acids and bases if you read the label on a jar of pickles or on a ketchup bottle, you would read...
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Acids and Bases
• If you read the label on a jar of pickles or on a ketchup bottle, you would read that there is an acid or two on the list.
• Our stomachs contain acid to help digest food.
• A lot of our household cleaners contain bases.
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Acids
• Acids are a group of compounds that have similar properties when dissolved in water.
• An Acid• Conducts electricity• Turns litmus from blue to red• Reacts with certain metals• Reacts with carbonates• Tastes sour
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• The properties of acids result from one of the smallest particles – the hydrogen ion (H+).
• All acids release H+ ions in water
• Strong acids release more Hydrogen ions than weak acids
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Uses of Acids
• Some acids are weak. • Citric acid is found in fruits, such as oranges and
grapefruits.• Phosphoric acid is found in soft drinks.• Vinegar is made up of acetic acid and water.
• Some acids are strong.• Sulfuric acid is used to make steel, plastics and
detergents.
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Common AcidsName Formula Use
Hydrochloric Acid
HCl •Stomach acid•Adjusting pool acidity
Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 •Car batteries•Making detergents and cleaning steel
Phosphoric Acid
H3PO4 •Gives soft drinks a tart taste
Acetic Acid HC2H3O2 •Vinegar
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Bases
• Most of the bases that you will come across are ionic compounds with a common set of properties.
• A base• Conducts electricity• Turns litmus red to blue• Tastes bitter• Feels slippery
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• Bases have similar properties because they release Hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
• Strong bases release a lot of OH- ions in water.
• Weak bases release a little bit of hydroxide ions in water. Weak bases are safe enough to consume.
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Uses of Bases
Name Formula Use
Sodium Hydroxide
NaOH •Making soap and removing grease
Magnesium Hydroxide
Mg(OH)2 •Antacid medication
Calcium Hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 •Controlling acidity in soil and pool water
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Hazards of Acids and Bases
• Many common acids and bases are corrosive and will cause severe burns if they come in contact with eyes and skin.
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• Car batteries contain sulfuric acid, one of the strongest and most corrosive acids. People who work with H2SO4 need to be very careful.
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• Sodium hydroxide is a strong base found in some drain cleaners. It is effective in clearing blockages because it breaks down the clumps into slimy, slippery mush that flows away.
• Bases feel slippery because they are breaking down your own skin as you touch them!
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• Acids and bases can damage the environment if they are not properly handled. Waste acids and bases should be taken to a waster depot for proper disposal.
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The pH Scale
• One of the tasks in maintaining a pool is to keep it at the correct pH.
• Correct pH will reduce the chance that swimmers will suffer eye irritation, but will make sure that the pool is still at the right level to be disinfected.
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• The pH of a solution tells us how acidic or basic that solution is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
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• Extremely acid solutions, such as car battery acid, have a pH of 0.
• The most basic solutions, such as industrial strength drain cleaners, have a pH of 14.
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Is a Solution Acid or Basic?
• If a solution has a pH of 7, then it is neither acidic or basic. pH of 7 is neutral.
• Acids have a pH less than 7.
• Bases have a pH more than 7.
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pH in Everyday Life
• Your health depends on controlling your body’s pH.
• It is perfectly normal to find bacteria and fungi growing on human skin. Some of these have been linked to acne.
• Health skin has a natural defense against these micro-organisms.
• Sweat and oil make skin mildly acidic (5.5). This is enough to prevent the organisms from growing out of control.
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• Most creams and shampoos are slightly acidic so they maintain a natural acidity of the skin.
• Soaps, however, can have a pH of higher than 7, up to 8! Washing regularly is important, but washing too often can raise the pH of skin, which encourages the growth of skin bacteria.
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