achieving economic stability. chapter 16 section 1 1.which is an example of the uncertainty caused...
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Achieving Economic Stability
Chapter 16 section 1 1. Which is an example of the uncertainty caused by economic instability?
A. A politician is reelected B. A consumer delays a purchase C. A manufacturer increases output D. An economist measures the GDP gap
2. The social cost of economic instability include all of the following except::A. Stagflation B. Wasted resources C. Political instability D. Crime and damage to family values
3. Which of the following statements is FALSE?A. A healthy economy helps the country deal with its social problems B. Economic Instability is at the root of all social problems C. Economic instability can lead to reduced spending on social programs D. A healthy economy helps people feel more certain about the future
4. Economists measure the cost of economic instability with A. The misery index B. The GDP gap C. Constant GDP D. Both a and b
5. Economic instability wastes all of the following except:A. Human resources B. Natural resources C. Tax revenues D. Capital resources
• Forms of Economic instability – recession – High unemployment – Inflation
• Stagflation: a period of stagnant growth combined with inflation – Experienced in 1970’s
The Cost of Economic Instability
The Cost of Economic Instability
• Economics Cost – GDP gap: measures
the differences between the actual GDP and the GDP that could have been achieved had all the resources been fully employed
The Cost of Economic Instability
• The misery index: the sum of monthly inflation and unemployment rates
• Uncertainty increases when GDP decreases
Social Cost
• Economic Instability – Results in wasted labor, capital, and natural
resources – Can lead to political instability – Associated with:
• Increased crime • Lower levels of police protection • Less willingness by companies to hire
disadvantaged people
Chapter 16 section 1 1. Which is an example of the uncertainty caused by economic instability?
A. A politician is reelected B. A consumer delays a purchase C. A manufacturer increases output D. An economist measures the GDP gap
2. The social cost of economic instability include all of the following except::A. Stagflation B. Wasted resources C. Political instability D. Crime and damage to family values
3. Which of the following statements is FALSE?A. A healthy economy helps the country deal with its social problems B. Economic Instability is at the root of all social problems C. Economic instability can lead to reduced spending on social programs D. A healthy economy helps people feel more certain about the future
4. Economists measure the cost of economic instability with A. The misery index B. The GDP gap C. Constant GDP D. Both a and b
5. Economic instability wastes all of the following except:A. Human resources B. Natural resources C. Tax revenues D. Capital resources
Macroeconomic Equilibrium
Chapter 16 section 2 1. Macroeconomic equilibrium is determined by the
A. Intersection of the supply curve and the demand curve B. Aggregate supply curve C. Intersection of the aggregate supply curve and the aggregate demand curve D. The aggregate demand curve
2. What effect would a decrease in production cost for all firms have on the aggregate supply curve? The Curve would
A. Level off B. Shift to the right C. Shift to the left D. Not change
3. What effect would a decrease in consumer savings have on the aggregate demand curve? The curve would
A. Level off B. Shift to the right C. Shift to the left D. Not change
4. The aggregate demand curve has the slope it does because A. It must intersect the aggregate supply curve B. People willing to purchase less at higher prices C. There is a single money supply of a fixed size in the economy at any one time D. The market tends toward equilibrium
5. All of the following would cause aggregate supply to increase EXCEPT A. An increase in labor productivity B. An increase in interest rates C. The development of new technologies D. A decrease in government regulations
Aggregate Supply
Total value of goods and services that all firms would produce in a specific period of time at various price level
Aggregate Supply Curve
• Shows the amount of real GDP that could be produced at various price levels
• Cost fall = ASC shifts to the right
• Cost Rise = ASC shifts to the left
Aggregate Supply Curve
Aggregate Demand
Total quantity of goods and services demanded at different
price levels
Aggregate Demand Curve
• Quantity of real GDP that would be purchased at various price levels
Figure 16.4aFigure 16.4a
Aggregate Demand Curve
• shifts curve to the right – Decrease in savings, – expectations of strong
economy, – increase in transfer
payments financed through deficit spending,
– reduction in taxes shifts curve to the right
Figure 16.4bFigure 16.4b
• Shifts curve to the left – Increase in savings – Expectations of a
weak economy – A decrease in transfer
payments through deficit spending
– An increase in taxes
Figure 16.4bFigure 16.4b
Aggregate Demand Curve
Level of real GDP consistent with a given price level, as determined by the
intersection of the aggregate supply and aggregate demand curves
Macroeconomic Equilibrium
Macroeconomic Equilibrium
• Achieved when aggregate supply equals aggregate demand
• Does not provide exact predictions about the economy
• Useful for analyzing macroeconomic trends
Chapter 16 section 2 1. Macroeconomic equilibrium is determined by the
A. Intersection of the supply curve and the demand curve B. Aggregate supply curve C. Intersection of the aggregate supply curve and the aggregate demand curve D. The aggregate demand curve
2. What effect would a decrease in production cost for all firms have on the aggregate supply curve? The Curve would
A. Level off B. Shift to the right C. Shift to the left D. Not change
3. What effect would a decrease in consumer savings have on the aggregate demand curve? The curve would
A. Level off B. Shift to the right C. Shift to the left D. Not change
4. The aggregate demand curve has the slope it does because A. It must intersect the aggregate supply curve B. People willing to purchase less at higher prices C. There is a single money supply of a fixed size in the economy at any one time D. The market tends toward equilibrium
5. All of the following would cause aggregate supply to increase EXCEPT A. An increase in labor productivity B. An increase in interest rates C. The development of new technologies D. A decrease in government regulations
Stabilization Policies
Chapter 16 section 3 1. All of the following are elements of Keynesian economic framework EXCEPT
A. The consumption function B. The multiplier C. The Laffer curve D. The accelerator
2. All of the following are related to demand-side policies EXCEPTA. Fiscal policy B. Monetarism C. Keynesian economics D. The output-expenditure model
3. Those who favor supply-side polices would tend to support the government playing A. An expanded role in the economy B. A reduced role in the economy C. No role in the economy D. A role in monetary policies only
4. Unemployment insurance and federal entitlement programs are two examples of A. Supply side policy B. Monetarism C. Wage price controls D. Automatic stabilizers
5. Which of the following policies would likely be favored by a monetarist?A. Increasing the money supply at a steady rate determined by growth in real GDP B. Increasing government spending to offset a reduction in spending in the investment sector C. Lowering business tax rates to provide an incentive for businesses to produce more D. Deregulating industries to minimize the government’s role in the economy
Demand-Side Policies
• Federal Policies designed to increase or decrease total demand in the economy by shifting the aggregate demand curve to the right or left
• Fiscal Policy: the federal governments attempt to stabilize the economy through taxing and government spending
• John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) was one of the most influential economists of the twentieth century. In addition to revolutionizing economic thinking about fiscal policy, he played a central role in the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944, which created the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
• Keynesian Economics: a set of actions designed to lower unemployment by stimulating aggregate demand
•
Demand-Side Policies
• Multiplier Effect: a change in investment spending will have a magnified effect on total spending
• Accelerator effect: change in investment is caused by a change in overall spending, a downward economic spiral
• According to Keynes: only the government is large enough to offset changes in investment spending
Demand-Side Policies
• Automatic stabilizers = unemployment insurance and federal– Increase government spending whenever
changes in the economy threaten people’s income
• Long Run:– All attempts by gov’t to increase aggregate
demand merely increase the price level without increasing GDP
Demand-Side Policies
Supply Side Policies
• Reducing Taxes = increase in tax collections failed to materialize in the1980’s
• Successful policies can shift aggregate supply – Moving economy into equilibrium
• Seek to promote economic growth rather than economic stability
Laffer curve
Monetary Policies
• Believe the money supply should be allowed to grow– Slow and steady – Trying to control inflation – Permit economic growth
• Expanding the money supply cannot permanently affect rate of employment
Chapter 16 section 3 1. All of the following are elements of Keynesian economic framework EXCEPT
A. The consumption function B. The multiplier C. The Laffer curve D. The accelerator
2. All of the following are related to demand-side policies EXCEPTA. Fiscal policy B. Monetarism C. Keynesian economics D. The output-expenditure model
3. Those who favor supply-side polices would tend to support the government playing A. An expanded role in the economy B. A reduced role in the economy C. No role in the economy D. A role in monetary policies only
4. Unemployment insurance and federal entitlement programs are two examples of A. Supply side policy B. Monetarism C. Wage price controls D. Automatic stabilizers
5. Which of the following policies would likely be favored by a monetarist?A. Increasing the money supply at a steady rate determined by growth in real GDP B. Increasing government spending to offset a reduction in spending in the investment sector C. Lowering business tax rates to provide an incentive for businesses to produce more D. Deregulating industries to minimize the government’s role in the economy
Economics and Politics
Chapter 16 section 4 1. The use of discretionary fiscal policy has declined for all of the following reasons
EXCEPT A. the relatively short duration of recessions B. government gridlock C. Congressional budget caps have limited federal spending D. The government usually knows of upcoming recessions far in advance
2. The United States relies most on which of the following policies A. Passive fiscal policies B. Structural fiscal policies C. Discretionary fiscal policies D. Monetary policy
3. All of the following describes economist EXCEPTA. Economists have different backgrounds B. Economists are sharply divided into competing schools of thought with little overlap of ideas
and beliefs C. Economists sometime seem to offer conflicting adviceD. Economists are continually seeking new answers to new problems
4. Which is the best description of the role of the Council of Economic Advisors?A. Report economic developments and propose strategies B. Carry out monetary policy C. Implement presidential economic policies D. Keep the public informed about economic issues
5. A president might ignore the recommendations of professional economic advisors in order to
A. Avoid an unpopular decision B. Adhere to the principles of political economics C. Avoid participating in economic politics D. Maintain presidential monetary authority
Changing Nature of Economic Policy
• Discretionary fiscal policy – Used less today – Has increased the use of monetary policy
• Passive Fiscal Policy – Contribute to stability of the American Economy
• Structural Fiscal Policy – Designed to strengthen the economy in the long run – Does not deal with unemployment or inflation
Why Economist Differ
• Choose polices that reflect their sense of which economic problems are most critical
• Affected by the economic conditions prevailing in their lifetimes
Economic Politics
• The Council for Economic Advisors – Advises the president of the United States on
economic policy
• Contribute to the understanding of economic activity
• Help policy makers prevent another Great Depression, stimulate growth, help disadvantaged groups
• Cannot help a country AVOID minor recessions
Chapter 16 section 4 1. The use of discretionary fiscal policy has declined for all of the following reasons
EXCEPT A. the relatively short duration of recessions B. government gridlock C. Congressional budget caps have limited federal spending D. The government usually knows of upcoming recessions far in advance
2. The United States relies most on which of the following policies A. Passive fiscal policies B. Structural fiscal policies C. Discretionary fiscal policies D. Monetary policy
3. All of the following describes economist EXCEPTA. Economists have different backgrounds B. Economists are sharply divided into competing schools of thought with little overlap of ideas
and beliefs C. Economists sometime seem to offer conflicting adviceD. Economists are continually seeking new answers to new problems
4. Which is the best description of the role of the Council of Economic Advisors?A. Report economic developments and propose strategies B. Carry out monetary policy C. Implement presidential economic policies D. Keep the public informed about economic issues
5. A president might ignore the recommendations of professional economic advisors in order to
A. Avoid an unpopular decision B. Adhere to the principles of political economics C. Avoid participating in economic politics D. Maintain presidential monetary authority