnerable.

The inclusion of this plant in Annex n of the Habitats Directive, in which it is listed asa "priority species", puts an onus on the governments concerned to develop strategies forits conservation. In France it is listed in various compilatory works on threatened flora(Danton et al., 1995; Annezo et al., 1995), which contain data relating to its distributionand conservation status (given below), as well as proposals for its conservation. InPortugal, by contrast, it has been considered extinct for a decade (Arriegas et al., 1992), asrecognized by the mCN in 1997.

In NW Spain, E. viviparum has been known since 1850, when it was collected by Lange(Willkomm et al., 1880; Ortiz, 1988), and its presence was again documented by Merinoin 1905. Very little has since been published about this species in this region, except formentions in chorological reports (Garcfa L6pez, 1992; Valdes-Bermejo et al.,1995), andnon-primary reports on its distribution (Dominguez et al., 1994, 1996); indeed, in some ofthese reports it· is explicitly stated that not all the information given corresponds. to theplant in question. It has recently been classified as Endangered (AAVV, 2000) although itwas not included in the Spanish official listing of threatened species (Anon., 1990). In thepresent study, we consider the populations of E. viviparumin the wetlands of NW Iberia.Specifically, is this species genuinely rare, or has it simply been little studied? Is its Iberiandistribution really well known? Is its global area declining? We also consider populationsize and trends with a view to assessing its resilience, and catalogue the types of threat towhich it is currently subject. Our overall aim is to establish the current area of distributionof this species, and to accurately assess its conservation status.

n. METHODOLOGY

A. The study speciesEryngium viviparum is a small bluish-green biennial plant not generally exceeding 8 cm'

in height (Charter, 1968). It lives submerged for 7-9 months ofthe year. It has a basal roset­te oflinear lanceolate pinnatifid leaves, narrower at the base and terminating in small teeth.When its habitat dries up, it develops dichotomous-branching stems that extend parallel tothe substrate, bearing small opposed acute lanceolate pinnatifid leaves. The flowers arebright blue and grouped (6)7-8(9) in small globose capitulum-type inflorescences withacute linear oblong pinnatifid bracts. The fruits are globose with small scales on the upperpart, separating into two mericarps on maturation. Plants show a strong capacity for vege­tative propagation, by fragmentation of stems during the winter. This strategy appearsimportant for the species' biology, and explains its characteristic "contagious-patchy"microdistribution.

t

57

Frequently this species has been confused with E. galioides Lam., an Iberian endemic thatoccupies similar habitats, juveniles of which may be difficult to separate from other taxa.

B. HabitatThis plant grows in flats and depressions subjected to seasonal waterlogging under

Atlantic climate. It forms part of the community Littorelletea uniflorae Br.-Bl. & Tiixen1943, of the alliance Hyperico elodis-Sparganion Br.-Bl.& Tiixen ex Oberdorfer 1957.Frequent companion species include Ranunculus jlammula, Baldellia ranunculoides,Chamaemelum nobile and Isoetes velata.

C. Data collectionDistribution

We first reviewed published data on the distribution of this species and additionally revi­sed the major herbaria of the central and northwest Iberian Peninsula (FCO, LEB, LOU,LUGO, MA, MAF, SALA and SANT) (Appendix I). On the basis of these starting data,we then visited all sites in the NW Iberian Peninsula from which E. viviparum has beenreported over the period 2000-2002 and also prospected other sites which we consideredpotentially suitable for this species. The full data thus obtained were mapped on the 1 x 1km2 UTM grid.

Population size and trendsOur estimate of the size of the Iberian population was based on our own census data

from those sites at which we found the species (i.e. counts oframets or basal leaf rosettes).Plantlets were not counted, as they were very difficult to detect, because they are general­ly covered by organic matter when the habitat dries up. We likewise did not consider non­reproductive juveniles, since the rosettes enabling species identification do not appear toshow any variation in size or leaf number allowing prediction of whether or not the plantis going to flower. In view of this species' biennial character, we consider that adult ramets(as included in our censuses) all have reproductive potential, and can be considered "matu­re individuals" as defined by the IUCN. During these census visits, we looked for signs ofpathology (e.g. fungal pathology) and predation; however, in no case did we detect evi­dently pathological appearance or significant signs of predation.

The size of the French population was estimated on the basis of the data published byBuord et al. (1999). We also considered other data included in older compilatory studiesof threatened flora (Danton et al., 1995; Annezo et al., 1995).

Ill. RESULTS

A. DistributionDistribution and chorology in NW Iberia

Within Iberia, this species is currently present only in Spain (Fig. 1), not in Portugal.Most sites are in the Spanish region of Galicia, in inland parts of Lugo Province (notablythe Terra Cha area) and to a lesser extent Ourense Province. Further east it is found in awetland close to the city of Le6n, which appears to be its distribution limit, since it hereoverlaps with its Iberian-Mediterranean vicariant E. galioides. We have also been able toconfirm its presence to the southeast, in Zamora Province, not verified in recent years(Annezo et al., 1995).

58

Fig. 1.- Map showing the current area of distribution of E. viviparum in Europe on the topright and map showing the location .of the E. viviparum populations in NW IberianPeninsula (clusters 1, 2 and 3 in Galicia; clusters 4 and 5 in Castilla-Le6n).

Fig. 1.- Carte de la distribution d' E. viviparum en Europe (en haut) et localisation des popu­lations du nord-ouest de la Peninsule Iberique (clusters 1, 2 et 3 en Galice; clusters 4 et5 en Castilla-Le6n).

J/l

1-+ + +~+ + +

+ -e +}I++

TN

+1-'"+'"

++

++'--T---'---T-'--,-,'-.-----------.-.-----....._J

PJ++++

+ ++ +

++

NJ+++ +++++ ~A+ + + + ++ f'.+ + + + ++++ +++++ + ~MH- N/ + + +

+ + +++++ + ++++

+ + ++ + ++ + ++ + +

+ + ++ + +

The two sites from which this species was knownin Portugalwere in the Douro Litoraldistrict, the corresponding herbarium material being dated between 1881 and 1883(Carvalho et al., 1994). The sites at which this species was present are included in Table 11under Unconfirmed. For more than three decades this coastal belt has been subject to inten­se building pressure, and there are currently no natural or seminatural habitats suitable forE viviparum.

59

Table 1.- Number of known E viviparum sites in Brittany, as reported between 1975 and1999.

Tableau 1.- Localites d'E viviparum citees en Bretagne entre 1975 et 1999.

1975-1980199119951999

Total

Unconfirmed sites

15

Confirmed sites

I22I

Site area

0.1 ha

0.1 ha

Table 11.- Number of known Eviviparum populations in NW Iberia (* populations at whichE viviparum is considered extinct),

Tableau 11.- Nombre de populations d'E viviparum connues du Nord-Ouest iberique.(* populations ou I'espece est consideree c6mme eteinte).

Country

Spain

Portugal

Total

Province

LugoOurense

A COfufiaLean

Zamora

Confirmed sites

144I22

23

Unconfirmed sites

I

2 •

10

New sites Site area

10 57.89 ha3 39.11 haI 0.44 ha2 0.5 ha2 0.5 ha

18 " 98.44 ha

Distribution in FranceMost sites for this species are in Morbihan department (Brittany), in the littoral mariti­

me subdistrict of the Basse-Bretagne/La Hague biogeographical district. Riviere et al.(1992) report the loss of 15 documented sites over the preceding five years, as again~t onenew site found in 1991. Buord et al. (1999) report a single confirmed site only (see Table.I).

B. Population sizeThe region containing the majority of individuals of this species is Galicia. The Galician

,sites can be grouped into three well-differentiated clusters (Fig. 1). Cluster 1 (Lugo - TerraCha) is located in the sedimentary depression of the upper Mino watershed, and comprises:14 populations (Table Ill), separated by an average of 2.8 km. The highest density is inUTM 29TPH18, for which we have estimated up to 3500ramets per site (Fig. 2). This clus­ter thus contains the majority ofIberian individuals. Cluster 2 (Ourense - A Limia) is loca­ted in another sedimentm:y depression, that of the River Limia inthe far south of Galicia.The mean, distance between sites is about 4.5 km, markedly higher than in Cluster. 2.Cluster 3 (Melide - A Coruna) is located in the upper Ulla watershed, in a flat area of soilsformed from mafic T,Gcks, and consists, of a single site with very few individuals, in. a smalldepressionofanthropic origin.· Cluster 4 is located. close 'to southeast Galicia b.ut in factoutside this region (in Sanabria, Zamora Province, Castilla-Le6n, Regi.on), at f020 m alti-

60

Table 111.- Estimated numbers of individuals of E. viviparum in its known population areasand current habitat protection and principal threats affecting E. viviparum (A: sand extra­ction, B: land use change, C: drainage, D: nutrient input, E: livestock grazing). (SCI = Siteof Community Interest; IBA = Important Bird Area). 1 - Compatible impact: impacts suffe­red do not constitute an immediate threat to the existence of the population; 2 - Moderateimpact: if existing impacts continue population size is likely to decline, though withoutshort-term risk of extinction; 3- Severe impact: if existing impacts continue there is a signi­ficant short-term risk of local extinction; 4 - Critical impact: if the existing impacts conti­nue, local extinction is expected in the near future.

Tableau 111.- Relation des differentes sous-populations d'E. viviparum avec estimation dunombre d'individus, appartenance ou non El des sites soumis El un statut legal de protec­tion d'habitats et principales menaces sur E. viviparum (A : extraction de sable, B : chan­gement d'usage du site, C : drainage, D : fertilisation, E : paturage du betail). (SCI = Sited'interet communautaire ; IBA = Aire d'interet pour les oiseaux). 1 - Impact compatible:I'impact supporte ne represente pas une menace immediate pour le maintien de la popu­lation. 2 - Impact modere: si I'impact continue la taille de la population se reduira tresprobablement, mais sans risque d'extinction El court terme. 3 - Impact severe: si I'impactcontinue il existe un risque significatif d'extinction locale El court terme. 4 - Impact critique: si I'impact continue I'extinction locale est imminente.

N° of UTM N° of N° ofUTM 1x1 km populations ramets

squares

% of totalpopulation

Iberia Europe

Habitatprotection

Threates / Impacts

A B C 0 E

IberiaCluster 1 19

29TPH08 429TPH17 129TPH18 1029TPHI9 129TPH27 I29TPH28 2

Cluster 2 429TPG06 129TNG95 229TPGI6 1

Cluster 3 I29TNI-I85 1

Cluster 4 229TPG96 2

Cluster 5 230TTN71 2

Total (Iberia) 28

FranceBrittanyMorbihan

Total (Europe) 29

14 11.856 58.6 54.552 360 1.77 SCI 3 21 30 0.14 No protection 47 8.710 43.05 SCI 2 2 2 2 11 5 0.,02 SCI 2I 5 0.02 No protection 42 2.750 13.59 No protection 24 3.796 18.74 17.461 30 0.14 No protection2 3_736 18.46 SCI 11 30 0.14 No protection 2 2I 18 0.08 0.081 18 0.08 SCI 22 2.052 10.14 9.442 2.052 10.14 Nature reserve2 2.510 12.40 11.542 2.510 12.4 IBA

23 20.232 93.09 ..

I1.500 6.90 SCI

24 21.732

tude, the highest recorded altitude for this species. Cluster 5 (the single Lean site, with asmall population) is located further east, at an altitude of 850 m, in an area where E.galioides is also present.

These clusters are thus not directly linked by a river system, although genetic inter­change may occur as a result of dispersion by waterbirds, particularly among the Galiciansites, which are closer together.

61

50

45

II 40GlE 35lI\0::~ 30

25

20

15

10

50,6%

0

29TA-108 29TPH18 29TPH28 29TNG95 30TTN71 29TFG96 otrosSquares UTM

Fig. 2.- Percentages of the total Iberian population (ramets) within each of the main UTM10 X 10 km2 grid squares.

Fig. 2.- Pourcentage de la pORulation iberique totale (ramets) present dans chacun desprincipaux carres 10 x 10 km2 de la cartographie U.T.M.

The area of Brittany including the E. viviparum sites (Beltz) has since 1988 been sub­ject to specific measures to favour its conservation (Amlezo et al., 1995). Population sizeat these sites has varied markedly among years, from 200 to 1500 individuals (Buord et al.,1999).

c. Population trendsOur data suggest that rather more than 70% of the current world population of E. vivi­

parum is located in Galicia, and only a subset of the Galician subpopulations are in areaswith any sort of protected status. Specifically, some sites are Sites ofCommunity Interestwithin the Spanish proposal for the Natura 2000 network. Even so, most sites are affectedto a greater or lesser extent by anthropic habitat degradation or fragmentation, due to acti­vities including drainage and sand extraction (Table Ill). By contrast, the sites located inthe Castilla-Lean Region (about 20% of the world population) are more effectively pro­tected. The Lean site (Cluster 5) is a Important Bird Area (as defined by BirdlifeInternational), though it can be considered particularly sensitive due to its proximity to asmall town, thus increasing pressure from human activities and livestock. Cluster 4 is loca­ted within the Sanabria Nature Reserve, in a location orographically isolated from the restof the population. Livestock grazing is probably the most severe threat to which these sitesare subject.

62

IV. DISCUSSION

A. Is there any evidence of population decline?One of the aims of this study was to obtain a better knowledge of the distribution of this

species, although it should be stressed that we have only carried out field studies in NWIberia, relying on published reports for our assessment of distribution in France. Our fieldstudies (seeTable II) summarizes our information on the number of sites at which this spe­cies occurs in the Iberian Peninsula. We have been unable to confirm seven previouslyreported sites, and consider it likely that it has become extinct at these sites, all of whichwere reported from before 1905, since when there have of course been very significantchanges in land use throughout the region.

On the other hand, the new sites found for this species in Spain indicate that it extendsrather further east than was previously thought, and allow more accurate identification ofits geographical range. Accurate data on the distribution of a plant are of course of keyimportance in conservation biology, with erroneous distribution assessments frequentlyleading to incorrect assessments of conservation status (see Valdes et al., 2000).

Bearing in mind the highly specific habitat required by E. viviparum, even under idealcircumstances it would occur only in a tiny percentage of its overall geographical area (seeIUCN, 2001), with a highly fi-agmenteddistribution. At the same time, we need to bear inmind the likely importance of vegetative propagation for this species, so thata single sitemay comprise only one or a few genetic individuals. We have insufficient historical data toprecisely quantify this population decline, but consider that iUs probably significant andrelevant to the species' conservation (see Rodriguez et al., 2000).

B. Current conservation statusThe French populations ofE. viviparum are apparently being effectively maintained as

a result of the species' conservation status (Cl), which calls for strict protection of the bio­tope; furthermore, a specific programme of conservation and habitat management is beingimplemented (BuoI'd et al., 1999). Nevertheless, this programme does not appear to bemaintaining population levels stable, since marked year-to-year fluctuations have beenreported (Table I). These French populations can be considered as a regionaLpopulationsink.

Applying mCN criteria atthe regional level (Ginsburg, 2001) with categories as defi­ned in mCN (2001), this species should be classed as Critically Endangered in France,since it meets the following criteria: a) population decline of more than 90% over the per­iod 1980-1990, and b) estimated area occupied less than 10 km2, and within this area onlya single location. Furthermore, there has been a continuous decline in the area occupied atthis site, and the remaining population shows marked interannual fluctuations.

In the Iberian Peninsula, the situation is clearly less critical: despite its extinction inPortugal, the Spanish populations are geographically scattered, and probably maintainconsiderable genetic diversity (which is of course an aspect that would merit specificstudy). Despite the generally positive sihmtion in Spain, however, it should be noted thatthis species' distribution is highly fragmented, and that more than half of the Spanish popu­lation - including some plants at sites with legally protected stahlS - is currently threatened(see Table Ill). Thus we estimate that about 56.9% of the Spanish population is threatenedwith likely decline in the short-term due to habitat-modification impacts such as sandextraction, drainage and land-use change (notably clearance for pasture or for Pinus orEucalyptus monoculture); a further 1.8% is subject to severe habitat-modification impacts

63

and is likely to be eliminated in the near future unless urgent protective measures are taken(indeed at some of these sites the situation is already critical, only reversible by managedrecovery measures); the remaining 41.4% is located in areas in which impacts are compa­tible with the natural development of the population.

In conclusion, the current status of Eryngium viviparum in Spain can be defined asEndangered on IUCN criteria, i.e. a) declining population size due to reduced area ofoccurrence and/or habitat destruction/degradation, and b) estimated area ofoccurrence lessthan 500 km2, severely fragmented and with declining number of sites.

Acknowledgements - We thank J. Izco, J. Amigo, I. Pulgar, G. Nieto, E. Rico and P. Bariego for discusion and helpduring the fieldwork of this study. We also thanks S. Waldren for useful comments on the final manuscript. The studywas funded under proyect PGIDT01 MAM291 01 PR from The Galician Government.

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f)

Appendix.- Listing of UTM 10 x 10 km2 grid squares containing E. viviparum sites, in eachcase indicating corresponding references and/or herbarium vouchers.

Appendice.- Liste desdifferents carres 10 x 10 km2 (cartographie U.T.M.) contenant deslocalites d'E. viviparum, avec pour chacun la reference bibliographique ou I'echantillond'herbier en faisant faL

UTM Altittide Pi'ovince Source Herbarium (voucher)

29TPH08 440 Lugo Lange, 1866; COl (no ref.) LUGO 772, 774, 765'.Willkomm & Lange, 1880;Merino, 1905; Ortiz, 1988

29TPHI7 400 Lugo SANT 06228. MA 179139, 179140, 197309.SALA 3139.

29TPH18 387-421 Lugo SANT 17595,41391,38490.MA 421613. LEB 38546. MAF 131173.

LOU 10423. LUGO 763, 764, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770.29TPH19 400 Lugo LUGO 82029TPH27 410 Lugo LUGO 77329TPH28 400 Lugo LUGO 818, 81929TPHl1 450 Lugo Merino, 190529TNG95 660-610 Ourense SANT 45414,45415,45416,45319,46390.

MA 565175. LEB 61822. LUGO 771.FCO 23332. SALA 55639.

29TPQ06 630 Ourense SANT4541729TPG16 620 Ourense SANT4596929TPG56 1200 Ourense Merino, 190529TPG27 1600 Ourense Merino, 190529TPG24 400 Ourense Merino, 190529TPG18 800 Ourense Merino, 190529TNG97 400 Ourense Merino, 1905

449 A COfllfia Valdes-Bermejo et al., 1995 LUGO 77529TNH8530TTN71 850 Lean LEB 29178, LEB 19921. SANT 4531229TPG86 1000 Zamora Gat'cia Lapez, 1992 MA 51038829TPG96 1020 Zamora SANT 4726829TNF24 0 Douro Litora1 Sampaio, 1946; PO 6076GS; LISU P27001, P27002. COl (no ref.).

Amaral,1971;Carvalho & Arriegas, 1994