acoustic monitoring to assess the potential for federally and ...detector settings: lat/long set- n...

Acoustic Monitoring to Assess the Potential for Federally and State Listed Bats

along the Lansing River Trail, Lansing, Michigan

Prepared by:

Daria A. Hyde, Brian J. Klatt and Michael A. Sanders Michigan Natural Features Inventory

P.O. Box 13036, Lansing, MI 48901

Prepared for: City of Lansing

Public Service Department – Engineering 124 W. Michigan Ave. | Lansing, MI 48933

August 21, 2018. MNFI Report No. 2018-12

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Acoustic Monitoring Report: River Trail Project Site, Lansing, MI

Description of Activities and Summary of Results:

Michael Sanders and Brian Klatt from Michigan Natural Features Inventory, a program of Michigan State University Extension, conducted a habitat assessment at two sites on the Lansing River Trail for the Lansing Public Service Department on July 17, 2018. Suitable habitat was found for the Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) and Northern long-eared bat (M septentrionalis) at the Hazel Street and Moore’s River Drive locations including a few snags, trees with exfoliating bark and a permanent water source which could act as a corridor between adjacent forested habitats in the landscape. As a result, acoustic monitoring for federal and state listed bats was recommended.

Acoustic monitoring was conducted between August 3, 2018 and August 9, 2018 at the sites. One omnidirectional microphone and acoustic detector was placed at each site, following guidelines by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the “Range-Wide Indiana Bat Survey Guidelines”, April 2018.

Analysis of the results of the acoustic monitoring was conducted between August 14 and August 20, 2018 using Kaleidoscope Pro, Version 4.5.5. and Sonobat 3.2.2 MW. No Indiana bat, Northern long-eared or evening bat calls were detected by either of the two software analysis programs at the Hazel Street location on any of the nights. The Kaleidoscope program classified several calls at the Moore’s River Drive location as potentially belonging to the Northern long-eared bat on the evenings of August 5th and August 7th. Further analysis using the Sonobat program did not classify any calls recorded at the Moore’s River Drive location on any night as Northern long-eared bat. Qualitative analysis of the calls at this location, including those that were classified as “NOID” also did not support this classification. The calls that were identified by the Kaleidoscope program were instead identified as belonging to the big brown bat. Qualitative analysis of the calls was conducted by Daria Hyde and Brian Klatt. There were no calls that could confidently be classified as that of Indiana bat, Northern long-eared bat or evening bat.

Based on the results of the acoustic analysis we do not anticipate that construction activities associated with repairs to the Lansing River trail will result in impacts to any federal or state listed bats.

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Acoustic Analysis Conducted by: Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University

Extension, for City of Lansing, Public Service Department – Engineering.

Report submitted to: Mitchell Whisler, Assistant City Engineer Lansing, Public Service Department, and

Jenny Wong, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Project Name- River Trail, Lansing, MI

Site ID No. /Name- Hazel Street: N 42.719522 W -84.540115

and Moore’s River Drive: N 42.714228, W-84.595456

Habitat Assessment: Appendix 1

Approximate Accuracy of Lat/Long coordinates- Accurate to within 10 feet-WAAS enabled

Survey Date – August 3- August 8, 2018 (Hazel St.) and August 4- August 9 (Moore’s River Drive)

Person who selected acoustic sites – Daria Hyde and Brian Klatt

Person who deployed detector- Daria Hyde and Dan Earl

Detector Brand & Model- Wildlife Acoustics SM2+

Microphone Brand & Model – Wildlife Acoustics SMX-U1

Microphone Type- Omnidirectional

Type of Weatherproofing- Foam wind screen and 45-degree PVC elbow with drain hole

Microphone height above ground level vegetation- 15 feet (Moore’s River Drive) and 20 feet (Hazel St.)

Distance from nearest vegetation or other obstruction- Hazel St: 9 m from river, 2 m from trail, 7 m

from snag, 2 m from nearest vegetation; Moore’s River Drive: 4 m from river, 0.5 m from trail, 2 m from

snag, 3 m from nearest vegetation.

Horizontal orientation of microphone - Hazel St. - 230 degrees SW., Moore’s River Dr.- 20 degrees N.

Vertical Orientation of Microphone – 45 degrees

Photographs of Detector set up- in Appendix 2.

Detector Settings: Lat/long set- N 42.719522 W -84.540115 and N 42.714228, W-84.595456

UTC time zone set (-4.00 for Eastern Standard Time) Sample rate set to 384000

Channels set to Mono –R File format set to Wav Gain right set to 0.0 dB












Advanced settings Dig HPF right set to fs/32 (12000) Dig LPF right set to Off Trg Lvl Right set to 6 SNR Trg Win Right set to 2.0 s Trg Max Length set to 6s Bits set to 16 Div Ration set to 8 Nap Trg Lvl set to OFF The following advanced program will start recording 30 minutes before sunset, continually running in 15 minute increments, and then stop recording 30 minutes after sunrise. 01 AT SSET-00:30:00 02 SET 38400 x MONO-R 03 DO 04 RECORD00:15:00 05 GOTO LINE 04 00x 06 UNTSRIS+00:30:00 07 GO TO LINE 01 00X Survey Start time- 30:00 minutes before sunset. Range: 8:56 pm on 8/3/18 to 8:49 pm on 8/8/18

Survey End time- 30:00 minutes after sunrise. Range: from 6:32 am on 8/4/18 to 6:38 am on 8/9/18

Methods used to Field-test proper functioning of Detector- Tested microphone using the calibrator,

checked settings on detector.

Were calls collected in Full Spectrum or Zero Crossing- Full Spectrum

Habitat type and or feature surveyed. The Hazel Street detector was deployed on August 3, 2018 and

attached to the fence on the east side of the trail which borders the Lansing Board of Water and Light.

The microphone was situated 9 m from river, 2 m from the trail, 7 m from the nearest snag and 2 m

from nearest vegetation. The microphone was pointed towards the river. The detector at Moore’s River Drive was deployed on August 4, 2018 and attached to the fence on the river side of the trail. It was situated 4 m from river, 0.5 m from the trail, 2 m from the nearest snag and 3 m from the nearest

vegetation. The microphone was pointed towards the river.

Weather conditions during survey period: (from Weather Underground- Lansing, MI)

• August 3: 90.1oF /62.6o F, 0.07 in rain, Wind 0-6 mph from the WSW.

• August 4: 94.3oF /60.3OF, 0.00 precipitation, Wind 1-7 mph from S.

• August 5: 96.1oF /70.9oF, 0.00 precipitation. Wind 1-11 mph from SW.

• August 6: 78° /69°, 0.02 in rain. Wind 0-10 mph from SW.

• August 7: 87° /67°, 0.14 in rain. Wind 0-8 mph from the N.

• August 8: 84° /67, 0.68 in rain. Winds 0-10 mph from WNW.

• August 9: 83° /63°, 0.00 in of rain. Wind 0-7 mph from WSW.


Acoustic Analysis Information: Summary of Findings

Name of Service Approved Bat ID Software: Kaleidescope Pro (Wildlife Acoustics). Version 4.5.5 (which

includes Bat Classifier: Version 4.2.0 (using “0” sensitivity setting).

Program Settings:






Quantitative Analysis: Most calls analyzed by the Kaleidescope Program were classified as big brown bat

(Eptesicus fuscus), which is the most common species in the southern half of the Lower Pensinsula. They

typically roost in old buildings. Numerous calls were classified as silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris

noctivagans) and hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) as well as the Eastern red bat (L. borealis). These three species are tree-roosting bats. At the Moore’s River Drive Location, several calls were classified as

the little brown bat (Myotis lucifigus) which is uncommon in southern Michigan and is currently listed as

a species of special concern due to its vulnerability to white-nose syndrome, a fungal disease most often

fatal to bats. Finally, 15 calls were classified as belonging to the Northern long-eared bat which is listed as federally threatened due to its rarity.

For comparison, the data from the recordings for the Moore’s River Drive location for August 5th- 6th and

August 7th- 8th, the evenings when Kaleidescope identified 15 calls as possible Northern long-eared bats,

was processed through SonoBat Version 3.2.2. It is our experience that the Sonobat program provides

more robustness and accuracy on which to base species classifications. No Northern long-eared bat calls were identified, and in fact the program did not definitively identify any bat species as the quality of the

calls were not of high enough resolution to definitively classify with Sonobat. It is likely that the

extraneous noise associated with the river degraded the quality of the recording of the bat calls.

Tables Summarizing Number of Calls ID’d for each Species/Site/Night can be found in Appendix 3.

Qualitative Analysis: Qualitative analysis was conducted for calls recorded on the evening/mornings of

August 5th - 6th and August 7th - 8th, 2018 at the Moore’s River Drive location which the Kaleidoscope

program classified as Northern long-eared bat. As a result, no calls were classified as having potential to

be a federal or state listed bat but rather most appeared to be big brown bats. Further analysis of calls

from the Hazel Street location also identified most calls as big brown bats with no listed bats present.



















Appendix 1- Habitat Report

Michigan Natural Features Inventory

Draft Study Plan- Phase 1 and Phase 2: Lansing River Trail, Lansing, MI.

Figure 1: Aerial Photo -Proposed Project Site: Moores River Dr. T04N R02W Sec 19, SE, SW. Ingham Co, MI.

Location of Habitat Assessment and Proposed Acoustic Monitoring

Figure 2: Aerial Photo -Proposed Project Site: Hazel Street Location. T04N R02W Sec 22, SE, NW. Ingham Co, MI.

Location of Proposed Habitat Assessment and Acoustic Monitoring

Phase 1- MNFI staff (Brian Klatt & Mike Sanders) conducted a habitat assessment for Indiana bat and northern long-eared bat in the linear project area along the river at both sites on July 19, 2018 in the areas outlined in red (~

3

Phase 2: Continued: Conduct automated acoustic analyses for each site that has high frequency (HF) or Myotid calls.

• We will conduct analysis of the acoustic recordings. o Program: Kaleidoscope Pro (Wildlife Acoustics, Inc.) (zero-crossing) Version 4.2.0 (using

“0” sensitivity setting) o We will also analyze the HF or Mytoid calls through SonoBat™ (Joe Szewczak), Version

3.2.2 for comparison.

• We will conduct a qualitative analysis of calls: o We will provide a detailed analysis and results of any qualitative acoustic analysis

conducted where a program(s) considered Indiana bat or northern long-eared bat presence likely, including justification for rejecting any program and MLE results (if applicable).

o We will provide a table with each species ID from the program(s), suggested species ID from manual vetting, and rationale for any changes

APPENDIX A: PHASE 1 HABITAT ASSESSMENTS




hydedTypewritten TextCity of Lansing River Trail Repairs

hydedTypewritten Text07-19-18


hydedTypewritten TextT04N, R02W, Sec 22.


hydedTypewritten TextBrian Klatt & Michael Sanders





hydedTypewritten TextLansing River Trail repair work - repair non-motorized trail



hydedTypewritten TextLansing River Trail - Hazel Street Site


hydedTypewritten TextRed Cedar River

hydedTypewritten TextUrban runnof


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hydedTypewritten TextCottonwood and Box elder














hydedTypewritten Text3 total snags


hydedTypewritten Textyes, potential Indiana bat and Northern long-eared bat habitat is present

hydedTypewritten TextThere is a permanent water source (Red Cedar River) at the site which has a few trees with exfoliating bark and 3 snags. Although two of these snags could provide roosting and foraging habitat for bats the other is blocked by the clutter of vegetation. The river could serve as a corridor between adjacent forested habitats in the landscape.
















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hydedTypewritten TextForested floodplain in vicinityof Potter Park and Shubel Park.





















hydedTypewritten TextCity of Lansing River Trail Repairs

hydedTypewritten Text07-19-18


hydedTypewritten TextT04N, R02W, Sec 19


hydedTypewritten TextBrian Klatt & Michael Sanders





hydedTypewritten TextLansing River Trail repair work - repair non-motorized trail



hydedTypewritten TextLansing River Trail - Moore's River Drive Site


hydedTypewritten Text Grand River

hydedTypewritten TextUrban runnof

hydedTypewritten Text1 acre pond

hydedTypewritten Textno








hydedTypewritten TextPrickly ash and Box elder














hydedTypewritten Text2 total snags


hydedTypewritten Textyes, potential Indiana bat and Northern long-eared bat habitat is present

hydedTypewritten TextThere is a permanent water source (Grand River) at the site which has a few trees with exfoliating bark and 1 snag which could provide roosting and foraging habitat for bats. The other snag is surrounded byvegetation which makes it unsuitable for use by bats. The river could serve as a corridor between adjacent forested habitats in the landscape.
















hydedTypewritten Text~ 10ac


















hydedTypewritten TextForested floodplain in vicinityof Woldumar Nature Center.

















Photo 1: Lansing River Trail - Hazel Street Location

Photo 2: Lansing River Trail - Moore’s River Drive Location

Appendix 2- Photographs of detector set ups

Hazel Street Location: Acoustic Detector Set-up

Close up of top of detector where microphone is

located. Mic is angled down and situated at the bottom

of the 45-degree angled pvc elbow with a drain hole.

Moore’s River Drive Location: Acoustic Detector was secured to

the fence adjacent to a large snag

Wildlife Acoustics- SM2+ Acoustic Monitor Set Up

Appendix 3. Tables Summarizing Acoustic Analysis

Wildlife Acoustics: Kaleidoscope 4.5.5 Software- Summary of Acoustic Analysis Bats of North America 4.4.0 S/A: 0 Lansing River Trail, Lansing MI: Acoustic Station – Hazel Street

8-3-18 to 8-4-18 EPTFUS LASBOR LASCIN LASNOC MYOLUC MYOSEP MYOSOD NYCHUM PERSUB NOID NOISE

Number of Calls 673 84 195 401 1 7 349 1036

EPTFUS LASBOR LASCIN LASNOC MYOLUC MYOSEP MYOSOD NYCHUM PERSUB

Presence P-Values: 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1


Number of Calls 363 15 78 194 1 3 179 1398

Presence P-Values: EPTFUS LASBOR LASCIN LASNOC MYOLUC MYOSEP MYOSOD NYCHUM PERSUB

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1


Number of Calls 378 9 38 158 1 3 151 2797


Presence P-Values: 0 3.3E-06 0.047653 0 1 1 1 1 1


Number of Calls 289 15 27 403 2 2 230 455


Presence P-Values: 0 0 1 0 0.993169 1 1 1 1


Number of Calls 298 2 29 196 256 1314


Presence P-Values: 0 0.653454 0.44142 0 1 1 1 1 1

Wildlife Acoustics: Kaleidoscope 4.5.5 Software- Summary of Acoustic Analysis Bats of North America 4.4.0 S/A: 0 Lansing River Trail, Lansing MI: Acoustic Station – Hazel Street

EPTFUS: Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus)

LASBOR: Eastern Red Bat (Lasiurus cinereus)

LASCIN: Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus)

LASNOC: Silver-haired Bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans)

MYOLUC: Little brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus)

MYOSEP: Northern Long-eared Bat (Myotis septentrionalis)

MYOSOD: Indiana Bat (Myotis sodalist)

NYCHUM: Evening Bat (Nycticeius humeralis)

PERSUB: Eastern Pipistrelle (Perimyotis subflavus)

NOID: No Identification

NOISE: Not considered a bat call

P-Values- P values approaching zero are considered to have high levels of certainty. Those values approaching 1 are considered to have low levels of certainty.

Wildlife Acoustics: Kaleidoscope 4.5.5 Software- Summary of Acoustic Analysis Bats of North America 4.4.0 S/A: 0 Lansing River Trail, Lansing MI: Acoustic Station – Moore’s River Drive.


Number of Calls 239 32 181 151 11 9 2 220 331


Presence P-Values: 0 0 0 0 0.069794 1 1 1 0.750484


Number of Calls 243 15 131 135 15 12 3 1 206 655

Presence P-Values: EPTFUS LASBOR LASCIN LASNOC MYOLUC MYOSEP MYOSOD NYCHUM PERSUB

0 0 0 0 9E-07 0 1 1 1


Number of Calls 125 14 50 88 16 2 208 251


Presence P-Values: 0 0 0 0 1E-07 1 1 1 1


Number of Calls 74 2 39 37 2 3 1 67 213


Presence P-Values: 0 0.090452 0 0.006157 0.191905 0.000539 1 0.976777 1


Number of Calls 83 8 120 95 9 3 2 186 299


Presence P-Values: 0 1.4E-06 0 0 0.00047 1 1 1 0.146902

Highlighted cells indicate nights in which calls for the Northern Long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) were detected where the P value was below

the threshold of 0.005 which indicates high levels of certainty of “likely presence”.

Wildlife Acoustics: Kaleidoscope 4.5.5 Software- Summary of Acoustic Analysis Bats of North America 4.4.0 S/A: 0 Lansing River Trail, Lansing MI: Acoustic Station – Moore’s River Drive.

EPTFUS: Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus)

LASBOR: Eastern Red Bat (Lasiurus cinereus)

LASCIN: Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus)

LASNOC: Silver-haired Bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans)

MYOLUC: Little brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus)

MYOSEP: Northern Long-eared Bat (Myotis septentrionalis)

MYOSOD: Indiana Bat (Myotis sodalist)

NYCHUM: Evening Bat (Nycticeius humeralis)

PERSUB: Eastern Pipistrelle (Perimyotis subflavus)

NOID: No Identification

NOISE: Not considered a bat call

P-Values- P values approaching zero are considered to have high levels of certainty. Those values approaching 1 are considered to have low levels of certainty.

sandersm1Cross-Out

SONOBAT 3.2.2 – Summary Results: August 4-9, 2018, Hazel Street Location, Lansing, MI

Myse Myso Mylu Pesu Nyhu Labo Epfu Lano Laci Consensus count 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Corrected count 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

likelihood of presence 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

MLE 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

ByVote count 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0

MeanClssn count 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0

LuSo sum 0

HiF sum 0

LoF sum 13

total est. passes 13

SONOBAT 3.2.2 – Summary Results: August 4-9, 2018, Moore’s River Drive Location, Lansing, MI

Myse Myso Mylu Pesu Nyhu Labo Epfu Lano Laci Consensus count 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Corrected count 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

likelihood of presence 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

MLE 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

ByVote count 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0

MeanClssn count 0 0 0 0 2 2 6 4 0

LuSo sum 0

HiF sum 7

LoF sum 59

total est. passes 66

LRT_Hazel Street-Habitat Assessment_MNFI.pdfINTRODUCTIONOBJECTIVESBACKGROUNDGENERAL PROCESSPHASE 1 – INITIAL PROJECT SCREENINGStep 3. Assess potential for adverse effects to Indiana bats.Step 6. Conduct Automated Acoustic Analyses for each site that had HF or Myotid calls from Step 5 or ALL sites if Step 5 was not conducted.Step 7. Conduct Qualitative Analysis of Calls.

PHASE 3. CONDUCT MIST-NETTING SURVEYS TO CAPTURE INDIANA BATS.PHASE 5. CONDUCT POTENTIAL HIBERNACULA SURVEYS

APPENDIX A: PHASE 1 HABITAT ASSESSMENTSAPPENDIX B: PHASE 2 or 3 MIST-NETTINGAPPENDIX C: PHASE 2 ACOUSTIC SURVEYSAPPENDIX D: PHASE 4 RADIO-TRACKINGAPPENDIX E: PHASE 4 EMERGENCE SURVEYSSite Name/#: _____________________ Roost Name/# ______________________ Bat #:___________Description of Roost/Habitat Feature Surveyed: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Site Name/#: ______________________ Roost Name/#: ___________________________

APPENDIX F: LINEAR PROJECT GUIDANCEAPPENDIX G: THE OUTER–TIER GUIDANCEAPPENDIX H: POTENTIAL HIBERNACULA SURVEY GUIDANCE

LRT Morre River Dr-Habitat Assessment_MNFI.pdfINTRODUCTIONOBJECTIVESBACKGROUNDGENERAL PROCESSPHASE 1 – INITIAL PROJECT SCREENINGStep 3. Assess potential for adverse effects to Indiana bats.Step 6. Conduct Automated Acoustic Analyses for each site that had HF or Myotid calls from Step 5 or ALL sites if Step 5 was not conducted.Step 7. Conduct Qualitative Analysis of Calls.




COORD_USFWS FO_Proposal_AcousticMon_LansingRiverTrail.pdfINTRODUCTIONOBJECTIVESBACKGROUNDGENERAL PROCESSPHASE 1 – INITIAL PROJECT SCREENINGStep 3. Assess potential for adverse effects to Indiana bats.Step 6. Conduct Automated Acoustic Analyses for each site that had HF or Myotid calls from Step 5 or ALL sites if Step 5 was not conducted.Step 7. Conduct Qualitative Analysis of Calls.



APPENDIX F: LINEAR PROJECT GUIDANCEAPPENDIX G: THE OUTER–TIER GUIDANCEAPPENDIX H: POTENTIAL HIBERNACULA SURVEY GUIDANCELRT Morre River Dr-Habitat Assessment_MNFI.pdfINTRODUCTIONOBJECTIVESBACKGROUNDGENERAL PROCESSPHASE 1 – INITIAL PROJECT SCREENINGStep 3. Assess potential for adverse effects to Indiana bats.Step 6. Conduct Automated Acoustic Analyses for each site that had HF or Myotid calls from Step 5 or ALL sites if Step 5 was not conducted.Step 7. Conduct Qualitative Analysis of Calls.




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undefined: Date: 071918: 42719522 84540115: Brief Projecf Description: Lansing River Trail repair work repair nonmotorized trail: Project Area: Project: a2s: aso: Partially cleared will leave treesX: Preserve acres no clearingX: Vegetation Cover Types: PrcProicct: PostProject: A thin border of trees growing between the river and the paved trail dominated by cottonwood: Some trees may be preserved for aesthetic purposes: Landscape within 5 mile 1adius I: Proximity to Public Land: Whlt is the distance mi from the project area to forested public lands eg ni1tional or state forests national o1 stte parks conservation areas wildlife management areas The site is 05 miles west of Potter Park and 10 miles northwest of Sycamore Park: Snmple Site Description: Sample Site Nos c Lansing River Trail Hazel Street Site: EphemeralStream Type llnd length: EphemeralPoolsPonds and izc: Pcm1ancntWellmds opprox ac: Luac: 1: Cottonwood and Box elderRow2: Additional Comments There is a permanent water source Red Cedar River at the site which has a few trees with exfoliating bark and 3 snags Although two of these snags could provide roosting and foraging habitat for bats the other is blocked by the clutter of vegetation The river could serve as a corridor between adjacent forested habitats in the landscape: Date_2: 071918_2: Lat LongfUTJv zone: 42714228 84595456: Brief Proiecf Description: Lansing River Trail repair work repair nonmotorized trail_2: Project Area_2: Project_2: a2s_2: aso_2: Partially cleared will leave treesX_2: Preserve acres no clearingX_2: Vegetation Cover Types_2: PrcProicct_2: PostProject_2: Some trees may be preserved for aesthetic purposes_2: Landscape within 5 mile 1adius I_2: Proximity to Public Land_2: Whlt is the distance mi from the project area to forested public lands eg ni1tional or state forests national o1 stte parks conservation areas wildlife management areas The site is 05 miles southwest of Frances Park and 10 miles northeast of Anderson Park: Snmple Site Description_2: Sample Site Nos Lansing River Trail Moores River Drive Site: EphemeralStream Type llnd length_2: PoolsPonds and izc: Pcm1ancntWellmds opprox ac_2: 1uac: 4: 2: 2_2: Prickly ash and Box elderRow2: Additional Comments There is a permanent water source Grand River at the site which has a few trees with exfoliating bark and 1 snag which could provide roosting and foraging habitat for bats The other snag is surrounded by vegetation which makes it unsuitable for use by bats The river could serve as a corridor between adjacent forested habitats in the landscape:

acoustic monitoring to assess the potential for federally and ...detector settings: lat/long set- n...

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