aci 09 fund 8: wednesday, april 29, 2009 2:00 pm to 3:40 pm kansas city, missouri electric baseload...
TRANSCRIPT
Electric Baseload Basics
ACI 09 FUND 8: Wednesday, April 29, 2009ACI 09 FUND 8: Wednesday, April 29, 20092:00 pm to 3:40 pm 2:00 pm to 3:40 pm
Kansas City, MissouriKansas City, Missouri
A. Tamasin Sterner Pure Energy
Lancaster, Pennsylvania717-293-8990
Rana BelsheConservation Connection
ConsultingFairchild, Wisconsin
715-334-2707
Session Objectives
• Learn how to separate electric baseload from whole house electric use
• Explore how occupants, equipment, and use patterns affect electricity consumption
• Evaluate options and actions to reduce use
Today’s TopicsThe equipment we will talk about today:
– Electronics– Lighting– Refrigeration– Water Heating– And a few other things
• What they use• How they work• What can be done – in terms of measures and
behaviors
Weatherization Core Competencies
Baseload + Seasonal = Total Household Electric Use
• Baseload: Electricity that power things—lights and appliances--used year round
• Seasonal use: Electricity used to provide heating, cooling, often dehumidification
The goal is to understand how a particular household uses electricity, identify the possibilities for reducing that use and dialogue with the occupant for the best possible outcomes.
Holiday Hell-oExample of lighting as a seasonal load
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Houses don’t use energy. People do.
Reasons to Address Baseload
• Sometimes, reducing electric baseload can guarantee better savings than measures geared toward reducing the cost of heating and/or cooling: Savings Follows Use.
• Plug loads are increasing.
• Electric energy waste (energized equipment not in active use) is increasing.
“ Electricity originates inside clouds. There it forms lightning, which is attracted to the earth by golfers. After entering the ground, the electricity hardens into coal, which, when dug up by power companies and burned in big ovens called “generators,” turns back into electricity, which is sent in the form of “volts” (also known as “watts” or “rpm” for short) through special wires with birds sitting on them to consumers’ homes, where it is transformed by TV sets into commercials for beer, which passes through the consumer and back into the ground, thus completing what is known as a “circuit.”
Dave Barry, Funny Times, 2002
Electricity: Energy & PowerEnergy
From meter to utility bill
power over time
• Watt hour - Wh • kiloWatt hour - kWh
(1,000 Wh)
Power Nameplate – potential –
instantaneous demand• Watt - W• kiloWatt (1,000 W) – kW• Watt - is one joule per second or
the power supplied when a current of one ampere is driven by a
potential difference of one volt
Energy Cost & ValueFebruary 4, 2009
Cost/Unit x Unit/MBtu = Cost/MbtuPricing Source: ww.eia.doe.gov.neic/experts/heatcalc.xls
FuelSource Unit
Btu/Unit
Unit/Mbtu
Cost/Unit
Cost/Mbtu
Crude Oil Barrel 6,300,000 0.16 $45.00 $7.20
Coal Ton 24,916,000 0.04 $240.00 $9.63
Mixed Wood Cord 22,000,000 0.05 $200.00 $10.00
Gasoline Gallon 125,000 8 $1.86 $14.88
Corn Kernels Ton 16,500,000 0.06 $250.00 $15.15
Natural Gas Therm 100,000 10 $1.55 $15.50
Wood Pellets Ton 16,500,000 0.06 $259.00 $15.70
Heating Oil Gallon 138,690 7.14 $3.18 $22.71
Propane Gallon 92,000 10.87 $2.48 $26.96
Electricity kWh 3,412 293 $0.10 $29.31
Kerosene Gallon 135,000 7.4 $4.10 $30.37
General Baseload Analysis
Tools of the Trade• Consumption history• Calculator• Camera• Clipboard & pen • Tape measure• kWh meter• Ground tester• Thermometers• Flashlight• Ladder• Gloves (to remove hot bulbs)• Extension cord
• 2-3 prong adapter• MicroWeir or stop watch and
container• Drip gauge• Lamp harp and diffuser
extenders• Product sheet showing
replacement light fixtures• Screwdrivers, pliers, or a
multipurpose tool like a Leatherman™
• Laptop computer with appliance use software
Establish Baseload Use• Obtain (a printout of) the customer’s electricity use
for at least one year prior to the site visit.
• Separate the baseload use from the total use by:
1. adding together the three lowest months (not weird numbers)
2. dividing the sum by 3 to get an average baseload month’s use
3. multiplying that number by 12 months
• This can easily be done visually from a bar chart.
• There are lots of ways to do this. They all work.
Annual Customer Usage Printout
Bill Date(not use date)
Billing Days
Tariff Schedule
Reading Source KWH KWH/Day
Bill Amount
7/10/2007 32 RSO Regular Company 2,043 64 $181.45
6/8/2007 30 RSO Regular Company 1,134 38 $107.44
5/9/2007 29 RSO Estimate 1,056 36 $101.09
4/10/2007 32 RSO Regular Company 1,492 47 $136.59
3/9/2007 30 RSO Regular Company 1,972 66 $175.67
2/7/2007 28 RSO Regular Company 1,599 57 $145.30
1/10/2007 33 RSO Regular Company 1,396 42 $128.74
12/8/2006 29 RSO Regular Company 1,194 41 $112.28
11/9/2006 30 RSO Regular Company 1,314 44 $122.05
10/10/2006 29 RSO Regular Company 892 31 $87.69
9/11/2006 33 RSO Regular Company 1,740 53 $156.71
8/9/2006 29 RSO Regular Company 2,386 82 $209.33
TotalTotal Baseload
18,21812,328
$ 1,664.34 $ 1,126.25
LANCASTER PA 17603LAN Active 40256S25894 Non Ele Ht Cool
1. Three lowest months = 892+ 1,056+ 1,134 = 3,082 ÷ 3 months2. Average monthly use = 1,027 kWh/mo3. 1,027 kWh/mo x 12 mo = 12,328 kWh/yr baseload
Consumption HistoryApproximate monthly baseload use ~ 600 kWh or about 7,200 kWh/year
Annual End Use Consumption Ranges (kWh)
Electricity Use LOW MID HIGH
Baseload 2250 5000 8000
Domestic Hot WaterHot water use, 1-3 people 2500 4500 6000Hot water use, 3-6 people 4000 6000 8000
CoolingCooling load (total household) 750 1500 2500
HeatingElectric heat load 2000 5000 8500
National averages trued up to PA utility program experience
Assess the Opportunity for Energy Savings
• Determine if the customer’s use is in the low, mid range, or high range using their consumption history or data on their utility bills.
• Focus your efforts in the home based on your determination.
• Since savings follows use, you will likely find more opportunities to save energy where the use is high.
• If any category of use is low, then save time and focus where the use is medium or high
Savings Follows Use / Waste
Total electricity use relates directly
to potential electricity savings
Reasons for High Baseload
• Time on – 24/7 adds up quickly
• High demand / power (kW)
• Poor control strategies
• Not known to be operating
• Faulty equipment
• Intermittent use
• Hidden loads
• Lots of people in the householdPPL Managing CAP Credits Pilot Program, 2006
What Does My Bill Pay For
Source: 2007 Buildings Energy Data Book
Why Address Baseload?Electricity Use is Rising
Mark Fortney, 2007, PHRC, PA Home Energy Forum
Plug Load Energy Use is Increasing
U.S. delivered residential energy consumption by end use, 2001, 2004, 2015, and 2030 (million Btu per household)
Source: Energy Information Administration 2006
“NRDC Study of Set Top Box and Game Console Power Use”, Peter Ostendorp, Ecos Consulting, May 2007
@ $.09/kWh
Power1%
Lighting1%
Personal hygiene0.4%
Telephony2%
Small appliances
5%
Information technology
31%
Entertainment60%
Other9%
2007 Ecos Consulting, “Final Field Research Report”: Share of Plug Load Energy Use by Product Category27
Plug Load Baseload Energy Use by Product Category
Power Settings & Mode
ON
• Active power• Low power
mode• Indeterminate
power • Sleep/hibernate
REALLY OFF
• No power• Unplugged• Power switched
off with strip or other control device
“OFF”
Standby power
Phantom load
Vampire power
Idle power
Anything with a remote, display, touchpad, or light is using power even when turned “off”
Game Console Power Use
NRDC Study of Set Top Box and Game Console Power Use, May 2007, Peter Ostendorp, Ecos Consulting
Power Supplies: A Growing Component • Function: convert wall
voltage ac to low voltage dc needed to operate today’s digital chips, LED indicators, displays, etc.
• 6% to 10% of U.S. electricity flows through the nation’s 3.6 billion power supplies
2007 Ecos Consulting, “Final Field Research Report”
Roughly 1 to 2% of U.S. electricity could be saved by improving power supply efficiency
•$2.1 to 4.2 billion saved by consumers on their electricity bills•Prevent release of 40 to 80 million tons of CO2 into the atmosphere•Equivalent of taking 2.3 to 4.6 million cars off the road•Equivalent of building roughly 4.5 to 9 average sized power plants
Sample Annual kWh of TVs by Mode
• Standby power is similar regardless of TV type or size.
• Newer TVs use a lot more energy than older ones.
• Larger and newer technologies (plasma & rear projection) tend to be used more and are frequently part of a larger entertainment set up.
Source: Ecos Consulting, “Final Field Research Report”, 2007
Managing Computer Power Use
• Teach everyone that it makes sense to Turn off monitor if not using for > 5-20 min. and both CPU and monitor if not using for > 30-60 min.
• Use power strips for positive “off” and control of peripherals
• Learn about and teach others about how to Activate Power Management Functions
• Maximize sleep features in the operating system
Battery Charging Strategies• Chargers can draw 5 to
20 times more power than they can store so...– Unplug chargers
once battery is charged
– Use timer to control charge cycle
• Choose equipment based on charging performance
• Buy efficient chargers• Use rechargeable
batteries• Use power strips to
simplify disconnecting chargers
Advanced Power Strip Optionshttp://wattstopper.comhttp://www.p3international.com
http://www.smarthomeusa.com/Shop/Smart-Energy/Smart-Strip
Strategies to Control Home Electronic Energy Use
• Unplug stuff you don’t use
• Manage control settings for maximum efficiency
• Turn equipment off when not actively using
• Minimize standby use with power strips, switched outlets, unplugging, etc.
• Purchase less stuff
• Buy the most efficient products possible
Nighttime from the Space Shuttle
What Affects Lighting Use?
• Number of sockets/bulbs
• Hours of use• Wattage • Lumens (brightness)• Restrictive fixtures /
colors• Task vs general
lighting
For each bulb:• Watts x hours = Wh• Wh x .001 = kWh• kWh x $/kWh = Cost
Incandescent vs. CFLs
Lumen Comparison
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=cfls.pr_cfls
Lighting
• Lighting can be a surprising share of baseload-- 15-20%
• Average home has 25 - 43 sockets/bulbs
• CFLs can typically reduce use electricity use by two-thirds or more
• Reduced waste heat saves on air conditioning and improves comfort
Choosing Bulbs• Look for Energy Star logo
• Select the best bulb for the fixture– Shape
– Location
– Color quality
– Dimmability
– Highest lumens per Watt
• Be aware of weight and overheating
• Mercury content/disposal
• Lumen equivalency, not Watts
• Electronic interference
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=cfls.pr_cfls
3 Valuable Pieces of Information
Lumens
Watts
Life
Use the box as a teaching aid with customers
www.energyfederation.org
EFI Bulb Finder
LED Lighting
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=fixtures.pr_light_fixtures
Hard-wired Fixtures
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=fixtures.pr_light_fixtures
Feedback From the Field• Issues:
– The light is not bright enough
– The bulb doesn’t fit within fixture
– The bulb takes too long to brighten
– The bulb looks weird
– The bulb was installed without customer acceptance
– Too few were installed
– Disposal and mercury concerns
• So, to assure client satisfaction, choose carefully. There are plenty of excellent CFL’s available.
One example: Recessed lights are holes in the
envelope, most of which leak air Local hot spot enhances
exfiltration forces A 13 watt bulb increases air flow
through a leaky can by 60% when it’s on, a 50 watt bulb by 170% and a 100 watt bulb by 400%!
Larry Kinney, Synertech Systems Inc
Baseload and Building Science
Telltale Signs in the Snow
Larry Kinney, Synertech Systems Inc
Can Light Above Bed in MBR
• Customer complained about cold air in bedroom
• IR spot radiometer has laser pointer, costs $120
• Reveals non-trivial problem that’s clear to all (including customer)
• IAT = 70F; OAT = 25F; Can = 43F
• Warm air rises, cold air descends!
Larry Kinney, Synertech Systems Inc
Ceiling Fixture
• Includes hard wired CFL, electronic ballast• Can cover “can” lights; providing better, diffuse light and
allows the cans to be air sealed and insulated• Saves electricity and gas!
Larry Kinney, Synertech Systems Inc
Ceiling Fixture This Instant Pendant Light screws into the recessed light fixture
PowerLux Solution—No Leaks
• Ballast is outside of hot can in rim where it stays cool• CFLs that fit the system are available in 18, 26, 32, and 42
watts, and in color temperatures from 2700 to 4100K • All have a color rendering index of 82 and 12,000 hour
lifetimes• Initial luminous efficacy ranges from 67 to 76 lm/W
Larry Kinney, Synertech Systems Inc
Outcome of Dirty Photocell
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20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Ann
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Average
Baseload Summer Winter
A. Tamasin Sterner, Pure Energy
Strategies To Reduce Electric Light Use
• Use natural light whenever possible
• Turn lights off when not needed – especially anything left on 24/7
• Consider photo and occupancy sensors
• Choose bulbs with highest lumens per watt
• Select lighting to fit each task or situation
• Use a low watt nightlight instead of a main light
• Use light colored lampshades/reflector cans
• Clean bulbs and fixtures for brightest light
GE Refrigerator circa 1934
Factors Affecting Refrigerator Energy Use
• Size• Features• Age• Ambient air temperature• Control settings
– Thermostats– Anti-sweat (energy saver)
switch• Loading patterns • Covered containers• Condition of door gaskets• Cleanliness of coils• Door openings
Safe and Efficient Temperatures
Desired Temperatures:
Fresh food: 36-40°FFreezer: 0-5°F
• Measure temperatures in the middle of the fresh food and freezer compartments
• Use standard or digital thermometers. A non-contact thermometer is not suitable for testing the temperatures inside refrigerators.
http://www.aham.org/ht/a/GetDocumentAction/i/844
Beer Fridge and Freezer in the Heated Garage is an Expensive Choice
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10,000
15,000
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25,000
30,000
35,000
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Baseload Summer Winter
A. Tamasin Sterner, Pure Energy
Energy Consumption of U.S. Refrigerators
Source: Kinney and Belshe, Refrigerator Replacement in the Weatherization Program: Putting a Chill on Energy Waste.E Source, September 2001, page 1.
Annual Energy Use as determined by:
• Nameplate information & look up in data base
• Age
• Refrigerant R-134a
• Metering – 2 hours preferred
• Broken – hardware failure, constant running, insufficient cooling
Replacement Criteria A good return on investment (ROI)
Energy Star Databasewww.energystar.gov
Refrigerator Dataplate &Input – Output www.energystar.gov
Mfg
Model
Size
Style
Age
8-Minute Rule
Calculating PaybackFridge/Freezer Removal
kWh/yr x $/kWh = operating cost/year = annual Savings for removing unit
Replacement Savings old op cost – new op cost = savings/yr
Purchase Price / savings $/yr = simple payback in years
and “Savings” = tax free income!
If You Meter Refrigerators
Using the Brultech ECM-1200
kiloWatt Hour MetersBrultech ECM-1220b
www.brultech.comVolts, Watts, Elapsed time,kWh/periodTotal cost for periodDual or 240V appliance metering
Kill A Watt EZ www.p3international.com
Volts, Amps, VA, Hertz, Power FactorkWh, Elapsed Time
Brand Electronics, Model 20-1850
www.brandelectronics.com
Watts, kWh, Elapsed timeCost per month, Total costPeak power , Amps, Power factor
Watts Up? PRO Meter
www.dom.com/products
Watts, kWh, Elapsed timeCost per month, Total costPeak power, Amps, Power factor
Refrigerator Testing Tips• If you interrupt a compressor cycle, wait 8
minutes before plugging it back in • If door is closed and you still have 40W on the
meter, perhaps the door switch is broken or the anti-sweat heater is running
• The usual running range (compressor on) is 200-400 Watts. Newer refrigerators draw about 150 Watts
• Watch for defrost periods (~400 Watts) • Unplug a refrigerator to clean the coils
Automatic Defrost Cycle (14.4 ft3 GE unit, 355 Btu for 13.45 minutes)
Source: Kinney and Belshe, Refrigerator Replacement in the Weatherization Program: Putting a Chill on Energy Waste.E Source, September 2001, page 16.
Fresh food compartmenttemperature does not respond significantlyto defrost cycle.
How much time is requiredfor freezer temperaturerecovery after defrost?
Refrigerator Use Examples
Existing
Size
(cu. ft.)
kWh at 1 hr. kWh at 2 hr.
kWh/year of Existing
Unit
Approx. kWh/yr of New Unit
15 or less .104 kWh/hr At least .208 911 354
16-19 .13 kWh/hr At least .26 1,139 368 (17 cu. ft.)
383 (18 cu. ft.)
20-24 .14 kWh/hr At least .28 1,226 408 (21 cu. ft.)
25 or greater
.2 kWh/hr At least .4 1,752 577 max. (20-25 cu. ft.)
Strategies to Reduce Refrigerator Energy Use
• GET RID OF 2nd, 3rd, 4th UNITS• Set controls to avoid over-cooling• Keep it as cool as possible—away from stove,
heat registers, direct sunlight• Understand and use the energy saver or
moisture control switch if present• Be sure the door closes tightly after opening• Keep containers covered• Allow air to circulate freely around the unit and
clean the condenser coils
EPA WaterSense
http://www.epa.gov/watersense/
Annual End Use Consumption Ranges (kWh)
Electricity Use LOW MID HIGH
Baseload 2250 5000 8000
Domestic Hot Water
Hot water use, 1-3 people 2500 4500 6000Cost at $.10 per kWh $250 $450
Hot water use, 3-6 people 4000 6000 8000Cost at $.10 per kWh $400 $600 $800
National averages trued up to PA utility program experience
Household Hot Water Use
Buildings Energy Data Book: 8.2 Residential Sector Water Consumption September 2008
Note(s): 1) Based analysis on 10 single family homes in Seattle, WASources: 2000 Residential End Uses of Hot Water in Single-Family Homes from Flow-Trace Analysis
http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/docs/xls_pdf/8.2.4.pdf
What Affects Hot Water Use?
• Leaks• The number of
occupants• Difference (∆T)
between incoming & hot water temperature
• Fixture flow rate• Appliance type and
style
• Water heater tank insulation
• Water heater energy factor (EF)
• Distribution piping design & location
• Climate and localized ambient temperature
• Time of use options
Thermometers: Water Temperature
Recommended: 120° F
Too Hot Water is Dangerous
Children and elderly people are at greater risk for injury
Water Temperature Setting for Clothes Washer
(millions of households)
Wash Cycle • Hot............................. 6.2 • Warm............................ 49.7 • Cold............................ 28.2Rinse Cycle • Hot............................. 1.4 • Warm............................ 16.6• Cold............................ 66.1No Washing Machine................ 22.9
Source: www.projectlaundrylist.org
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2001/hc_pdf/usage/hc6-1a_climate2001.pdf
Flow – Gallons per Minute (gpm)
MicroWeir
OR… a stop watch & a gallon jug. If it fills in less than 2 minutes, it is likely a candidate for replacement!
Showerheads:2.5 gpm the ruleLess is better!
Larr
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Pho
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http://www.energyfederation.org/consumer/default.php/cPath/27
Household Water Use – Not only Hot
Strategies to Reduce DHW Use & Water Waste
• Fix all leaks – hot or not• Keep thermostat at safe
& efficient setting• Reduce standby losses• Limit use of hot water
when doing laundry or cleaning
• Turn off water when not using
• Turn thermostat down or off for vacations
• Manage outdoor water use: car washing, irrigation
Use of Clothes Washer(millions of U.S. households)
www.projectlaundrylist.org
www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2001/hc_pdf/usage/hc6-1a_climate2001.pdf
• Loads of Laundry Washed Each Week– 1 Load or Less.................. 6.8– 2 to 9 Loads.................... 65.1 – 10 to 15 Loads.................. 9.6 – More than 15 Loads.............. 2.7
Use of Clothes Dryer(millions of U.S. households)
• Use a Clothes Dryer............... 78.8 – Every Time Clothes are Washed... 63.5– Some, but not All, Loads........ 12.7 – Used Infrequently............... 2.7
• No Clothes Dryer................28.2
www.projectlaundrylist.org
www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2001/hc_pdf/usage/hc6-1a_climate2001.pdf
Dryers are responsible for 6-10% of domestic
electricity use.
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We Looked: We Saw… • High occupancy• Anything running 24/7: air
handler, lighting • Extra lighting• Multiple refrigerators and/or
freezers• Broken appliances• Failing motors• Malfunctioning equip: well,
septic, sump pumps• Heavy-duty battery
chargers• Home entertainment rooms• Large/multiple aquariums
• Off-site but connected loads• Waterbed heaters• Dehumidifiers set too high• Forgotten heaters in crawl
spaces, garage, porches• Grow lights• Ice makers running without
water hookup• Washers always using hot
water• Ventilation equipment• Pressure tank problems• Current leaking to earth:
water heater, yard line, well pump
Ceiling fans, too if on 24/7
Example: Cost of Operation• Airhandler fans on 24/7
(@400-600W) 500W x 24 hours x 365
days x .001kW/W = 4,380 kWh/yr @$.10 = $438 per year
• Radon exhaust fans. EPA IAQ house standards require them in attached garages. (@80-125W)100W x 8760 hrs/yr x .001kW/W = 876 kWh/yr @ $.10 = $88 per year
Baseload Waste Often Reveals as Heat
High Number of Occupants
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10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
An
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Wh
Average
Baseload Summer Winter
A. Tamasin Sterner, Pure Energy
Influencing Change
• Identify all possible opportunities to save
• Put costs on operations and equipment use
• Recognize what customer cares about and will/won’t do
• Focus on biggest users
• Prioritize where you spend your time
• Present only options that make sense and offer a return on investment
AirHandlerOn->Auto
SetBackTstat
24hrFansOff
TurnDownTstat
LidsOnPots
FiltersMonthly
FridgeDoorClose
RecommendedIgnored
Worthwhile
Marginal
Waste?
ComputersOff
ColdWash
2ndFridge/FrzOff
VampirePowerStrips
Priorities: Recommended vs. Worthwhile: Actions
LightsOff
ClothesLine
ShorterShowers
CeilingFan
CeilingFan24hrTVsOff24hrLightsOff
CleanFridgeCoils
HumidiferOff
Urban Legends
Note: Values based somewhat on difficulty in maintaining action
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Baseload is a Waste & Pollution Issue
• Over a five year period, an incandescent bulb uses electricity equal to 10 mg of mercury emissions from a coal-fired plant.
• A CFL may contain 1- 4 mg of mercury, but “uses” only 2.4 mg of emissions from electricity.
• Mercury in a CFL is contained and is recycled with proper disposal*. Once out of the smokestack mercury is uncontrollable.
• Electricity generated from coal-fired plants is only 33% efficient at the plug. The rest of the source energy is “wasted” in generation, transmission, & distribution losses.
U.S. EAP 2002* www.Earth911.org
Coal-Fired Electricity Generation
Water waste: ½ to 1 gallon per kWh
NOXSOX
Mercury (Hg)Particulates
Greenhouse Gases
GHGCarbon Dioxide
Equivalency
CO2e
Phot
o: R
ana
Bels
he
Feedback Welcome!
A. Tamasin Sternerwww.PureEnergyAudits.com
Rana Belshe715-334-2707
[email protected] to: Larry Kinneywww.synertechsystems.comRick Kargwww.karg.com
Light fixtures in upscale home
• Major leakage to attic through fixtures
• Nine 75 Watt incandescent bulbs in kitchen ceiling
• Middle row retrofitted with CFLs: 25W, 20W, 13W
• Fix is 13W CFLs plus metal box 1 ft on a side in attic
Larry Kinney, Synertech Systems Inc