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ACIDS

AND

BASES

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Characteristics of Acids Taste Sour React with metals Electrolytes (conduct

electricity) Affect indicators

(red=acid)

Neutralize Bases p !etween " and #$

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Characteristics of Bases Taste Bitter

%eel Slippery Electrolytes (conduct

electricity) Neutralize Acids(Antacids)

Affect indicators(!ase=!lue)

p !etween &$ and '

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Eamples of Acids

Cl*S+N+,

-uices. Soda

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Eamples of Bases

Na+Ca(+)*

/+Soap. Ammonia.

Ba0in1 Soda

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There are 2 defnitions

or acids and basesArrhenius Theory

Br2nsted34owry

Theory

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ON ACIDS

An acid is a su!stance

that ionizes in water to1i5e hydro1en ions (6)

Arrehenius Theory

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ON BASES

An !ase is a su!stance

that ionizes in water to1i5e hydroide ions

(+3)

Arrehenius Theory

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An eample of the reaction

of ydrochloric Acid7

When the HCl breaks apart the

free H+is attracted to the H2O and

forms aHYDRONIUMION

Cl 6 *+

,+66 Cl3

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An eample of the reaction

of 8otassium ydroide7

When the KOH breaks

apart it forms theHYDROXIDE ION (OH-)

/+ 6 *+ /66 *+3

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So who is the

Arrhenius Acid 1i5en7

*S+

*S+6 *+ ,+66 S+

3

Why?

Because it produces 6

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So who is the

Arrhenius Base 1i5en7

Na+

Na+ 6 *+ Na66 +36 *+

Why?Because it produces +3

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The world was cool withthe Arrehenius defnition

until NH3(Aonia!

cae alon"#

$hen cobined withwater

it did not a%e &H'ionsloo%s li%e we need

a new defnition#

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ON ACIDS

Acids are su!stances

that are capa!le ofdonatin1 a proton (6)

Br2nsted34owry Theory

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ON BASES

Bases are su!stances

that are capa!le ofacceptin1 a proton (6)

Br2nsted34owry Theory

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Eample of Br2nsted

Acids and Bases7

Here, H2O acts as a

Brnsted acid by donatin aproton to !H

"#hich acts as

a Brnsted base$

!H"+ H2O!H%++ OH&

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Eample of Br2nsted

Acids and Bases7

9n this case. N

6acts as an

acid which donates aproton to +3: +3acts as

a !ase:

!H%++ OH&!H"+ H2O

C ; i

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The su!stance

formed when a !aseaccepts a 6 ion

Con;u1ate Acid

C ;

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The su!stance that

remains after anacid has donated

a 6 ion

Con;u1ate Base

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Con;u1ate Acid and Base

'or e(ample, !H%

+is the

con)*ate acid of !H"

st

e-*ation., and !H"is the

con)*ate base of !H%+

2

nd

N,6 *+ N6

6 +

3

N66 +3 N,6 *+

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p Scale

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6?

p+ = 3lo1>+3?

/w= >6?>+3? = ' '"3'

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p Scale

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Neutralization of Bases usin1 Acids

N t li ti

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n@ = n@

Neutralization

!aseacid

illilit f

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ow many milliliters of

":" @ Cl are needed toneutralize , m4 of ': @

Na+

66

m4

Cl 6 Na+ NaCl 6 *+

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ow many milliliters of

': @ Cl are needed toneutralize m4 of ':" @

Na+

$ m4

Cl 6 Na+ NaCl 6 *+

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9nterestin1 factD

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ON ACIDS

Acids are su!stances

that are electron3pairreceptors

4ewis Theory

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ON BASES

Bases are su!stances

capa!le of donatin1electron3pairs

4ewis Theory

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A substance that can act

as either an acid or a

base.

Amphoteric