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  • 7/27/2019 Acoustic Emission During Orthogonal Metal Cutting

    1/12

    I n t . I . M e c h . S ci . V ol . 22 , p p . 285 -296PergamonP r e s s Ltd., 1980. Printed n Great Britain

    A C O U S T I C E M I S S I O N D U R I N GO R T H O G O N A L M E T A L C U T T I N G

    D. A . DORNFELD an d E. KANNATEY-AsIBUD e p a r t m e n t o f M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , B e r k e l e y , C A 9 47 20 , U . S . A .

    (Received 9 July 1979; in revised form 30 November 1979)S u m m a r y - - T h e t h e o r y o f a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n a n d t h e a n a l y si s o f e m i s s i o n s i gn a ls i s r e v i e w e da s i t a p p l i e s t o g e n e r a t i o n o f a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n i n m e t a l cu t t i n g . B a s e d u p o n t h e m e c h a n i c s o ft h e o r t h o g o n a l c u t t i n g o p e r a t i o n a r e l a t i o n s h i p i s d e v e l o p e d b e t w e e n t h e r o o t m e a n s q u a r e( R M S ) v o l t a g e o f t h e a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n a n d f u n d a m e n t a l c u t t i n g p a r a m e t e r s . T h e v a l i d i t y o ft h i s r e l a ti o n s h i p i s e v a l u a t e d b y a s e r i e s o f t e s t s v a r y i n g c u t t i n g s p e e d , f e e d a n d r a k e a n g l e f o ro r t h o g o n a l m a c h i n in g . S t r o n g d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e R M S v o l t ag e o f t h e e m i s s i o n o n b o t h s t ra i nr a t e a n d c u t t i n g v e l o c i t y w a s o b s e r v e d . T h e s o u r c e s o f a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n i n m e t a l c u t t i n g a r ed i s c u s s e d a n d a r e a s o f a d d i t i o n a l w o r k i n t h e s t u d y o f a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n f r o m m e t a l c u t t i n gare ident i f ied .

    b m a g n i t u d e o f b u r g e r s v e c t o rC i , C 2 c o n s t a n t sE e n e r g y o f a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o nr a t e o f e n e r g y g e n e r a t i o nf feedk m a x im um she a r s t r e s s , rm axI a v e r a g e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n d i s l o c a t i o n src c h ip t h i c kn e s s r a t i oA s s h e a r p l a n e d e f o r m a t i o na v e r a g e d i s l o c a t i o n v e l o c i t yt t imeT~ u n c u t c h i p t h i c k n e s sT2 c h i p t h i c k n e s sU v o l u m e o f p a r t i c i p a t in g m a t e r i a l

    N O T A T I O N

    1 . I N T R O D U C T I O NA c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n a n a l y s i s h a s s t e a d i l y g r o w n a s a s o p h i s t i c a t e d n o n - d e s t r u c t i v et e s t in g t e ch n i q u e o v e r t h e p a s t 2 5 y r . It h a s b ee n ap p l i ed t o a v a r i e t y o f s i tu a t i o n si n c lu d i ng w e l d fl aw d e t e c t io n , f r a c t u r e a n d c r a c k p r o p a g a t i o n i n p r e s s u r e v e s s e l s a n dm e c h a n i c a l e q u i p m e n t a n d m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t y e v a l u a t i o n d u r i n g t e n s i l e t e s t i n g . Ar e c e n t a p p l i c a t i o n o f a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n t o t h e m o n i t o r i n g o f m a n u f a c t u r i n g o p e r a t i o n si s t h e w o r k o f I w a t a a n d M o r i w a k i [ 1 ] . T h e i r w o r k r e l a t e s a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n s i g n a lch a r ac t e r i s t i c s t o t o o l f l an k w ea r d u r i n g me t a l cu t t i n g .

    A c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n a n a l y s i s i s i d e a l l y s u i t e d f o r a p p l i c a t i o n s i n w h i c h p r o c e s sc h a n g e s s u c h a s t o o l w e a r m u s t b e d e t e c t e d b e c a u s e t h e e m i s si o n s f r o m t h e o p e r a t io nc a n b e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e m e c h a n i c s o f t h e p r o c e s s . T h u s , t h e p o t e n t i a l f o ri n c r e a s e d u s e o f a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n f o r m o n i t o r in g o f m a n u f a c t u r i n g p r o c e s s e s s u c h a sp u n ch i n g an d f o r m i n g , d r aw i n g , ex t r u s i o n , w e l d i n g an d me t a l cu t t i n g is g r ea t . To b ea b l e t o a p p l y a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n a n a l y s i s t o a n y o n e o f t h e s e p r o c e s s e s r e q u i r e s t h a tt h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e m e c h a n i c s o f t h e p r o c e s s a n d t h e a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o ng e n e r a te d b e u n d e r s to o d .

    T h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h i s p a p e r a r e t h r e e f o l d ; ( 1 ) t o r e v i e w t h e t h e o r y o f a c o u s t i ce m i s s i o n a s it a p p li e s t o m e t a l c u t ti n g , (2 ) t o p r o p o s e a r e l a ti o n s h ip b e t w e e n t h e R M Sv o l t a g e l e v e l o f t h e a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n s i g n a l a n d b a s i c m e t a l c u t t i n g p a r a m e t e r s , a n d(3 ) t o ev a l u a t e t h is r e l a t io n s h i p b y ex p e r i me n t a l i n v es t ig a t i o n .

    A r e v i e w o f t h e t h e o r y o f a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n a n d t h e a n a l y s i s o f a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o ns i g n a l s i s p r e s e n t e d i n S e c t i o n 2 . A r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n s i g n a lc h a r a c t e r i s t ic s a n d m e t a l c u t ti n g p a r a m e t e r s i s d e v e l o p e d i n S e c t i o n 3 , a n d S e c t i o n 4d i s c u s s e s t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e u s e d a n d p r e s e n t s t h e d a t a f r o m t h o s e e x p e r i -m e n t s . A n a l y s i s o f t h e d a t a a n d c o n c l u s i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n S e c t i o n s 5 a n d 6 ,r e s p e c t i v e l y .

    285MS Vol. 22, No. 5 --B

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    286 D .A . DORNFELD an d E. KANNATEY-ASIBU2. A C O U S T I C E M I S S I O N T H E O R Y A N D D A T A A N A L Y S I S

    A c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n c a n b e d e f i n e d a s t h e t r a n s i e n t e l a s t i c e n e r g y s p o n t a n e o u s l y r e l e a s e d i n m a t e r i a l su n d e r g o i n g d e f o r m a t i o n , f r a c t u r e , o r b o t h [ 2] . I t i s, t h e r e f o r e , d e p e n d e n t o n b a s i c d e f o r m a t i o n m e c h a n i s m s ,s u c h a s d i s l o c a t i o n m o t i o n , t w i n n i n g , g r a i n b o u n d a r y s l i d in g , a n d v a c a n c y c o a l e s c e n c e . D i s l o c a t i o n m o t i o ni s t h e m a j o r m e c h a n i s m o f p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n i n m o s t c r y s t a l l i n e m a t e r i a l s a n d i t d e p e n d s o n t h em i c r o s t r u c t u r e o f a m a t e r i a l . T h u s , a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n c a n b e s t r o n g l y r e l a t e d t o t h e g r a i n s i z e , d i s l o c a t i o nd e n s i t y a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s e c o n d p h a s e p a r t i c l es i n m a t e r ia l s . H o w e v e r , s i n c e i t i s a l s o o b s e r v e d d u r i n gd e f o r m a t i o n o f n o n c r y s t a l l i n e m a t e r i a l s , i t s g e n e r a t i o n c a n n o t b e a t t r i b u t e d s o l e l y t o t h e a b o v e m e n t i o n e dm e c h a n i s m s . O t h e r p r o p o s e d s o u r c e s o f a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n i n m e t a l s i n c l u d e f r a c t u r e a n d d e c o h e s i o n o fi n c l u s i o n s , r e a l i g n m e n t o r g r o w t h o f m a g n e t i c d o m a i n s , a n d p h a s e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s . N e i t h e r a c o m p r e h e n -s i v e e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e s o u r c e s o f a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n n o r a c o m p l e t e a n a l y t i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s t r e s s w a v e sg e n e r a t e d b y a n e m i s s io n s o u r c e h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d t o d a te .T h e e m i s s i o n s i g n al is u s u a ll y d e t e c t e d b y a n i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n s y s t e m u s i n g s e n s o r s ( t r a n s d u c e r s ) w h i c h ,w h e n s t i m u l a t e d b y s t r e s s w a v e s , t r a n s f o r m m e c h a n i c a l e x c i t a t i o n s i n t o e l e c t r i c a l s i g n a l s w h i c h a r e t h e na m p l i f i e d a n d t r a n s m i t t e d t o a n o s c i l l o s c o p e , c o u n t e r , R M S ( r o o t m e a n s q u a r e ) v o l t m e t e r , r e c o r d e r , o rs p e c t ru m a n a l y z er , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e t y p e o f a n a l y s i s re q u i re d . T h e m o s t c o m m o n l y u s e d t r a n s d u c e r t y p e i sa p i e z o e l e c t r i c c e r a m i c e l e m e n t , l e a d z i r c o n a t e t i t a n a t e . A s w i l l b e s e e n , t h e i n i t i a l o u t p u t v o l t a g e o f at r a n s d u c e r i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e s q u a r e r o o t o f t h e e n e r g y r e l e a s e d d u r i n g a g i v e n d e f o r m a t i o n p r o c e s s .

    T h e r e a r e t w o d i s t i n c t i v e t y p e s o f a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n s : ( a) t h e h i g h a m p l i t u d e , s o m e w h a t e r r a t i c ,l o w - f r e q u e n c y t y p e c a l l e d t h e b u r s t e m i s s i o n w h i c h i s g e n e r a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s u r f a c e e v e n t s , s u c h a s s l ipl i n e f o r m a t i o n a n d s u r f a c e m i c r o c r a c k s , a n d ( b ) t h e l o w e r a m p l i t u d e , s t e a d y , a n d h i g h - f r e q u e n c y t y p e c a l l e dt h e c o n t i n u o u s e m i s s i o n t h a t i s g e n e r a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n t e r n a l m e c h a n i s m a c t i v i t y , b e i n g n o r m a l l yo b s e r v e d d u r i n g t e s t s o f t e n s i l e s p e c i m e n s . A c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n i n m e t a l c u t t i n g i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b ec o n t i n u o u s . T h a t i s , t h e s i g n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e s u c h t h a t t h e a v e r a g e t i m e b e t w e e n e m i s s i o n s o f s i m i l a ra m p l i t u d e i s l e s s t h a n o r c o m p a r a b l e t o t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e e m i s s i o n [ 3 ] .T h e e n e r g y c o n t a i n e d i n a n a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n a n d t h e r a t e a t w h i c h i t i s d i s s i p a t e d a r e s t r o n g l yd e p e n d e n t o n t h e r a t e o f d e f o r m a t i o n ( s t r a i n r a t e ) , t h e a p p l i e d s t r e s s , a n d t h e v o l u m e o f t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n gm a t e r i a l . T h u s , a p r o c e s s c a n b e m o n i t o r e d u s i n g a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n i f i t c a n b e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o o n e o rm o r e o f t h e a b o v e p a r a m e t e r s . C h a n g e s i n t h e p r o c e s s p a r a m e t e r s c a n t h e n b e c o r r e l a t e d w i t h c h a n g e s i nt h e e m i s s i o n o b s e r v e d . F o r e x a m p l e , c h a n g e s i n t h e R M S v o l t a g e l e v e l a n d i t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a no b s e r v e d s i g n a l c a n b e r e l a t e d t o t h e s t r a i n r a t e a n d v o l u m e . T h i s f o l l o w s f r o m t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t i nc r y s t a l li n e m a t e r i a l s , i n w h i c h m o s t o f t h e d e f o r m a t i o n p r o c e s s e s a r e m a i n l y a r e s u l t o f d i s l o c a t i o n m o t i o n ,t h e w o r k o f p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n i s n o r m a l l y m a d e u p o f t w o p a r t s : ( a ) a n e l a s t i c p a r t t h a t i s p a r t i a ll y o r f u l lyr e c o v e r a b l e o n u n l o a d i n g , a n d ( b ) t h e p l a s t i c w o r k o f d e f o r m a t i o n f o r w h i c h a s m a l l p o r t i o n i s a s s o c i a t e dw i t h a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e n u m b e r o f d i s l o c a t i o n s , t h e m a j o r p a r t a p p e a r i n g a s t h e r m a l e n e r g y . T h i s t h e r m a le n e r g y c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a p o t e n t i a l p o w e r s o u r c e f o r a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n s s i n c e i t i s th e c u m u l a t i v e e f f ec t o f al a r g e n u m b e r o f p h o n o n s o f d i s l o c a t i o n s g e n e r a t e d a s t h e y p a s s t h r o u g h t h e c r y s t a l la t t i ce [ 4] . T h e p h o n o n c a nb e l o o k e d u p o n a s t h e e l a s ti c s t r a i n t h a t is s u d d e n l y r e l e a s e d t o p r o d u c e a v i b r a t i o n a l w a v e i n t h e l a t t i c e a s ad i s l o ca t io n m o v e s f r o m o n e m i n i m u m e n e r g y p o s i t io n t o a n o t h e r .I n t h e g e n e r a l c a s e , f o r a n e l e m e n t o f v o l u m e d U s u b j e c t t o s t r e s s e s ~ i w h i c h c a u s e p l a s t i c s t r a i ni n c r e m e n t s de ,i, t h e e n e r g y i n c r e m e n t p e r u n i t v o l u m e o f p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n ( d W ) i s g i v e n b y ;

    d W = o 'ii d ~ 0 d U . ( I )O v e r t h e e n t i r e v o l u m e , t h e n , t h e r a t e o f e n e r g y d i s s i p a t i o n i s g i v e n b y ;

    = f u d U . ( 2 ),

    A c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n f r o m d i s l o c a t i o n g e n e r a t i o n i s e a s i ly s e e n i n F ig . 1 , i l l u s tr a t i n g t h e A E a c t i v i t y d u r i n gt h e t e s t i n g o f a l o w c a r b o n s t e e l t e n s i le s p e c i m e n [ 5 ] . A t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e t e s t ( i n th e e l a s t i c r e g i o n ) m o s td i s l o c a t i o n s a r e e i t h e r d o r m a n t o r m o v e w i t h v e r y l i tt l e v e l o c i t y . T h e s i g n a ls o b s e r v e d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g a r ee m i t t e d f r o m l o c a l v o l u m e s w h e r e p l a s t i c p r o c e s s e s a r e o c c u r r i n g . T h u s , t h e r a t e o f e n e r g y d i s s i p a t i o n a n dc o n s e q u e n t l y t h e e m i s s i o n r a t e a r e v e r y s m a l l . T h e i r r e v e r s i b i l i t y o f t h e a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n p r o c e s s s u p p o r t st h e c o n t e n t i o n t h a t p l a s t i c p r o c e s s e s a r e i n v o l v e d . A s t h e s t r e s s i n c r e a s e s , t h e a v e r a g e d i s l o c a t i o n v e l o c i t ylOxiO3

    8~75 6~ s~ 4) -~2c )

    ACOUSTIC EMISSION

    F IG . 1 . A c ous t i c e m is s ion

    ~ - ' . ' . ~ " L - ! ~, 1 I0 . 0 2 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 8 0 .1 0 0 .1 2

    S T R A I N , i n /i n . ( r am / r a m )a n d s t r e s s a s a f u n c t i o n o f s t r a i n f o r a m i l d s t e e l t e n s i l espe c im e n [ 5] .

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    3/12

    A c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n d u r i n g o r t h o g o n a l m e t a l c u t t i n g 2 8 7i n c r e a s e s a s d o e s t h e e m i s s i o n r a t e u n t i l y i e l d i n g o c c u r s . T h e n t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e d o r m a n t d i s l o c a t i o n ss u d d e n l y b e g i n t o m o v e . I t is t h i s s u d d e n m a s s m o b i l i z a t i o n i n v o l v i n g th e t e a r i n g o f f o f p i n n e d d i s l o c a t i o n st h a t c a u s e s t h e s u d d e n j u m p i n e m i s s i o n a c t i v i t y a t y i e l d . W i t h s t r a i n h a r d e n i n g , a n i n c r e a s e i n t h ed i s l o c a t i o n d e n s i t y f o l l o w s ; t h i s r e s u l t s i n a r e d u c t i o n i n a v e r a g e d i s l o c a t i o n m o t i o n , c a u s i n g a m u c h l o w e re m i s s i o n a c t i v i t y .

    T h e g r e a t e s t p r o b l e m e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n i s t h e a n a l y s i s o r i n t e r -p r e t a t i o n o f t h e e m i s s i o n s i gn a l s o b t a i n e d d u e t o t h e r a n d o m n e s s o f t h e a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n p r o ce s s . A ne m i s s i o n s i g n a l i s n o n p e r i o d i c , c o n t a i n s m a n y f r e q u e n c i e s a n d c a n n o t b e d e s c r i b e d b y a n e x p l i c i tm a t h e m a t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p [6 ]. O n e o f t h e p r i m a r y m e t h o d s f o r q u a n t i t a t i v e l y p r e s e n t i n g a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o nd a t a i s b y m e a s u r i n g t h e e n e r g y o f t h e A E s ig n a l. T h e R M S v o l ta g e o f a c o n t i n u o u s A E s i gn a l c a n b e u s e dt o m a k e t h i s e n e r g y m e a s u r e m e n t .T h i s m e t h o d o f m o n i t o r i n g t h e A E s i gn a l i s k n o w n t o h a v e s e v e r al a d v a n t a g e s o v e r t h e t r a d i ti o n a l c o u n ta n d c o u n t r a t e t e c h n i q u e s [ 7 ] . A m o n g t h e s e a r e ; ( a ) t h e s m o o t h i n g o f t h e a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n d a t a w h i c hf a c i l i t a t e s t h e m o d e l i n g o f t h e d a t a w i t h a n a l y t i c a l f u n c t i o n s , ( b ) t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e e x t r e m es e n s i t i v i t y o f t h e c o u n t r a t e t e c h n i q u e t o s m a l l c h a n g e s i n t h e t h r e s h o l d l e v e l , (c ) t h e r e d u c e d s e n s i t i v i t y o ft h e R M S v a l u e s t o s m a l l c h a n g e s i n t h e s y s t e m e l e c t r o n i c g a i n o r i n t h e t r a n s d u c e r c o u p l i n g e f fi c ie n c y , a n d( d ) t h e p o s s i b l e e a s e o f r e l a t i n g t h e R M S a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n d a t a t o t h e e n e r g y c o n t a i n e d i n t h e s ig n a l .F r o m t h e d e f i n i ti o n o f t h e R M S v o l t a g e le v e l o f t h e e m i s s i o n , t h e e n e r g y , E , c o n t a i n e d i n th e e m i s s i o nc a n b e d e r i v e d . T h e e n e r g y o f t h e e m i s s i o n s ig n al c a n b e e x p r e s s e d a s

    A E ac (RMS)2At. (3)w h e n A E i s th e e n e r g y e x p e n d i t u r e d u r i n g th e i n t e r v a l At .

    3. A C O U S T I C E M I S S I O N A N D M E T A L C U T T I N GT h e b a s i c c u t t i n g p r o c e s s c a n b e r e p r e s e n t e d s c h e m a t i c a l l y a s s h o w n i n F i g. 2. H e r e i t i s a s s u m e d t h a t ac o n t i n u o u s c h i p w i t h o u t a b u i l t -u p e d g e is f o r m e d p r i n c i p a l l y b y a s h e a r d e f o r m a t i o n ( r e f e r r e d t o a s p r i m a r yd e f o r m a t i o n ) , c a u s e d b y t h e m o t i o n o f t h e t o o l p a r a l l e l t o t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e w o r k p i e c e . T h e l o c a t i o n o ft h i s s h e a r i n g a c t i o n i s d e f i n e d a s a s t r a i g h t l i n e i n F i g . 2 , e x t e n d i n g f r o m t h e p o i n t o f i n t e r s e c t i o no f t h e c h i p w i t h t h e u n c u t s u r f a c e t o t h e t i p o f t h e t o o l a n d s e p a r a t i n g t h e u n c u t m a t e r i a l i n t h e w o r k p i e c e

    f r o m t h e c u t m a t e r i a l in t h e c h i p . T h e l e n g t h o f t h i s li n e m u l t i p li e d b y t h e d e p t h o f t h e c u t ( o r w i d t h o f t h et o o l w h e r e t h e t o o l i s t o t a ll y e n g a g e d ) d e t e r m i n e s t h e s h e a r a r e a a t a n a n g l e 4 ), t h e s h e a r a n g l e , t o t h es u r f a c e o f t h e w o r k . A f t e r s e p a r a t i o n f r o m t h e w o r k p i e c e , t h e c h i p s l id e s o v e r t h e r a k e f a c e o f th e c u t t i n gt o o l a n d m a y e x p e r i e n c e s o m e a d d i t i o n a l d e f o r m a t i o n ( r e f e r r e d t o a s s e c o n d a r y d e f o r m a t i o n , s e e F i g . 2 )b e f o r e l o s i n g c o n t a c t w i t h t h e t o o l f a c e. T h e c u t t in g p r o c e s s i s te r m e d o r t h o g o n a l w h e n t h e t i p o f t h e t o o lf o r m e d b y t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e r a k e s u r f a c e , a s s u m e d a p l a n e , a n d t h e f l a n k s u r f a c e o f t h e t o o l i sp e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t o o l m o t i o n .I f t h e w i d t h o f t h e c h i p i s la r g e c o m p a r e d t o t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e c h i p , t h e n , n e g l e c t i n g e n d c o n d i t i o n s , au n i f o r m s t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n c a n b e a s s u m e d i n a n y s e c t i o n t a k e n t h r o u g h t h e c h i p p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h ec u t t i n g e d g e o f th e t o o l , a n d t h e p r o c e s s c a n b e a n a l y z e d a s o n e o f p l a n e s t ra i n . K n o w i n g t h e c h i p t h i c k n e s sr a t i o , r c = T ~ ] T 2 , t h e s h e a r a n g l e 4 ) c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d b y g e o m e t r y a s(k = tan -~ rc co s

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    F IG . 3 . D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s h e a r s t r a i n i n o r th o g o n a l c u t t i n g .w h e r e a i s t he t oo l r a ke a ng le .I f t he sh e a r m e c h a n i sm a lon g the sh e a r p l a n e i s a s su m e d to a c t a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F ig . 3 [ 8] , i .e . s im i l a r t o as l id i n g d e c k o f c a r d s , t h e n t h e s h e a r s t r e s s i s m a x i m u m a t t h e s h e a r p l a n e , w h i c h , a s s h o w n i n F i g. 3 , i s al i n e i n t w o d i m e n s i o n s c o i n c i d e n t w i t h t h e s l i p l i n e . T h e s t r a i g h t l i n e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e s h e a r p l a n e i nt w o d i m e n s i o n s i s i m p o s e d b y c o n t i n u i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e m o t i o n o f a p a r t ic l e o f m a t e r i a l p a s s i n g f r o mt h e u n c u t w o r k p i e c e m a t e r i a l t h r o u g h t h e s h e a r z o n e a n d e x i t i n g a s p a r t o f t h e c h i p / 9 ] . T h e s h e a r s t r a i n inc u t t i n g , y, i n th e p r i m a r y d e f o r m a t i o n z o n e c a n t h e n b e d e f i n e d a s ( r e f e r t o F i g. 3 ),

    A s A D D B 'Ay C D ~ - - ~ - - ~ - = ta n~ , - c ~ j+c os~ o ' l , ( 5 )w h e r e A y i s t h e s p a c i n g o f s u c c e s s i v e s h e a r p l a n e s .T h e s h e a r s t r a i n s p e c if i ed b y (5 ) i s a fi n it e q u a n t i t y a n d a m e a s u r e o f t h e l a r g e p l a s t i c s h e a r d e f o r m a t i o no c c u r r i n g i n t h e s h e a r z o n e [ 1 0 ]. T a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e t i m e A T f o r t h e m e t a l t o m o v e a d i s t a n c e A sa l o n g t h e s h e a r p l a n e , t h e s h e a r s t r a i n r a te d u r i n g c u t t in g , y , i s

    A s 1 V ~,Ay At Ay (6)w h e r e t h e s h e a r v e l o c i t y a lo n g t h e s h e a r p l a n e , V , , is

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    sin 4~r~ co s (d~ - a)"T h e p a r a m e t e r s u p o n w h i c h t h e a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n f r o m m e t a l c u t t i n g i s d e p e n d e n t a r e s t r a i n r a t e ,a p p l i e d s t r e s s , a n d v o l u m e o f p a r t i c i p a t i n g m a t e r i a l ; t h e s e a r e i n t u r n a f u n c t i o n o f t h e f o l l o w i n g b a s i cc u t t i n g p a r a m e t e r s i n o r t h o g o n a l m a c h i n i n g ; ( a) r a k e a n g l e , a , d e g r e e s , ( b ) c l e a r a n c e a n g l e , 8 , d e g r e e s , ( c )f e e d , f , i n c h e s / r e v o l u t i o n ( m m / r e v ) a n d ( d ) c u t t in g v e l o c i t y , V w, f e e t / m i n u t e ( m / s ) .I t i s t h e n p o s s i b l e t o r e l a t e t h e s e b a s i c c u t t i n g p a r a m e t e r s d i r e c t l y to t h e e m i s s i o n s i g n a l c h a r a c t e ri s t i c s .F r o m ( 9 ) i t i s s e e n t h a t t h e s t r a i n r a t e i s a f u n c t i o n o f c u t t i n g s p e e d . F u r t h e r , t h e r a t e o f d i s l o c a t i o ng e n e r a t i o n i s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e s t r a i n r a t e a n d t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s d i s l o c a t i o n d e n s it y . T h e s h e a r s t r a i n c a n b er e p r e s e n t e d a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e a v e r a g e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n d i s l o c a t i o n s , I, a s ,

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    A c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n d u r i n g o r t h o g o n a l m e t a l c u t t i n g 2 8 9w h e r e O = d i s l o c a t i o n d e n s i t y , t h a t i s , n u m b e r o f m o b i l e d i s l o c a t i o n s i n a u n i t a r e a o f t h e m a t e r i a ls e c t i o n , a n d b = m a g n i t u d e o f t h e b u r g e r s v e c t o r . T h e n t h e s t r a i n r a t e -~ i s [1 1]

    ~, = ~ t = b l -~t t + bP d l- d iS i n c e d i s l o c a t i o n d e n s i t y i s d e f in e d o n a p e r u n i t a r e a b a s i s , p = ( i /12) , or I = p .2

    " ~ = ~ b p , /2 _ ~ (1 1 )o r t h e r a t e o f d i s l o c a t i o n g e n e r a t i o n , t~, i s

    d p = ~ _ p l/ 2.~ - ( 1 2 )H e r e t h e e f f e c t s o f f i x e d d i s l o c a t i o n s a n d l o s s o f d i s l o c a t i o n m o b i l i t y t h r o u g h i n t e r a c t i o n a r e n o t a c c o u n t e df o r . T h u s , e q u a t i o n ( 12 ) e s t i m a t e s t h e r a t e o f d i s l o c a t i o n g e n e r a t i o n f o r a u n i f o r m a r r a y o f m o b i l ed i s l o c a t i o n s a n d t h i s r a t e o f g e n e r a t i o n ( a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e l e v e l o f a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n a c t iv i t y ) is p r o p o r t i o n a lt o t h e e x t e r n a l l y i n f l u e n c e d s t r a i n r a t e i n m e t a l c u t t i n g .T h e a v e r a g e s t r a in r a t e i n m e t a l c u t t i n g c a n a l s o b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s a f u n c t i o n o f p, b a n d t h e a v e r a g ed i s l o c a t i o n v e l o c i t y [ 1 2 ] , a s

    ~'a~ = b p S (13)w h e r e S = a v e r a g e d i s l o c a t i o n v e l o c i t y , a n d t h e e n e r g y r a t e d u e t o t h e d i s l o c a t i o n g e n e r a t i o n a s

    E ' = T , ~ . , , (14)w h e r e z s i s t h e s h e a r s t r e s s i n t h e p r i m a r y d e f o r m a t i o n z o n e . T h u s , t h e e n e r g y i n t h e s i g n a l o v e r t h e e n t i r ev o l u m e o f m a t e r i a l c a n b e r e l a t e d t o m a t e r i a l d e f o r m a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b y e q u a t i n g ( 3 ) t o (2 ) a n dr e p l a c i n g t h e s t r e s s t r b y t h e s h e a r s t r e s s , z s, a n d t h e s t r a i n r a t e ~ b y t h e a v e r a g e s h e a r s t r a i n r a t e , ~ ,,o ,y i e l d i n g

    d E I -(R M S) 2 0c | r~%, , d U .-d T = J u (15)T h e n , f o r m a t e r i a l s h e a r s t r e n g t h k = ~'s a n d s t r a i n r a t e ~ / (1 5 ) b e c o m e s

    ( R M S ) 2 = CtkS, U (16)w h e r e U = v o l u m e o f p a r t i c i p a t i n g m a t e r i a l , in 3( mm 3 ).T h e v o l u m e o f p a r t ic i p a t i n g m a t e r i a l , U , m u s t i n c l u d e m a t e r ia l u n d e r g o i n g d e f o r m a t i o n i n b o t h t h ep r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y s h e a r z o n e s . A s u i t a b l e a p p r o x i m a t i o n f o r U i s t h e v o l u m e o f th e s l i p li n e f ie l d f o ro r t h o g o n a l c u t t i n g w i t h o u t b u i lt u p e d g e o f L e e a n d S h a f f e r [ 13 ], F i g . 4 . T h e s l ip l i ne f ie l d t h e o r y i s b a s e d o np l a in s t r a in c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h h o l d t r u e f o r t h i s c a s e . H e r e d e f o r m a t i o n o c c u r s i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y a c r o s s t h es h e a r p l a n e A C , w h e r e A C r e p r e s e n t s a d i r e c t i o n o f m a x i m u m s h e a r s t r e s s i n t h e m a t e r i al b e i n g c u t w h e nt h e c o n s t a n t m a x i m u m s h e a r s t r e s s ~'m ~ = k i s e x c e e d e d . T h i s a s s u m e s t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l b e h a v e s a s a n i d e a lp l a s t i c ( ri g i d - p e r f e c t l y p l a s t ic ) b u t d o e s n o t a c c o u n t f o r t h e w o r k - h a r d e n i n g t h a t o c c u r s d u r i n g m a c h i n i n g .S u c h a n a s s u m p t i o n i s r e a s o n a b l e i n m e t a l c u t t i n g . U n d e r n o r m a l m a c h i n i n g c o n d i t i o n s , s t r a i n s o f a n o r d e ro f m a g n i t u d e a s h i g h a s 1 o c c u r . S i n c e f o r m o s t m a t e r i a l s t h e e l a s t i c y ie l d p o i n t s t ra i n i s o f t h e o r d e r 1 0 3,t h i s c a n b e n e g l e c t e d w h e n a n a l y z i n g l a r g e p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n a n d t h e m a t e r i a l c a n b e t r e a t e d a s a r i g i dp l a s t i c . T h e m a t e r i a l i s c o n s i d e r e d r i gi d to t h e l e f t o f t h e s h e a r p l a n e A C a n d i n t h e c h i p b e y o n d A B , b e i n ga n i d e a l p l a s t i c i n t h e r e g i o n A B C a f t e r t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s s h e a r i n g a l o n g A C a n d s u b j e c t e d t o a u n i f o r ms t a t e o f s t r e s s .

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    F IG . 4 . S l i p - l i n e f i el d c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h n o b u i l t u p e d g e .

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    ( J ~ ~ R ub ber B ond H o l d D ownF IG . 5 . C u t t i n g t o o l w i t h p o s s i b l e t r a n s d u c e r l o c a t i o n s .

    A c o m p r e h e n s i v e e x p r e s s i o n r e l a t i n g t h e R M S v a l u e o f t h e a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n s i g n a l t o p r o c e s s a n dm a t e r i a l p a r a m e t e r s c a n b e w r i t t e n f r o m ( 9) a n d ( 16 ) a s ;( R M S ) 2 = C1 k rc c-~sa V w U

    s m ~ A yor (17)/ r c C O S a V, XJ/2R M S = C z ~ k s i - - ~ - ~ y U ) .

    4. E X P E R I M E N T A L I N V E S T IG A T I O N O F M E T A L C U T T I N G A C O U S T I C E M I S S IO NT o e v a l u a t e t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n o n m e t a l c u t t i n g c o n d i ti o n s , o r t h o g o n a l c u tt i n g t e s tsw e r e c o n d u c t e d w i t h lo w c a r b o n s t e e l u n d e r s t a b l e c u t t in g c o n d i t i o n s w i t h o u t l u b r i c a n t . U s i n g a t w o -c o m p o n e n t c u t t i n g fo r c e d y n a m o m e t e r , R e x 9 5 h i g h s p e e d s t e e l ( H S S ) c u t t i n g t o o l s a n d S A E 1 0 1 5 s t e e lt u b i n g a s t h e w o r k p i e c e , c u t ti n g t e s t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d o v e r a r a n g e o f c u t t i n g s p e e d s a n d f e e d s o f 3 3 f t / m i n( f p m ) - 2 3 9 f p m ( 0 - 1 6 8 m / s - l . 2 1 4 m / s ) a n d 0 . 0 0 2 5 7 i n . / r e v . ( i p r ) - 0 . 0 1 0 8 i p r ( 0 . 0 6 5 3 m m / r e v - 0 . 2 7 4 3 m m / r e v ) ,r e s p e c t i v e l y . T o o l r a k e a n g l e s o f 0 a n d 2 0 w i t h 3 c l e a r a n c e a n g l e s w e r e u s e d .T h e a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n s i g n a l w a s d e t e c t e d v i a a t r a n s d u c e r m o u n t e d o n a s p e c i a l ly a d a p t e d c u t t i n g t o o l,F i g . 5 . T h e t o o l i s c o n s t r u c t e d o f a c o n v e n t i o n a l H S S o r t h o g o n a l c u t t i n g t o o l t o w h i c h a c u b e o f s i m i l a rm a t e r i a l h a s b e e n s i l v e r b r a z e d . T h i s p r o v i d e s a l a r g e e n o u g h s u r f a c e f o r t h e m o u n t i n g o f t h e a c o u s t i ce m i s s i o n t ra n s d u c e r u s i n g a l o c a ti n g fr a m e a n d a r u b b e r b a n d t o p r e v e n t m o v e m e n t o f t h e t r a n s d u c e r , F i g .6 . A h i g h l y v i s c o u s r e s i n c o u p l a n t i s u s e d t o p r o m o t e e f fi c ie n t t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h e a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n s ig n',dt o t h e t r a n s d u c e r . T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e c o u p l a n t , l o c a t i n g f r a m e a n d r u b b e r b a n d i n s u r e t h a t t h et r a n s d u c e r i s a d e q u a t e l y a f fi x ed t o t h e t o o l. A s s e e n i n F i g . 5, t h e t o o l i s d e s i g n e d t o a l l o w l o c a t i o n o f t h et r a n s d u c e r a t a n y o n e o f t h r e e p o s i t i o n s , A , B , o r C . P r e l i m i n a r y t e s t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e r e i s n o s i g n i fi c a n tv a r i a t i o n i n t h e a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n R M S v o l t a g e f r o m a n y o f t h e t r a n s d u c e r l o c a t i o n s u n d e r s i m i l a r c u t t i n gc o n d i t i o n s . F o r t h e t e s t s d e s c r i b e d h e r e , p o s i t i o n A w a s u s e d .T h e f r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e o f t h e t r a n s d u c e r w a s 2 0 0 -3 0 0 k H z w h i c h w a s f o u n d t o b e s u i ta b l e fo r t h ee x p e r i m e n t s . T h e a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n s i g n a l f r o m t h e t r a n s d u c e r w a s r e c o r d e d o n a v i d e o t a p e r e c o r d e r f o rf u r t h e r a n a l y s i s . A s c h e m a t i c o f t h e t e s t e q u i p m e n t i s s h o w n i n F ig . 7. A t y p i c a l a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n s i g n a l d u r i n gm e t a l c u t t i n g o f t h e 1 0 15 m a t e r ia l i s s h o w n i n F ig . 8. A l t h o u g h n o t n e c e s s a r i l y o b v i o u s f r o m t h e p h o t o g r a p h , d u et o t h e l a c k o f r e s o l u t i o n , t h e a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n i s c o n t i n u o u s .T a b l e 1 l i st s th e m a c h i n i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e 0 a n d 2 0 r a k e a n g l e t o o l s a l o n g w i t h c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e s o fs t r a i n r a te , j ,, b a s e d o n ( 9 ). T h e s t r a i n r a t e is d e p e n d e n t u p o n A y , t h e s h e a r z o n e t h i c k n e s s , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h ec u t t i n g s p e e d a n d s h e a r a n d r a k e a n g l e s . F o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n , t h e s h e a r z o n e t h i c k n e s s w a sa p p r o x i m a t e d b a s e d o n t h e d a t a o f K e c e c i o g l u [ 1 4 ] w h o o b s e r v e d a r a n g e o f t h e a v e r a g e s h e a r z o n eth i c k ne s s o f 0 . 0007 - 0 . 007 in . ( 0.018- -0 .18 r a m ) f o r d r y m a c h in ing o f S A E 1015 se a m le s s t ub ing . T he a c tua l

    s h e a r z o n e t h i c k n e s s , A y , i sA y = A y . c o s ( ~b - a ) .

    H e r e A y , i s t h e s h e a r z o n e t h i c k n e s s m e a s u r e d i n a p l a n e p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e c u t t i n g e d g e a n d i n t h ed i r e c t i o n pa r a l l e l t o t he t oo l r a ke f a c e . A va lue o f A y , = 0 . 0039 in . ( 0- 099 m m ) , t he m id r a ng e o f she a r z on et h i c k n e s s o b s e r v e d b y K e c e c i o g l u w a s u s e d f o r s t r a i n r a t e c a l c u l a t i o n s .T h e s q u a r e o f t h e R M S v o l t ag e o f t h e a c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n g e n e r a te d d u r i n g c u t ti n g u n d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n sl i s t e d i n T a b le I a r e s ho w n in F ig . 9 a s a f unc t io n o f c a l c u l a t e d s t r a in r a t e , "~, F ig . 10 a s a f un c t io n o f c u t t i ngs p e e d , V , , a n d F i g . 1 1 a s a f u n c t i o n o f f e e d a t d i f f e re n t c u t t in g s p e e d s . D a t a f o r b o t h 0 a n d 2 0 r a k e a n g l e t o o ls i si n c l u d e d .R ake F a ce , ~ . ~ A

    / )\

    Flank BFaceF IG . 6 . S c h e m a t i c o f t r a n s d u c e r m o u n t i n g a n d l o c a t i n g t e c h n i q u e .

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    7/12

    A c o u s t i c e m i s s i o n d u r in g o r t h o g o n a l m e t a l c u t t i n gWork

    Tw o . C omponen t~ / T o o l C u l t l n 9 Force- - : 2 2 Z '+ ,[ ' r e A m o " * ' e *

    +Moni tor ing ~ Recorder IOsc I loscope I I I+I A m '' ' + e r I

    +Thresho ld ~ Bond PossLevel Fi l te I~ n , e r r I i+C h o r t ~ RM S IRecorder J [ Vot tmeter JF IG . 7 . S c h e m a t i c o f t e s t e q u i p m e n t .

    8 I7

    _o 5

    - - 2

    o

    3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I0 a l i2 13

    STRAIN RATE, ~ (103/sec)FIG. 9. (RM S) 2 vs "~.

    0 RAKE0 20 RAKE

    8

    +ioxi . I

    i , ,~4~ I i , t i I , i , i I FI , , I , + J, I0 5 0 I 0 0 1 50 2 0 0 2 5 0(25 4 ) ( .508 ) ( .762) ( I.016 ) 0 .2 70 )Vw , f pm (m/s)

    Fro. 10. (RMS)2 vs cu t t ing s peed .

    0 RAKE 20 = RAKE

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    8/12

    2 9 2 D . A . D O R N FE L D a n d E . K A N N A T EY - AS IB U

    Tes tA2B2C2E2F2H2L2M2

    XAAXB BXCCXD DXEEXFFXGGXHHX I IXJJXK KXLL

    ToolRakeAng le ,d e g .00000000

    20202020202O202O2O2O202O

    CuttingSpeed,fpm(m/s )64( .325 }6 4

    ( .325 )33( .168 )148

    ( . 7 5 2 )9 5( . 4 8 3 )

    2 3 9( 1 . 2 1 4 )

    6 4( .325 )6 4( .325 )

    239( 1 . 2 1 4 )

    120( . 6 1 0 )120

    ( . 6 1 0 )4 1(.208)41(.208)64( .325 )

    120( . 6 1 0 )

    2 3 9(1 .214 )64(.325)38( .193 )

    239(1 .214)64( .325 )

    TABLE I . T EST CONDITIONS

    Feed, AX,ip r r c , in(mm/rev) deg (mm).0077 .453 24.4 .00351(.1956) (.0892).00257 .234 13.2 .00375

    ( .0653 ) ( .0953 ).00474 .396 21.6 .00358(.1204) (.0909).00343 .113 6.5 .00383( .0871) ( .0973).00343 .286 16.0 .00370( .0871 ) ( .0940 ).00257 .123 7.0 .00382( .0653) ( .0970).00617 .385 21.1 .00359( .1567) ( .0912).00343 .342 18.9 .00364(.0871) (.0925).00257 .342 20.0 .00385(.0653) (.0978).00617 .404 25.6 .00383(.1567) (.0973).00257 .382 22.4 .00385(.0653) (.0978).00257 .332 19.4 .00385(.0653) (.0978).00617 .433 25.5 .00383(.1567) (.0973).00257 .359 21.0 .00385(.0653) (.0978).0108 .475 28.1 .00381(.2743) (.0968).0108 .476 28.1 .00381(.2743) (.0968).00617 .442 26.1 .00383( .1567) ( . 0 9 7 3 ). 0 1 0 8 . 4 5 1 2 6 . 6 . 0 0 3 8 2( .2743) ( .0970).00617 .451 26.6 .00382( .1567) ( .0970). 0 1 0 8 . 4 3 5 2 5 . 7 . 0 0 3 8 2( . 2 7 4 3 ) ( . 0 9 7 0 )

    l/sec3997.3537.1966.7861.5353.

    12658.3793.3741.

    I1686.5981,5857.1981,2004.3115.5955.

    I1934.3140.1909.

    I1863.3135.

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    Acous t i c emiss ion dur ing o r thogona l me ta l cu t t ing 293

    FIG. 8 . Typ ical acous t ic em ission signal dur ing m etal cut t ing.

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    296 D.A. DORNFELDand E. KANNATEY-ASIBUin metal cutting that would aid in the verification of this dependency can be identified based upon thisinvestigation; (a) accurate measurement of shear zone thickness, Ay, to allow calculation of realistic strainrates. In addition, the present model assumes no strain hardening occurs during cutting. In actuality, strainhardening will reduce the level of acoustic emission activity during cutting, (b) estimation of the volume ofparticipating material, U, and (c) isolation of the contributions to the acoustic emission signal fromdeformation in the primary and secondary zones, respectively. The "sliding cards" representation of shearzone deformation for strain rate calculation neglects deformation in other zones during cutting. For moreaccurate estimation of acoustic emission activity, deformation in these other zones, as well as effects due toa built-up edge must be included. The present model (17) wil l underestimate the level of acoustic emissionactivity by exclusion of these contributions.

    6. CONCLUSIONSThe genera t ion of acoust ic emiss ion dur ing meta l cu t t ing based upon the

    mechanics of the cu t t ing process has been analyzed and a re la t ionsh ip proposedcor re la t ing the energy of the acoust ic emiss ion s ignal as meas ured by the RMSvol tage of the s ignal with machin i ng parameters . Acoust ic emiss ion da ta recordeddur ing or thogonai cu t t ing tes ts have ver i f ied the d epe nde ncy of emi ss ion energy onthe cu t t ing speed and s t ra in rate . Areas of addi t ional work nece ssar y to fu l lyunde rs ta nd the genera t i on of acoust ic emiss i on in meta l cu t t ing were iden t if ied .Acknowledgements--The authors wish to thank Mrs. Carol Chiang for typing the manuscript.

    REFERENCESI . K . IWATAand T. MORlWAKI,An application of acoustic emission measurement to in-process sensing oftool wear. Ann. CIRP 26, 1 (1977).2. J. C. SPANNER,Acoustic emission-applications and trends. Elastic Waves and Non-Destructive Testing ofMaterials. ASME AMD29 (1978).3. U. S. Acoustic Emission Working Group Subcommittee Report, (Chairman: J. R. Frederick). Dept. ofMechanical Engineering, Univ. of Michigan (1974).4. P. P. GILLIS, Dislocation motions and acoustic emissions. Acoustic Emission, ASTM STP 505, pp.20-29. American Society for Testing and Materials (1972).5. H. L. DUNEGAN and A. T. GREEN, Factors affecting acoustic emission response from materials.Acoustic Emission, ASTM STP 505, p. 201. American Society for Testing and Materials (1972).6. K. ONO, R. STERN and M. LONG,JR., Application of correlation analysis to acoustic emission. AcousticEmission, ASTM STP 505, pp. 152-163. American Society for Testing and Materials (1972).7. M. A. HAMSTAD,On energy measurement of continuous acoustic emission. Lawrence LivermoreLaboratory, Report no. UCRL-76286 (1974).8. M. C. SHAW,Metal Cutting Principles. 3rd Edn. MIT Press, Cambridge (1956).9. B. W. SCHAFFER,The mechanics of the simple shearing process during orthogonal machining. Trans.ASME, 77, 331 (1955).10. E. G. THOMSEN,S. KOBAYASHIand C. T. YANG,Mechanics of Plastic Deformation in Metal Processing.p. 451. Macmillan, New York (1967).11. B. F. YON TURKOVICH,Dislocation theory of shear stress and strain rate in metal cutting. Proc, 8thLM.T.D.R. Conf. p. 534.(1967).12. A. H. COTrRELL, The Mechanical Properties of Matter. p. 269. Wiley, New York (1964).13. E. H. LEE, B. W. SHAFFER,The theory of plasticity applied to a problem of machining. J. App. Mech.Trans. ASME 73, 405 (1951).14. D. KECECIOGLU,Shear zone size, compressive stress and shear strain in metal cutting and their effectson mean shear flow stress. 3. Engng Indust. ASME Trans. 82, 79-86 (1960).15. J. H. CREVLING,T. F. JORDANand E. G. THOMSEN,Some studies of angle relationships in metal cutting.Trans. ASME, 79, 132 (1957).