act-r : a theory of higher level cognition and its relation to visual attention
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ACT-R Introduction A Theory of the visual interface Visual attention Application to menu-selection data Conclusion. ACT-R : A Theory of Higher Level Cognition and Its Relation to Visual Attention. 백영미 February 21, 2005. ACT-R Introduction A Theory of the visual interface - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
ACT-R : A Theory of Higher Level Cognition and
Its Relation to Visual Attention
ACT-R : A Theory of Higher Level Cognition and
Its Relation to Visual Attention
백영미February 21, 2005
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
ACT-R
: High level cognition 과정들의 넓은 범위를 모델링하는 일반적인
시스템
In this ariticle, 메뉴 Selection 을 위한 ACT-R 어플리케이션 구현에 대해 논의
하고 , ACT-R 이론이 메뉴를 Search 하는 시간에 대해 측정된 어떤 파라미터도 없어도 특별한 예측들을 만드는 것을 보여준다 .
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
ACT-R 은 high level cognition 모델로 , Anderson 에 의해 개발됨 .(1993)
Tower of Hanoi, 강의실 내 수학 문제 해결 , 컴퓨터 미로 내에서의 네비게이션 , 컴퓨터 프로그래밍 등의 Domain 에서는 좋은 Human cognition 을 제공 .
But, Human-Computer Interaction 에서는 심각한 failing 를 가지고 있음 .
< 왜냐하면 피검자들이 외부환경과 함께 상호작용 했던 많은 내용들을 무시했기 때문 >
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Introduction
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
In Kieras and Meyer’s(1994) terms, “Disembodied cognition”
이론을 가지고 , 이 논문에서는 앞서 말한 누락을 다루었고 , ACT-R 이 컴퓨터 어플리케 이션들과 상호작용하는 방법이론을 개발했음 .
이것은 Visual attention 과 관련있음 . 1. Visual attention 이론과 이것이 어떻게 ACT-R 이론이 관련있는지 설명 .
2. Vidual attention 에서 어떤 고전전인 패러다임들을 위한 어플리케이션을 설명 .
3. 메뉴 선택과제 확장과 과제에 대해 어떤 초기 예측들을 만들수 있는 능력을 설명 .
- 4 가지 cognition 의 기본적인 ACT-R 이론을 통해 ..
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Introduction
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
ACT-R 에서 가정하는 2 types of Knowledge : Cognition 은 Declarative 와 Procedural Knowledge 의 상호작용 결과로
나타남 .
- 핵심 가정 : 모든 지식이 초기에는 Declarative 하지만 그것이 Procedural 로 변형될 수 있음 .
ex) 운전을 배울때 어떤 사실들을 들음으로써 시작을 하고 , 들은 것을 행위의 지표로 아주 느리게 해석해낼 수 있다 . 이런 지식은 연습 결과 , 빨리 그리고 자동적으로 실행되는 Procedural 로 전환됨 .
① Declarative Knowledge
: Factual, holds information
② Procedural Knowledge : specify how to bring declarative knowledge to solve problems
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Introduction
Example
Example
“3+4=7”, “George Washington was the first president of the United States.”
IF the goal is to add n1 and n2 in a colum, and n1+n2=n3THAN sets a subgoal to write n3 in the column.
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
High level cognition 이론들은 visual attention 과 perception 같은 low
level process 를 무시한다 .
Higer level process 에 Focusing Strategy 은 high level cognition에는
뛰어나지만 , resulting model 에서는 두가지 stress 가 생김 .
① Input 의 절차화된 표현 가정에 의해 , theorist 들은 표현 선택에서 자유도를 분석하지 않음 . ②Theorist 들은 정확성과 지연성 같은 종속변수들에 기여할지도 모르는 정보 접근에서
중요한 문제들을 무시함 .
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
A Theory of the Visual Interface
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
Fig.1 proviede basic overview of the system.
-Three basic entities to be related.
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
A Theory of the Visual Interface
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
Visual attention 의 ACT-R 이론 , -ACT-R 이 Fig.1 에서 iconic menory 에서 information 을 찾고 추출하는 방법과
관련있음 .
Visual icon 내 정보는 Chunk( 군집 ) 로 표현 .
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Visual Attention
Sperling TaskSubitizing TaskVisual-Search TaskConclusions
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
Three basic types of information ACT-R can
- look in particular locations and direcrions
- look for particular features - request to scan for objects that have not yet been attended.
Several Comments
1. ACT-R 은 시각적 특징들의 conjunction 을 찾을 수 있다 . 2. ACT-R 은 특히 처리되지 않은 object 들을 제한할 수 있다 . 3. ACT-R 은 그것을 찾기 위한 특징들의 척도와 인식하는 object 사이즈를 선택할 수
있다 .
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Visual Attention
Sperling TaskSubitizing TaskVisual-Search TaskConclusions
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
Subjects can adjust the scale or spatial frequency at which they are
attending to a visual display.(Navon, 1977)
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Visual Attention
Sperling TaskSubitizing TaskVisual-Search TaskConclusions
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
이 이론이 어떻게 작동하는지 이해하기 위한 가장 좋은 방법 ? - visual attention 을 포함하여 다양한 과제들에 적용시켜보는 것 .
1) Sperling Task 2) Subitizing Task 3) Visual-search Task
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Visual Attention
Sperling TaskSubitizing TaskVisual-Search TaskConclusions
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
By Sperling,1960 -Whole-report condition, 문자들을 피실험자에게 잛은 시간 노출 (50msec) 후 보고된 기억내용 조사 평균 4.4 개 -partial-report condition
Fig.3 실험은 2 가지 점을 시사 .
-First Demension : Visual sensory memory 제한들에 대한 정보이다 .
-Second Demension : 빠른 visual attention 은 정렬을 이동할 수 있다 .
=> 이런 이유로 visual attention ACT-R 이론은 이 결과를 모델화시킬수 있다 .
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Sperling Task
Sperling TaskSubitizing TaskVisual-Search TaskConclusions
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
Visual array 에서 문자들을 visual interface 에 의해 기호화하는 이 과제를 시뮬레이션으로 개발했음 .
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Sperling Task
Sperling TaskSubitizing TaskVisual-Search TaskConclusions
When a report row is not identified, the following production would apply :
After a row has been identified,the following production :
If no tone is presented, Encode-Screen will edcode any letter in the arrayIf a tone is present, productions like Encode-Top-Row will encode letters in the cued row.
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Sperling Task
Sperling TaskSubitizing TaskVisual-Search TaskConclusions
Fig.4 는 이 model 의 예측을 나타낸것임 .
*ACT-R model of this task
: very simple, consists of the production rules given plus a rulr to switch from attending to reporting
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Subitizing Task
Sperling TaskSubitizing TaskVisual-Search TaskConclusions
By Simon, Cabrera, & Kliegl(1994) : several objects are presented to a subject, and the subject must identify as quickly as
possible how many objects there are on thescreen.
가정 : special productions that recognize one object, two object, three objects etc..
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
Start will move attention to some part of the screen.
See-one, See-two, See-Three will apply to initialize the
count.
Attend-Another will move attention to other unattended objects.
Add-one will add one to the count.
Stop will report the count.
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Subitizing Task
Sperling TaskSubitizing TaskVisual-Search TaskConclusions
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Visual-Search Task
Sperling TaskSubitizing TaskVisual-Search TaskConclusions
By Shiffin and Schneider(1977) In their experiment 2,
Subjects had to detect a target item when it was presented in a visual display of one to four(frame size)
The target letter was in a memory set of one to four(memory-set size)
In general, judgment times increase with memory-set size and frame size, but the effects are much stronger for the
varied-mapping condition. Fig. 6(top panel) shows Shiffrin and Schneider’s results.
이 task 의 ACT-R model 이 무엇인지 개발했음 . 단계 : 1)Preparation 2)Search 3)Judgment
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Visual-Search Task
Sperling TaskSubitizing TaskVisual-Search TaskConclusions
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
ACT-R model is consistent with some od the classic results
from visual attention.
각 3 개의 과제중에서 , We were able to fit the data asuming just about 185 msec to switch
attention.
-In the sperling task, attention switching was the only actvity. -In the subitizing task, there was also time required to set up and increment a
count.
-In the Shiffrin and Schneider task, judgment time played a significant role.
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Conclusions
Sperling TaskSubitizing TaskVisual-Search TaskConclusions
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
• Kieras and Meyer 의 EPIC model 보고서에서 다룬 Nilsen data 로 ACT-R 시스템에 적용 .
• ( 이런 데이터는 메뉴에서 아이템의 타겟 위치의 기능처럼 메뉴를 스캔하는 시간과 관련되어 있음 .)
• Fig.7 메뉴에서 아이템의 연속적 위치의 기능같은 action 시간을 나타냄 .
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Application to menu-selection data
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
For this study, the items in the menu are ordered randomly(1to 9).
가정 : subjects selected one of its features and scanned down the menu for the first item with that feature.
The two critical productions are:
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Application to menu-selection data
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Application to menu-selection data
Baek Young-Mi UI LAB
Our goal in this article has been to describe how we have given
eyes to ACT-R. *Our goal has been to show :
-Visual attention 의 basic process model
-Menu scaning 같은 전통적인 HCI task matter
ACT-R provides an architecture for both simple and complex tasks.
ACT-RIntroduction
A Theory of the visual interfaceVisual attention
Application to menu-selection dataConclusion & Discussion
Conclusion & Discussion