accounts concepts

25
I ) e > tn i 11nn ( Bf n c cn 11n 1i n g : t h e a r t c t l rec o r d i n g c l a s s if i i n g a n d su m ma r i z i n g i n a s B g n i % c an t m 111 11A ï A n t l \n l c t w \ n l 1 11{ t n c y Tr a n \ ; ) c t i o ns ; an d e \ en +s w hi c h ar e I n p a r t a B l ea s t o r a l i n an e i J \ 1 \ l H h : r H1 \ 1 1nl cr pr ct H1 : l h c rc \ u l t s t h cr c t l r 2 1 B , n 1 l . < , C t p 1n = : I t 1\ m a i n i : conccmel l w i t h re c [ i r cl i n g o f f i nan c i a l d a t a re l a t i n g t o t h c h u s i n c x s t t p = l : l l 1n ó 1n n \ i g n i l ì cam a n d n r d c r l ! m an n er \ ( 1 ï 11 c c l 1l \ n f ac e n 11n t i n s : H ( ml n : L nn ecn 1 c t l 1 1c c p t I ) n N 1 \ & x B c on e c 1 1 1 ì \ L L I l ti n \ i n g p c r i o t l c o n c e p t ( I PcB l \ l di c n w t c hi n g o l C O :; t s a n d r c \ c n u c cm l cc p t H R c ; 1 h ì 1l H1 n C o11c e p { J ( (1n \ e rt l 1n n \ u f a cc ¢11i n 1i 1 1e : l< 1 J l l t 5 n = ï i \ h ti r c I ; : ; ! \ 1= t \1 \ 11r 1 ww 1k k e e p i n g : ( I : ; ! \ 1d II 1 \ 1 1r : 1c e nu n t i n = : \ ( t > h l ! h t t m a ce u u n 1i n g 1 $ \ 1 c 1¯H1t i l : Y; \ h : 111 0 > a cc o u n t i n g 1 ' r i l 1c i p l t \ 1 1f a c c o t1n l i n g : \ h : > 1 ; 11 : \ , c : 1 ) c h i t t h c n : c c i w r B < 1 A L n l : \ A : 1) c h i \ \ \ h a t c o m e s i n t l L J i t \ \ h1t y i c \ o u t t \ n m i n ; I I u l c : I ) c h i t a l l ex p ens e s a n d l o s se s ( >c d i t a 11 g a i ns an d i nc o lllc s 8 \ l c i 1n i n g o f j u u r n a l : Jo ur n a l me a n s c h ro n o l o g i c a l r e c or d o f t r u n s a c t i o n s t ) \ 1 e 1 1n i n g o f 1 ct l g c r : 1 E d g c r i s a sc t o f a c c o u n t s I t c u n t a i n s a \ I a c c mu n t s u r t hc h u s i n c w l 1 i 1 ' o s l i n g : l t mea n s t rans l i r r i n g t h e d e hi t a n d cr e di t i t e m s ï r m n t he Iournal 10 t he i r I c \ p c e t i \ c : 1c e u u n t : I i n t he 1 c t l g cr

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Page 1: Accounts Concepts

I ) e >t n i 11n n ( Bf n c c n 11n 1i n g : t h e a r t c t l r e c o r d i n g c la s s i fi i n g a n d s u m m a r i z in g i n a s Bgn i%c a n tm 11111A ï A n t l \ n l c t w \ n l 111{ t n c y Tr a n \ ; ) c t i o n s ; a n d e \ e n +s w h i c h a r e In pa r t a B le a s t o r a l i n a n e iJ \1 \ l H h : r H 1 \ 1 1nl cr pr ct H1 : l hc r c \ u l t s t h c r c t l r

2 1B, n 1 l . <, C t p 1n = : I t 1\ m a i n i : conccmel l w i t h r e c [ i r cl i n g o f f in a n c ia l da ta r e l a t in g t o t hc h u s i n c x s

t t p= l : l l 1n ó 1n n \ i g n i l ì c a m a n d n r d c r l ! m a n n e r

\ ( 1 ï 11 c c l 1l \ n f a c e n 11n t i n s :

H ( ml n : L n n e c n 1 c t l 11c c p t

I ) n N 1 \ & x B c o n e c 111

ì \ L L I l t i n \ i n g p c r io t l c o n c e p t

( I Pc B l \ l d i c n w t c h i n g o l C O : ; t s a n d r c \ c n u c c m l c c p t

H R c ; 1h ì 1l H 1n C o 11c e p {

J ( ( 1n \ e r t l 1n n \ u f a c c ¢11i n 1i 11e :

l < 1 J l l t 5n = ïi \ h t i r c

I ; : ; ! \ 1= t \ 1 \ 11r 1w w 1k k e e p i n g :

( I : ; ! \ 1d I I 1 \ 1 1r : 1c e n u n t i n = :

\ ( t > h l ! h t t m a c e u u n 1in g1$ \ 1c 1 ¯ H1t i l : Y; \ h : 111 0 > a c c o u n t i n g

1'r i l 1c i p l t \ 11f a c c o t 1n l i n g :

\ h : > 1 ; 11 : \ , c : 1) c h i t t hc n : c c i w r

B< 1AL n l : \ A : 1 ) c h i \ \ \ ha t c o m e s i n

t l L J i t \ \ h1t y i c \ o u t

t \ n m in ; I I u l c : I ) c h i t a l l e x pe n s e s a n d lo s s e s

( >c d i t a 11 ga i n s a n d i n c o l l l c s

8 \ l c i 1n i n g o f j u u r n a l : Jo u r n a l m e a n s c h r o n o lo g ic a l r e c o r d o f t r u n s a c t io n s

t ) \ 1e 11n i n g o f 1c t l g c r : 1 Ed gc r i s a s c t o f a c c o u n t s I t c u n t a in s a \ I a c c mu n t s u r t hc hu s in c w

l 1i 1'o s l i n g : l t m e a n s t r a n s li r r i n g t he de hi t a n d c r e d i t i t e m s ï rm n t he Iournal 10 t he ir

I c \ pc e t i \ c : 1c e u u n t : I in t he 1c t lgc r

Page 2: Accounts Concepts

l l T r i a l b u la n c e : r in i ba la n c e is a s t a t e in e n t c o n t a i n i n g t he v a r io u s le d ge r ba la n c e s o n

12 C r c t l i t n o t e : T he c u s t o m e r w he n r e t u r n s t he go o d s ge t c r e d it fo r t he v a l u e o > t he

< : t l m l : : >m l n 1C d A c >c d i t n o t c h ; s c n t t o h im in t i l11M i n g t ha t h is a / c ha s be e n c r e d i t e d w i t h t h c

v n l u n r l h= g o o d s r e t u r n e d

13 1) c h i t n 1) t c : W i l c n t ll c g [ 1{m ; a r e >c t u r n e d t o t he s u p p l ie r,

a d e b it n o t c i s s e n t t o h i m

i l l d im l i 11 : : t t1M h is 1 : hH s be c n ó b it c d w i t h t hc a m o u n t n i e n t io n e d i n t he de b i t n o t e

14 C o n t r a e n t r y : W h ic h a c c o u n t i n g e n t r y is r e c o r d e d o n bo t h t he de b i t a n d c r e d i t s ide

n > [ l1H : i l : ; ]1bm l lc is k n o w n a s t ll c c o 11 t >a e i l t >y

15 P t t ty c : r s l 1 b o o k : Pe t t y c a s h is m : t i n t a i n c d by b u s in e s s t o r e c o r d p e t ty c a s h e x pe n s e s

t ) > l h : h u : ; i 11 : s s s u c h a s po s t a ge c a r t a ge s t a t io n e r y , e t c

1o I 'r n m i s o r y n o t e : a n i n s t r u m e n t i n w r i t in g c o n t a in i n g a n u n c o n d i t i o n a l u n d e r t a k i n g

: ; 1 : 9] h \ 1 : n il : i k e r To íx l y c e >'" 11 s u n l o t n l o n e y or ry t o o r t o t he o r d e r o r a c e r t a h l pe r s o n o r t o

t hc ll : 1> : > H I i ll e i 11S t > u n l e n t

1 7 C h c q 11c : A b i l l o f e x c ha n ge d r a w n o n a s p e c i f i e d ba n k e r a n d pa y a b l e o n d e m a n d

] 8 S t a l e C h e q u e : A s t a le c he q u e m e a n s n o t v a l id o f c he q u e t h a t m e a n s m o r e t ha n s i x

n l o n l hs t h t : c he q u e s n o t v a h d

2 11 N a n 1c r e c o n c i l i a t i o n s t a t e m e n t : 1t i s a s t a t e m e n t r e c o n c i l i n g t he ba la n c e a s s ho w n by

t he 1[ 1l w ; ho o k a n d t h e b a la n c e a s s ho w n by t h e C a s h B o o k O bi : t o k n o w t h e d i f k r e n c e &

pu : ; 5 11 c c e : ; s : l > y c o >>e c t i n g a d ju s t i n g e i l u ie s in t he b o o k s

2 1 M a t c h i n g c o n c e p t : M a t c h in g m e a n s r e q u i r e s p r o p e r m a t c h i n g o f e x p e n s e w i t h t h c

>c V C H LIC

22 C a p i t : 1 i i n c o m e : T he t e r ITI c a p i t a l i n c o m e m e a n s a n i n c o m e w h i c h do e s n o t g r o w o u t

{ 1 1 0 > & : > L : l i n t D t h e r u n n i n g o > t h e b u s i n e s s p >o pe r

23 I ; : c v c n 11e i n c o m e : T he i n c o m e w h ic h a r i s e s o u t o f a n d i n t h e c o u r s e o t t he r e g u la r

hu s in c : ; : ; t > i l ll s a c t io 11 : ; (1 > a c o n c e > n

2 4 C a p i t a l e x p e n d i t u r e : 1t m e a n s a n e x pe n d i t u r e w h ic h ha s be e n i n c u r r e d f o r t he

p LH 1m s c n i o b t a in i n g a lo n g t e r m a d v a n t a g e ib r t he b u s in e s s

2 : ; I c v c n u c e x p e n d i t u r e : A n e x p e n d i t u t e t ha t i n c u r r e d in t he c o u r s e o f r e g u la r b u s i n e s s

1> : 1115 : l c t ] o n s 0 > a c o n c e r n

2 6 D i H c r e d r e v e n u e e x p e n d i t u r e : A n e x pe n d it u r e,

w h ic h i s i n c u r r e d d u r i n g a n

a c c o u n t in g pe r io d bu t i s a pp l ic a b le ti l r t he r pe r io d s a ls o Eg : he a v y a dv e r t is e m e n t

2 7 I nt l d e b t s : B a d de b t s de n o t e t he a m o u n t lo s t n o m d e bt o r s t o w ho m t he g o o d s w e r e

\ H l9l 1 c >e d i l

2 8 1) c p r e c ia t io n : D e p r e c i a t io n d e n o t e s g r a d u a l ly a n d pe r m a n e n t de c r e a s e i n t hc v a l u e o l

: I SW I 9l t l c t n w e a r a n d t e a r,

t e c hn o lo gy c ha n ge s,

la ps o f t im e a n d a c c ide n t

2 1) F i c t i t io u s a s s e t s : T he s e a r e a s s e t s n o t r e p r e s e n t e d by t a n g ib le po s s e s s i o n o r p r o pe r t y1 : xm1111l : : ; t ) > wel i mi l ary e x pe n s e s

, d is c o l i n t o n is s u e o f s ha r e s

, d e b i t ba 1a n c e in t he p r o 1ì t A n d

]{ 1y ; : l e c m ll t w he l l s l10 w l 0 11 t he a s s e t s s ide i n t il e ba la n c e s he e t3 0 I n t a n g l b c A s s e t s : I n t a n g ib le a s s e t s m e a n t he a s s e t s w h i c h is n o t ha v in g the phy s ic a l

: tppc Al r : l l l c e A n d i t '

s ha v e the r e a l v a l u e It s h o w n o n the a s s e t s s ide o f t he ba la n c e s he e t3 1 A c c r u e d I n c o m e : A c e r u (: d in c o m e m e a n s in c o m e w h i c h ha s be e n e a r n e d by t he

bu s in c : , h d u r i n g t he a c c o u n t in g y e a r bu t w h ic h ha s n o t ye t be e n d u e a n d t he r e fb r e.

Ha s n o t be e n

32 O u ts t a n d i n g i n c o m e : O u t s t a n d in g In c o m e m e a n s in c o m e w h ic h ha s be c o m e du el I l l r i r }g l ht UL c o u n t in g y e a r bu t w h ic h ha s n o t SO fa r be e n r e c e iv e d by t he f i r m

Page 3: Accounts Concepts

; ; : ; u : p e n h a c c o u n t : T he s l 1s p c n s c a c c o u n t i s a n a c c o u n t t o w h ic h t he d i u : e n tz h ] . i i ¥

> i l t ai anct h z : ; h e e n p u + t e m p ° r a r i l !

N I h : p 1c 1i t 1n : 1t i n l p l ic : ; r c n 1[ 1v ; I I ( 1> 1 a v a i la b lc bu t n o t r e p l a c e a b le w u r c e Su : : h : : ,

> ' n r RC+ i n : ; 1a l l r o m a c [ 13 l m i n e

- I ; j n 1o r t i z a 1 i t ï n : T he pmc es s u > w r i t i n g o f i n t a n g ib l e a s s e t s i s t e r m a s a m o r t iu tt i o n

; h I » i l a p id a 1i o n s : T h e t e n n d i b p id a t iu n s t o d a m a g e do n e t o a b u i ld in g o r (Jt he r p : q ¥ n :

ci u T I U : : n n 0pi . . I . m p l o y c d : T h e t e r m c n p i t a l (: m p lo y c d m e a n s s u m o f t o ta l lo n g - í s n d /

i S i 1a r c c a p i t a l + r e s e r e s & s u r p l u s + l o n g t e r m l o a n s ( n n n b u s i n e s s a s s B

I " " t ' x " :, h a r e s : T h o s e s h a r e s w l , ic h a r e n t ha i g p e f igh t s a r e ì e d q u :

: : l r : : :

J t r P r e f s h a r : T ho s e s h a r e s w h ic h a r e c a r r y in g t he p r e f r igh t s a r e c a l l e d p f d : , h a r e s

: t : : l i £ h : : i n r e s p e c t o f f i x e d d i v id e n d p r e f r i g h t t o r e pa y m e n t o f c a p i t a l in t h e e v e n t o f

" " ì w ï , F = : Xa ; : : I t i s . ' " w p l ie d " " n i " " k , " " he d e s i r e d r e s u k

4 1 O p e r a t i n g l e v e r a g e : t he o pe r a t i n g le v e r a ge t a ke s p la c e w he n a c h a n ge s Jn æ v £ t r u ¥

4 ' F i n a n c i a l l e v e r a g e : i t i s n o t h in g bu t a p r o c e s s o f u s in g d e b t c a p it a l t o i n c r e a :, t

1 r · ï '

, x :' ll " " e : 1, I" " d , " " a s u æ o r t h" " , I , I s k o f t h , f i . . - o p e r a in g r i s

¢4 J o i n t v e n t u r e : A j o i n t v e n t u r e i s a n a s s o c i a t io n o f t w 0 o r m o r e t h e - s w h o

r o m in jn : : d íb r t h e e x e c u t i o n o r a s p e c i fi c t r a n s a c t io n a n d d i v ide t he p r o í i t o r l o s s t he i r o l a n

a r : : d

4 5 Pa r t n e r s h i p : Pa r t n e r s h i p is t he r e la t io n b l w t h e pe r s o n s w ho ha v e a g r e e d 1 0 si nar î i n

& l 1di l s 1í h u s in e s s c a r r ie d o n h \ a l l o r a n y o r t he m a c t in g f o r a l l

4 11 F a c t o r i n g : I t i s a n a r r a n g e m e n t u n d e r w h ic h a f i r m (c a l le d bo r r o w e r ) r e c e ì \ ¬ »

. l d \ i 1n c : ; a : : a i n s i Ì=S r e c e i v a b l e s Fr o m : i n a n c ia l in s t it u t io n s (c a l le d f a c t o r )

4 M p i t a J r e s e r e : T he r e s e r v e w h ic h t r a n s fe r r e d f r o m t he c a p i t a l ga i n s i s c a 11e d c a ph a l

T : : b r \ L

4 8 G e n e r a l r e s e r e : t he r e s e r v e w h ic h is t r a n s k r r e d i+o m n o r m a l p r o f rt s ol he í i : m ì s

4 9 F r e e C a s h : T he c a s h n o t fo r a n y Sp (: c i f ic pu r po s e f r e e f r o m a n y encumbr anc ï i i

%. : T l l L1 : = : t

5 {r \ 1i n o r i n i n t e r e s t : M in o r i t ! in t e r e s t r e fe r s t o t he e q u i t y o f t he mi nor i t s ha H : h o l d

rT1 a : ; u i , si di a c o m p a n

5 ] C a p i t a l r e c e i p t s : Ca p i t a l r e c e ip t s m a y be d e l i n e d a s"

n o n r e c u r r i n g r e c e i p t s í +o m

rBt : w n e r o l t h e h u s i n e s s o r le n d e r o f t he m o n e y c r a t in g a l ia b i l i t y t o e it h e r o r t he m

5 2 R e v e n u e r e c e i p t s : R e v e n u e r e c e ip t s m a y de f i n e d a s" A r e c u r r in g r e c e ip t s a : : a in s 1

\ i l ie c t f ¥ ; ) o d : ; ì n t he n o r m a l c o u r s e o f b t r : , i n e s s a n d w h ic h ge n e r a l ly t he r e s u lt o r t he t r a di n g

Page 4: Accounts Concepts
Page 5: Accounts Concepts

* , O u N T 6? t c E

(1 7 1) w n w t l w h l i c t h 1 ( : n m w n y : A 11 > i v : l t : c n i l l pa n y i s a s u b s id i a r y c o n l p a n y t o p u b l ic

o * S e c r e t r c s c r v C S : Se e r e t r ° ; c r v e s i 1r c r e s e r v ; t he e x i s t e n c e o f w h i c h do e s n o t a ppe a r o n t he

l c r u > b n iu m : c s he e t 1n s u c h a s i t u a t io n 11c l : l s s e t s po s i t io n o i t he b u s in e s s i s s t r o n g e r t h a n t h a t

L I Iw l uht l lì v t h c b Ar lu n e c s he e t

r h t s c r w c r v c s a r c c r c i \ t c t l b y :

] I w w i v L 9tc p n . a n Al s s c t cxcess i v o v e r v a l u a t io n o i a l ia b i l i t y1 ( 1 \ 11l : k : d i ll l i n : l t im i o l a n i l : i s c t N > l i n 9k : > v a lu a t io n o > a n a s s e t

N ) > > 1) v i s i t } n : 1 ) > 0 v is i m l u s u a l ly m c a ï1 : ; m r y a l l l o u n t w r i t t e 11 o n ' " r >e t a in e d by w a y o r p m v i d i n g

L IL pr i nt i t t n Re n e w a l s o r d i m i n u t io n s i n L h v a l u e o f a s s e t s o r r e t a in e d b y w a y o f p r o v id i n g lb r

; w I : 110 0 1 l iM) i 1i t y o > w h i c ll t ll c a ll l o u l l t m 1111o l b c ó t e r n l i n e d w i t h s u b s t a n t i a 1 a c c u r a c y

70 1% : M : > v c : I 11c p > o v i x i m l i ll e x c e s s o l t ll c a ll l o u n t c o n s id e r e d 11e c e s s a > y fo r t h e p u r p o s e i t w a s

n > ig i 11H l l ) 111 ; l ó : i H 1l M ) c o n s id e > c d a : ; >c s e >v c ï' r o v is io n i s c ha r g e a g a in s t prof i ts w h i le >e s e r v e s is

1 H W >W > i M i [ 1n o > p 1 o m ; C > e a t i o n o > >c : ; c > v c i n c r e a s e p r o p r ie t o r's í und w h i le c r e a t i o n o l

7 1 R t t i c r v c r u 11 l h e t e r m r e s e r v e li l n d m e a n s s u c h r e s e r v e a g a i n s t w h ic h c l e a r l y in v e s t m e n t

L

7 2 Tl n t l is c l o s e d r e s e r v e s : So m e t im e s 21 r ; e r v e i s c r e a t e d bu t i t s ide n t i t y i s m e r g e d w i t h s o m e

o l h l : l í o r g r o u p o > a c c o u n t s s o t ha t t h c e x i s t e n c e o f t he r e s e r v e i s n o t k n o w n s u c h r e s e r v e i s

L ; r I I= LI ; 111 LI Ï rd i s c ln s = d r e s e r v e

7 3 F i n u n c e 1n Bt n a g c m c n t : : : i n a n c ia l m a n : t gc m e n t de a ls w i t h p r o c u r e m e n t o f I'u n d s a n d t he i r

= > 1 ; : e l i \ = HLI I I : a l io n i n 11usi nci s

7 4 0 Ic e l iv e s n f f i n a n c i a l m a n a ge m e n t : lì n a n c ia l m a n a ge m e n t ha v i n g t w o o bj e c t i v e s t ha t Is :

I P r o f i t n 1a x i m i z a t i o n : T he fi n a n c e m a n a ge r ha s t o m a k e h i s de c i s io n s i n a m a n n e r s o t h a t t he

p r t 1Í 1t ; ( ) > 1l1= c o n c e r n a r c n l a x in l i z e d

2 W c i 1l t h m i a x i m iz a t i o n : W e a l t h m a x i m i l a t i o n m e a n s t he o bj e c t i v e o f a f i r m s ho u ld b c t o

m n \ i l l l iA : hs v a lu e o r w e a 1t h o r v a lu e o > a 11> m is >e p r e s e n t e d h y t he m a r k e t p r i c e 0 l i t s c o n l n l o n

s l { x : k

7 5 1 ; u n c t i u n s o l f i n a n c i a l m a n a g e r :

) ivi ( l : nL I Lk : ci \ i on

( ; 1s h m : 1n a g c rn e n t de c i s io n s

p : > h ) r i l l a 11c e c v a lu a t io n

J r kc t i nl p ac t an a l ys i : I

7 0 r i r11c v a l u e o f m o n e y : T h(: t i m e v a lu e o > m o n e y m e a n s t ha t w o r t h o l a r u pe e r e c e iv e d t o da y

l \ t l i l l er nt I r ei m t h c w o r t h o f a r u pc : c h ) b c r e c e i v e d i n fu t u r e

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\ I , \ i \ l 11\ : . \ 111 ; \ \ h L I ; t i x c u : i n u 1h L r w o r d \ It r c l c r x l n t h c p r o po r l io n t ) > l i c h t p r l ; : r 11= L L : 1p i . n l

x 1 ) l \ 11 i 11 11 n 1 c a 11i t a l s t r u c t u r e : ( a p i t ; I I s \ r ut l 1r i s n p t i mm 1m w h e n t h = 1ì r 111 h : h i l = o r r \ h i n ; l l i t ) n

X l l I I1t i t n t i u l b r e a k e v e n 1w 1i n t : I t t l c l 1{ ì l L \ i l i c lu v = l a l w h ic h a li r m s I 13 IT i \ Iu h t i u>ï ì =i cnt t{ l

M ( : l p i l : I I b u d g c 1i n g : ( a p i t u l h u d g u l in y i n v o l v c x t h c p n ì c e s s t ) > 9lc e i s io n 1ï r t1k i n g w i t h r e g : 1r 9l

t n H 1 \ m n l c l l m l n x c d a s : i c t : I 0 > d c e i : ; im l 111 : 1k in g w i t h r c g a r d m i l l v c >i t m c l l t o > n l o 11c y 1

i 2 11a \ h M : k p c > i m l : " ryl l ack 11 C > i 1d >c11> : M : 111 : ; t hc . i l11c pc r i { } d rx1ui rcd fh r c o n l p lc t c r x : O V C =Y

8 3 \ I : R : \ ° : (1ul l t i rg n r a v : >a g c >a t c : ; (1 > >c t l I > n 111 c a n s t hc a v c r a g c a n n l I a l y ie ld o n t h c p r t ) ic e t

114 : > \ : 1' " c N c t p >c s c n t v a 1u e o > 0 11 i11v c m 11c n t P1 o po s a l i s d c ti n c d a s t hc s u m 0 > l h c p r c M : 11t

\ l l u c x u l n l ï ti r t u r c : c a s h i n tl o w s le s s t h c s l i m o > t h e p r e s e n t v a l u t : s o l a l l c a s h o u t n o w s

u : M 1c i : t t c u w i t h t h e p r o p o s a l

>! i ; 1'r n f 1t a b i l i t v i n d e x : W h e r e d i >k r e n t in v e s t m e n t p r o p o s a l e a c h i n v o l v i n g d i l tb r c n t i n i t ia l

111 \ c \ t 111c 11t s i l n d c a s h i n l l o w s a r c t o ó c m i l 11 a >c d

* (\ I \B iB : I n t e r n a l r a t e o r r e t u r n i s t h = r a t e 0 l w h i c h t h t : s u m t o t a l o f d i s c o u n t e d c a s h i n il t m x

>i T T r c ; t S U 1T m a n a g e m e n t : I t m e a n s i t i s Uc li n c d a s t he e l li c ie n t m a n a ge m e n t o l l iq u id i t y a n u

m l m l c m l > I ; i 11 b u s i n e s s

8 8 C n n e c 11t r a t i o n b a n k i n g : I t m e a l l s i t l enti l i lo c a t io n s o r p la c e s w h e r e c u s t o m e r s a r c p la c e d

; r n 9l t ì p e n a lo c a l b a n k a / c i n e a c h o l t he s e lo c a t io n s a n d o p e n lo c a l c o l l e c t io n c a n t e r

8 9 M a r k = : a h l e s e c u r i t ie s : Su r p l u s c a s h c a n b c i n v e s t e d in s ho r t t e r m i n s t r u m e n t s i n o r LIc r I n

t ) 1) \ g t i n : s c h e d u l e : 1n a n a g e i n g s c hc 9l u le t he r e c e iv a b le s a r e c la s s i li e d a c c o r d i n g t o t he i r a g c

t ) I h l a x i m u m p e r m i s s i b le b a n k f 1n a n e c (M P B F ) : I t i s t he m a x i m u m a m o u n t t h a t h a n k s c a n

lc n 9l ; 1 11 o r r ( ) \ \ c r t o w a r d s h is w o r k i n g c a p i t M r c q u i >e m e n t s

t l z ( o m n 1c r c i a l p a p e r : A c p i 5 a s hn r t t e r m p r o m i s s o r y n o t e i s s u e d b y a c o m p a n y N e gu t ia h le

h \ c r1ó r s e 111 c n t a n d d e l i v e r y Is s u e d a t a d i : ; c[ 1unt o n fa c e v a 1u e a s m a y h c d e t c r m i n e d h t hc

I v ; L1H 1 : : = o 11111 a n )t ) 3 IBr i d : c i ì n a n c c : I t r e l e r s t o t he lo a n s l a k e n by t he c o m pa n y n o r m a l ly fi o m c o m m e r c ia l h a n k s

I n > H : ; l1\ 11 t & : > i [ 1d p e n d i n g d i s bu >s e n l c n t o > l {1 : i n : I s a n c t io n e d by t hc ti n a n c ia 1 i n s t i t u t io n x

t ) 4 \ c 11 t u r e c a p i t a l : 1t r e fe r s t o t he l i n a n c in g o f h igh r is k v e n t u r e s p r o m o t e d by n c w u l r1r l i li c u

n t r c p r c n e l t r s w h o r e q u i r e ti r n d s t o g i v e x ha pc t o t he i r ide a s

t } 5 D b t t i c e u r i t iz a t io n : 1t i s a m o de o l li n u n c i n g w he r e i n s e c u r i t ie s a r e i s s u e d o n t he b a s is o > : 1

p : l = k u g L n l U l ; s e t s (c a l le d a s s e t p o o l )t ) 6 1 W i S C Bì n a n c i n g : L e a s i n g i s a c o n t r a c t w he r e o n e p a r t y (o w n e r ) p u r c h a s e s a s s e t s a m l pe r m i t s

i l \ \ ic n s tw a n n t he l p a r . y ( le s s e e ) o v e r : 1 x p e c i li c d pe r io d

9 7 T r 1d t C r c t l i t : 1t r e p r e s e n t s c r e d i t g r a n t e d hy s u p p l i e r s o r g o o d s i n t he n o r m a l c o u r s e o >

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