acgih ® tlvs ® for physical agents committee update vice-chair: thomas bernard university of south...
TRANSCRIPT
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ACGIHACGIH®® TLVs TLVs®® for for Physical Agents Physical Agents
Committee UpdateCommittee Update
Vice-Chair: Thomas BernardUniversity of South Florida College of Public Health
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TLVTLV®®
Physical Agents CommitteePhysical Agents Committee
Process for Hazardous Agent Selection and Decision Making
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MissionMission
To foster, solicit, collect and evaluate data on potential health hazards of exposures to physical agents. When appropriate, recommend ACGIH® Threshold Limit Values® for physical agents.
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2002 PAC2002 PAC
Harry MaharMaurice BitranThomas BernardGerald ColesAnthony CullenDaniel JohnsonJohn LeonowichWilliam MurrayBhawani Pathak
Robert Patterson
Thomas TenfordeCarla Treadwell
Consultants:Thomas AdamsThomas ArmstrongGregory LotzMartin MainsterGary Myers
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OverviewOverview
• Physical Agents
• Process– Committee Activities– TLV® Development
• Future– Format– Agents
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DisclaimerDisclaimer
The opinions expressed here are those of the author
and not ofhis employer,
the Physical Agents Committee or
the ACGIH® Worldwide.
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Physical AgentsPhysical Agents
It’s the Movement of Energy
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Risk of Health Risk of Health EffectsEffects
• What is the nature of the energy?
• How much energy?
• What is the interaction with tissue?
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Nature of EnergyNature of Energy
• Electric and Magnetic Fields
• Photons
• Kinetic Energy– Pressure– Vibration– Mechanical
• Heat
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Amount of EnergyAmount of Energy
• Total Amount of Energy Absorbed– What does it take to raise water temperature?
• Rate of Absorption (Power or Intensity)– How fast does the temperature rise?
• Normalized to Surface Area(e.g., mJ/cm2, mW/cm2)
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InteractionsInteractions
• Electric and Magnetic Fields– Induce Currents– Align Molecules– Vibrate Molecular Bonds
• Photons– Vibrate Molecular Bonds– Disrupt Molecular Bonds
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More InteractionsMore Interactions
• Mechanical Disruption of Tissue– Pressure– Vibration– Force Applications
• Loss of Tissue Function– Thermal: Gain or Loss of Heat
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Bernard Watt-O-MeterBernard Watt-O-Meter
Power Limits for Various Exposures [mW/cm2]
Electric and Magnetic Fields 170,000 Radiofrequency/Microwave 1.0
Infrared Light 10Blue Light 0.0001
Ultraviolet Light 0.0012 Ionizing Radiation 0.00000003
Noise 0.00003Heat Stress 30
{Not Accepted, or Considered Acceptable, by Any Authority}
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ExposureExposure
• Energy Distribution in the Immediate Environment
• The distribution is usually described as Power or Intensity (directly or through a surrogate) versus Frequency or Wavelength in Bands
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Exposure ThresholdExposure Threshold
• Total Energy– Ability to Absorb Energy
• Rate of Energy (Power or Intensity)– Ability to Dissipate Absorbed Energy
In a Band
Integrated Over All Bands
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ProcessProcess
Committee ActivitiesDevelopment of TLVs®
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RepresentationRepresentation
• Usually one or two members with an expertise for a particular agent (e.g., a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum)
• Small committee to maintain a working and collegial group. We meet as a whole.
• Leverage with outside experts
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Updating TLVsUpdating TLVs®®
• PAC meets with outside experts
• Members bring recommendations to the PAC for discussion
• Consideration of actions taken by national and international committees or agencies
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New TLVsNew TLVs®®
• Quintessential Example: Hand Activity
• Formed a cadre of consultants• Convened a conference• Developed recommendation and Documentation
• Presented to PAC and discussed• PAC voted after internal deliberations
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FutureFuture
Format
Agents
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FormatFormat
• TLV® Book– Use of Flow Charts– Evolving (see Heat Stress and RF/MW)
• Training• Documentation
– Expanded and Focused (see HAL and Lifting)
– Health Effects and Exposure Indices– Guidance (see Heat Stress)
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FormForm
• Physical agents have their own history and character with respect to measurement and exposure assessment
• There is an underlying similarity among the physical agents that may be introduced
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Example SetExample Set
• Radiofrequency / Microwave Radiation
• Optical Radiation (IR, Visible and UV)
• Vibration (Hand-Arm and Whole Body)
• Noise
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Energy DistributionEnergy Distribution
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Ene
rgy
Bands
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Energy Limits Energy Limits Within BandsWithin Bands
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Ene
rgy
Lim
it
Bands
Emin
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Limits by BandLimits by Band
Is the limit exceeded within one or more bands?
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Ene
rgy
Bands
PD Exp Lmt
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Sensitivity CurveSensitivity Curve
Sensitivity = Energy Limit / Emin
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Sen
sitiv
ity
Bands
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Hazard FunctionHazard Function
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Filt
er M
ultip
lier
Bands
Hazard Function = 1.0 / Sensitivity
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Effective ExposureEffective Exposure
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Ene
rgy
Bands
ED E-eff
Effective Exposure = Energy Distribution x Hazard Function
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Total EnergyTotal Energy
Multiplying– Energy Limits by Band– Hazard Function by Band
and Integrating (Summing)
Yields a Constant Value:
A Total Energy Limit
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Limit by Total Limit by Total EnergyEnergy
Total Energy – In One Band– Under the Effective Energy Curve
Compared to
Total Energy Limit
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In SummaryIn Summary
• TLVs®
– Limit Power (Ability to Dissipate)– Limit Total Energy (Ability to Absorb)
• Limit by– Band– Total
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Agents Under Agents Under ReviewReview
• Lasers
• Vibration
• Cold Stress
• HAL• Lifting• WMSDs• Wide-Band RF
• Altitude
• Impulse Noise
• ELF H-Fields
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Scheduled BreakScheduled Break
Take a minute to stretch!