acoustic effects on fish and data gaps strategy/library... · tts barotrauma death halvorsen 2014...

Acoustic Effects on Fish

and Data Gaps

CSA Ocean Sciences Inc.

Michele B. Halvorsen Ph.D.

CEFAS/TNO EU Workshop 10 April 2014

Halvorsen 2014 CEFAS Workshop

• Energy development in marine environments

• Installation

• Decommissioning

• Operation

• Seismic

• Pile driving

• Blasting

• Naval sonars

• Tidal and Wave Turbine

• Wind Farms

• Drilling

• Subsea maintenance stations

• Shipping

• commercial

• recreational

• Transportation

• Ice breakers

• Dredging

• Bridges

• Trains

• Vehicles

Anthropogenic Underwater Noise Sources


Underwater Noise Components

• Sound energy can cause damage

• Frequency

• Intensity

• Two components of any sound wave

• Pressure

• Particle motion

• Near field (pressure & particle motion)

• Far field (mostly pressure, but some motion)


Halvorsen 2014

Receiver Source

Substrate Transmission Pathway

Sound Pathways

Concern for aquatic animals – Long Term

Commercial and Responsible Environmental Stewardship

• Death

• Auditory Temporary Threshold Shifts (TTS)

• Barotrauma (tissue damage)

• Behavioral Responses

• Auditory Masking

• Stress induced changes

• Behavioral

• Hormones

• Metabolism

• Cognition

• Sleep

• Immunity

• Reproduction

• Feeding

Underwater Noise Effects

Fitness


TTS

Barotrauma

Death


Source

Physiological Stress - Fitness

Physiological Stress - Fitness

Distance

Masking

Behavior (Acoustic - Context)

Lab Exposure and Assessment

Fis

h l

oa

din

g

Ex

po

sure

• Exposed fish to impulsive sounds

• SELcum 219 dB; 2000 and 1000 strikes

• Barotrauma injury assessments of neutrally buoyant fish


Fish Morphologies

Physostomous

Physoclistous ▫ Connection between gut

and swim bladder

▫ Gulp air or expel air

▫ Need air source

Closed swim bladder

Rete organ fills swim bladder

Needs time- several hours

Physoclistous


Lacking swim bladder

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

SP

L (

dB

re

1µ

Pa

)

Frequency (Hz)

Impulse/Pile Tidal Chk Salmon Black Bass Dab

Underwater Noise Effects - Auditory

Auditory

• Masking

• Hair cell damage

• TTS

Salmon: Halvorsen et.al., 2009; Bass: Holt et.al., 2010; Dab: Chapman & Sand 1973; Karl von Frisch- ear


Halvorsen 2014 CEFAS Workshop Casper BM, et al (2013). Effects of exposure to pile driving sounds on fish inner ear tissues. Comp Bioch and Phys A,

Control SELcum 216 dB strikes

Sensory Epithelium

Tissue Damage - Barotrauma

Heart

Liver Swim bladder

Intestine



Hair cell damage

• Defined threshold for trauma

• Barotrauma and Hair cell damage

• Created a single metric for tissue response

• Generated a model of responses

• Developed a tool to help define criteria

• Protect fish from impulsive sounds

Objectives


Summary of Sound Exposure Studies

• Barotrauma occurs before damage to hair cells (TTS)

• Physoclistous fish are more sensitive to sound (barotrauma) than physostomous

• Physoclistous fish deflated their swim bladder after 24 hours of noise exposure (Stress)

• Masking is a big issue and how that influences behavior


May 2, 2014

Key Points & Data Gaps

• Food webs all marine animals are connected

• Baseline data must be collected now

• Otherwise there is nothing to compare to later

• Behavior

• Masking

• Stress

• Long term elevated background noise levels

• Quieting methods

• Modeling sound budgets (now and in future)


• Needs/ Gaps

• Effects of depth on fish response (depth might be protective for barotrauma not hearing)

• Extrapolation of biological responses to other signals

• Testing various size classes within a species

• Different groups: Physoclistous, physostomous, no swim bladder

• Understand process of injury accrual (do silent breaks = “restart” for accumulation?)

• Exploration of assays to detect the presence of specific proteins (biomarkers) in blood

• Appropriate metric or group of metrics

Injury and Effects on Fish Physiology


Michele B Halvorsen CSA Ocean Sciences [email protected] 772-219-3027

Team Members Tom Carlson (PNNL) Art Popper (UMD) Brandon Casper (UMD) Christa Woodley (PNNL)

mailto:[email protected]

acoustic effects on fish and data gaps strategy/library... · tts barotrauma death halvorsen 2014...

Documents