acids and base basics
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11The Chemistry The Chemistry of Acids and of Acids and BasesBases
The Chemistry The Chemistry of Acids and of Acids and BasesBases
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Acid and BasesAcid and Bases
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Acid and BasesAcid and Bases
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Acid and BasesAcid and Bases
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55Acids
Have a sour taste. Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid. CitrusHave a sour taste. Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid. Citrusfruits contain citric acid.fruits contain citric acid.
React with certain metals to produce hydrogen gasReact with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas..
React with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon React with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon dioxide gasdioxide gas
Have a bitter taste.Have a bitter taste.
Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases.Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases.
Bases
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Some Properties of Acids
þ Taste sour
þ Corrode metals
þ Electrolytes
þ React with bases to form a salt and water
þ pH is less than 7
þ Turns blue litmus paper to red “Blue to Red A-CID”
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Some Properties of Bases
Taste bitter, chalkyTaste bitter, chalky
Are electrolytesAre electrolytes
Feel soapy, slipperyFeel soapy, slippery
React with acids to form salts and waterReact with acids to form salts and water
pH greater than 7pH greater than 7
Turns red litmus paper to blue “Turns red litmus paper to blue “BBasic asic BBlue”lue”
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Some Common Bases
NaOHNaOH sodium hydroxidesodium hydroxide lyelye
KOHKOH potassium hydroxidepotassium hydroxide liquid soapliquid soap
Ba(OH)Ba(OH)22 barium hydroxidebarium hydroxide stabilizer for plasticsstabilizer for plastics
Mg(OH)Mg(OH)22 magnesium hydroxidemagnesium hydroxide “MOM” Milk of magnesia“MOM” Milk of magnesia
Al(OH)Al(OH)33 aluminum hydroxidealuminum hydroxide Maalox (antacid)Maalox (antacid)
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Acid/Base definitions
• Definition #1: Arrhenius (traditional) Acids – produce H+ ions (or hydronium ions
H3O+)
Bases – produce OH- ions
(problem: some bases don’t have hydroxide ions!)
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1010Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H+ (H3O+) in water
Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH- in water
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Acid/Base Definitions
• Definition #2: Brønsted – Lowry
Acids – proton donor
Bases – proton acceptor
A “proton” is really just a hydrogen atom that has lost it’s electron!
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A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton donorA Brønsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor
acidconjugate
basebase conjugate
acid
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ACID-BASE THEORIESACID-BASE THEORIESACID-BASE THEORIESACID-BASE THEORIES
The Brønsted definition means NHThe Brønsted definition means NH33 is is aa BASEBASE in water — and water is in water — and water is itself anitself an ACIDACID
BaseAcidAcidBaseNH4
+ + OH-NH3 + H2OBaseAcidAcidBase
NH4+ + OH-NH3 + H2O
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Conjugate PairsConjugate Pairs
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Learning Check!
Label the acid, base, conjugate acid, and Label the acid, base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base in each reaction:conjugate base in each reaction:
HCl + OHHCl + OH-- Cl Cl-- + H + H22OO HCl + OHHCl + OH-- Cl Cl-- + H + H22OO
HH22O + HO + H22SOSO44 HSO HSO44-- + H + H33OO
++ HH22O + HO + H22SOSO44 HSO HSO44-- + H + H33OO
++