accounting economics and business 14 nov ii
TRANSCRIPT
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
ACCOUNTING, ECONOMICS & BUSINESS
AFTERSCHO☺OL – DEVELOPING CHANGE MAKERS
CENTRE FOR SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP -PGPSE PROGRAMME –
World’ Most Comprehensive programme in social entrepreneurship & spiritual entrepreneurship
OPEN FOR ALL FREE FOR ALL
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
ACCOUNTING, ECONOMICS & BUSINESS
Dr. T.K. Jain.
AFTERSCHO☺OLCentre for social entrepreneurship
Bikaner M: [email protected]
www.afterschool.tk, www.afterschoool.tk
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Write a note on population policy of India?
• India was the first in the world to start a systematic population policy in 1952. Again National Health Policy was framed in 1983. Again National Population pOlicy was formulated in 2000. .
The objectives are :• Reduced CBR (crude birth rate)• Reduce IBR (infant mortality rate)• Achieve instituitonal deliveries• Achieve 100% registration of births etc.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Industrial sickness
• Industrial sickness refers to loss making units, which are not able to make payment of their liabilities.
• The number of Sick units has increased manifold during last decade (from 23000 SSI Sick units to 2.5 lakh SSI Sick units and from 1400 non-SSI Sick units to more than 3300 Non-SSI Sick units. There are many reasons for sickness..
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Reasons for SICKNESS
• Poor management• Lack of raw material• Technology (outdated) • Old machineary• Poor planning• Competition• Lack of skilled labour• Etc.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Service Sector in India
• The role of service sector has been improving. Today it has more than 60% share in our economy and it is growing at the fastest pace.
• It includes sectors like telecom, hospitality, education, health care, tourism etc.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Role of PSUs
• Public sector has played an important role in Indian economy. The government is now undertaking disinvestment of PSUs. Every year about Rs. 5000 crores are realised through PSUs. There are a large number of PSUs which are in losses. There are many Navratna units also = which are able to show impressive perforance.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Limitaitons of PSUs
• PSUs suffer from many limitations like : 1. Intereference from government
departments, officers and ministers2. Lack of initiative3. Lack of incentive to work hard and
innovate4. Bureaucracy.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Strengths of PSUs
• Give lot of support to government work for national priorities
• Always prepared to sacrifice for the cause of the nation
• Always prepared to keep the national objectives paramount and work for national objectives
• Employment generation• Security, and national priority
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Important PSUs
• BHEL• BEL• ONGC• HPCL• IOC• BEML• BPCL
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Small scale industries …
• ALL THOSE UNITS WITH INVESTMENTS IN PLANTS AND MACHINERY LESS THAN RS. 1 CRORES COME IN SSI CATEGORY.
• SSI contribute to about 40% of Industrial production, 40% to exports and 6% to GDPs.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Benefits of SSI
• Less investment, more flexible• Less legal hurdles, more government
support (rebates, incentives etc.)
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Problems in SSI
• Less investment, therefore problems in marketing, financial management etc.
• Lack of professional management• Lack of support from Government sector• SSIs have limited network and limited
access to international markets• Unable to compete with global brands and
international marketing companies.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Methods for measuring national income?
1. Income method (add up the total income)2. Production method (add up the total
production) 3. Expenditure method (add up the total
expenditure)Use any of these methods or combinations
of them.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
FACTOR COST V/S MARKET PRICES?
• Cost and prices are not the same. Factor cost refers to the actual cost of production. However, subsidies reduce the cost and taxation increase the cost. Thus we can say that :
• Market Price – taxation + subsidies = Factor cost.
• Market price reflect current prevailing prices, but factor costs refer to the actual cost.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What do you mean by accounting equation?
• Capital = Assets – Liabilities
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Which of them is nominal account? • (I) Stationery Account• (U) Depreciation Account -• (iU) Cash Account• (iv) Bank Current Account• (v) Goodwill Account - -• (vi) Interest Account• (vU) Patents and Trade Marks Account• (viii) Capital Account• (ix) Bank Loan Account• (x) Freight Account• (xi) Drawings Account -• (xii) Rent Account• (xiii) Account of Goti, a customer
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution• (I) Stationery Account - nominal• (ii) Depreciation Account - nominal• (iii) Cash Account – real • (iv) Bank Current Account - personal• (v) Goodwill Account - - real• (vi) Interest Account – nominal • (vii) Patents and Trade Marks Account – real • (viii) Capital Account- personal• (ix) Bank Loan Account – personal • (x) Freight Account – nominal • (xi) Drawings Account - personal• (xii) Rent Account – nominal • (xiii) Account of Goti, a customer – personal
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Which of these are expenses / assets?
• (i) Purchasing typewriters• (ii) Acquiring trade marks -• (Ui) Paying salaries• (iv) Acquiring a lease of land for 15 years• (v) PayIng Interest• (vi) PurchasIng furnIture• (vu) Paying coVnpsn to Injured worker8
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution
• (i) -Purchasing typewriters – asset • (ii) Acquiring trade marks - asset• (iii) Paying salaries - expense• (iv) Acquiring a lease of land for 15 years -
asssets• (v) PayIng Interest - expenses• (vi) PurchasIng furnIture - assets• (vii) Paying compensation to Injured workers –
expenses
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What is the difference between financial accounting, cost
accounting & management accounting?
• Financial accounting helps you in recording and analysing day to day transactions as per requirements of law and it gives true and fair picture of profits and assets and liabilities.
• Management acct. helps you in decision making (which is based on information provided by financial accounting).
• Cost accounting helps you in ascertaining costs and in controlling costs
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solve it • Goti is a small cloth merchant, who has not kept full double entry records.
His position as on 1St January, 2007 stood as follows• Cash in hand As 1 520, balance at bank Rs 13 900 stock As 25,200, sundry• debtors As 9,000, furniture As 4 000 and sundry creditors As 8 620 His
position on 31st December of 2007 is as follows• Cash In hand As 940, balance at bank as per bank pass book As 11 860,• stock Rs 33,400, sundry debtors As 12,640 furniture Rs 4 000, scooter• Rs 8,000 and sundry creditors As 10,600• During the year he had withdrawn Rs 800 per month for his personal
expenses and purchased a cooter for his business use for As. 8,000. A cheque for As. 2,000 issued on 29.12.2007 was presented for payment on
• 12.1.2008.• Prepare a statement showing his trading results for the year ended 31st
December, 2007 and a balance sheet as on 31st December, 2007 after a) providing 10% depreciation on furniture and 20% depreciation on cooter; (b) writing off As. 640as actual debts; and (c) making a 5% provision for likely haddebts.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Goti and Kap are partners. Goti without authority of Kap buys
shares of Reliance in his own name with the money of the firm. Are the shares so purchased the property
of the partners? • No. it is personal property of Goti and it
will be treated as personal withdrawal by Goti and he will have to give profit to the firm.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Goods delivered on sale or return basis were pledged by the
delivery. Can the original owner recover the goods from the
pledgee?
• Yes – as the title to the goods has not yet transferred, the original owner can recover the goods from pledgee.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
When the obligation is not probable on the amount expected to be paid to settle the liability – which cannot be measured with
sufficient reliability, what is it called?
• Because we are not able to measure the liability accurately and the liability is not certain also , it is called contingent liability. It is shown as a footnote to the balance sheet.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Revenue is said to be realized when:
• (a) Cash is received• (b) Sales are made• (c) Goods are manufactured• (d) Cheque is realised
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
HOW WILL YOU CONSOLIDATE THE ACCOUNTS OF THE 2
COMPANIES?
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution - Prepare statement of affairs for the two years.
1 jan 2007• Capital 45000• (balancing figure)
• Creditors 8620 •
• Cash 1520• Bank 13900• Stock 25200 • Furniture 4000• Debtors 9000• Total : 53620
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Statement of affairs on 31 dec. 2007
• Creditors 10600• Capital =55000• (balancing figure)
• Cash 940 • Bank 11860 – 2000• = 9860 • Stock 33400• Debtors 12640 - 640 –
provision for debt 600• = 11400• Furniture 4000 –
400=3600• Scooter 8000-1600 =
6400• Total : 66208
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Statement of profit
• Difference in capital in end and in the beginning: (55000 – 45000) = 10000
• Adjust withdrawals: • (9600 – 8000) = 1600• =11600 answer.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solve the following
• A party agrees to pay 10 lakhs to another party if first party brings to earth a star from sky, this is known as.----
• (a) Contingent contract• (b) Quasi Contract• (c) lmplied contract• (d) Wagering contract• (e) Void contract • Solution : void contract.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What is the full form of CRR?
• Cash reserve ratio
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What is SLR?
• Statutory liquidity ratio
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solve the following
• A person who supplies “necessaries” to a minor is entitled to be reimbursed from the personal property of the minor on the basis of :
• (a) Valid contract• (b) Voidable contract• (c) Quasi contract• (d) Contingent contract• Solution • C – quasi contract
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solve it …
• Fine may be made the essence of a contract by self sequent notice also. This Statement is
• (a) True• (b) Partly true• (c) False• (d) Partly false
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Example of quasi contract
• It is the duty of the finder of goods to trace the true owner of the goods, and if does not do so, he shall be guilty of
• (a) Theft• (b) Extortion• (c) Criminal misappropriation of property• (d) None of the above• Solution • (a)
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Bank overdraft as per trial balance is Rs. I .60 crore. Bank has
allowed the customer 80 % of the hypothecated goods.
Hypothecation of stock has been done by the bank at 80% of the
original closing stock value. What is the amount of closing stock
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution
• 1.6 *100/80 = 2 crore is the value of hyp. • Value of hyp. Is takes as 80% of stock • Therefore stock is 2*100/80 = 2.5 crores• Thus stock of goods is 2.5 crores. Answer.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What is day to day market period?
• It is a very short period, in this period the suppliers cannot change their supply, therefore supply curve is like a straight vertical line. Prices solely depend on demand. If demand increases, prices will increase and vice versa. Supply is fixed and cannot change in this period.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Why is demand curve convex to the origin?
• The demand cannot touch either side of the axis because even if prices increase very much there would be some buyers at least.
• CONVEX SHAPE
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What is equilibrium of the firm in day to day market period in perfect
competition? • During day to day period,
the firm has to decide whether to sell or not. The firm cannot increase production or supply, the only decision the firm has to take is whether to sell or not. If the prices increase due to increased supply, the firm may wish to sell otherwise may not sell.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
A company purchased 3 years lease on 1st April, 2004 for Rs. 50,000. It is decided to
provide for the replacement of the lease at the end of 3 years by setting up a depreciation
fund. It is expected that investment will fetch at 12%. The investments are sold for Rs. 28,500.
•
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution
• Let us find out the amount that will be Rs. 50000 at the end of 3 years so that we may deposit that amount every year.
• A((1+rate)^n -1)/rate = 50000• ((1.12)^3-1)/(.12*50000) = 1/annuity• Annuity = 14817.45
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution
• Each year we will transfer Rs. 14817.45 in depreciation fund account and at the end of 3 years the investments will be sold in the market.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
A machine purchased on 1.4.2003 for Rs. 10 lakhs was depreciated on straight line basis
over its useful life of 10 years. On 1-4-5, it was found that machine is in a good condition and will be used in the production for another 10
years. The amount of depreciation for theyear 31-3-06 will be?
• In the two financial 2003-4 and 2004-5 we have already provided depreciation of Rs 200000 (1 lakh each year). Now remaining value is Rs. 8 Lakhs to be depreciated in next 10 years. So we will charge dep. Of rs. 80000 only. Answer.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Goti of Kolkala sends goods costing 100000 to Pawan of Mumbai at cost + 25%. Consignor’s expenses Rs 2,000. 3/5’ of the goods were sold
by consignee at 85000. Commission 2% onsales + 20% of gross sales less all commission
exceeds in-voice value. amount of totalcommission will be:
• Goods of cost Rs. 60000 were sold for 85000. general commission = 1700
• Their invoice price = 60000*1.25=75000• Additional commission = 20/120*(10000-1700)
= 1383 Total commission = 3083 ans.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS – PREPARE THE BALANCE SHEET
• You are given the following figures:• Current ratio 2.5 Liquid ratio 1.5• Net working capital Rs. 3,00,000• Fixed assets turnover ratio• (on cost of sales) 2 tImes• Average debt collection period 2 months• Stock turnover ratio• (cost of sales/closing stock) 6 times• Gross profit ratio 20%• Fixed assets/shareholders net worth 0.80• Reserve and surplus/capita! 0.50
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
SOLUTION • LIABILITIES• Equity + reserve =
900000• (reserve is 300000 and
equity 600000) • Current liabilities 200000
• ASSETS • Current assets • Debtors 250000• Cash / bank 50000• Total Liquid assets 3
lakhs• Inventory = 2 lakhs• Total 500000• Fixed assets 600000• TOTAL = 11 LAKHS
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Other information
• Cost of Sales = 6* inventory = 12 lakhs• GP on cost of Sales 12 *25/100 = 3 lakh. • (20% on sales, therefore we take 25% on
cost of sales) • Thus sales = 12+3 = 15 lakhs • Cost of sales / Fixed assets = 2• So fixed assets are 6 lakhs
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Continued
• Avg. Debtors / Sales * 12 = 2• Avg. Debtors = 2 * 1500000/12• =2,50,000 • Fixed assets / net worth = .8• 600000/Net worth = .8• Net worth = 750000
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
State, explain and critically discuss the Cambridge version of Quantity
Theory of Money.• Prices depend on quantity of money. If
quantity of money increases, prices will increase and vice versa. There are two popular theories : Fisher and Cambridge
• Fisher = MV = PT • M= money V = velocity of money• P = prices T = volutme of items sold.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution ….
• Cambridge: • P = KR / M• P = prices• K = Proportion of money that people want
to keep with them• R = Real resources• M = quantity of money.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What are the factors which determine cash deposit ratio of a bank? What are the sources of cash reserves of the banking
system?
• It denotes the cash that banks have to keep with themselves. Suppose deposit is Rs. 100 and CD ratio is 20%, the banks have to keep Rs. 20 with them. Higher the CD ratio, less will be credit creation. CD ratio depends on inflation, liquidity, demand of money and monetary policy etc
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
How would you define money? What are alternative approaches
for doing so?
• Money is defined in terms of the functions that it performs. There are 4 functions that it performs. These are :
1. Medium of exchange2. Store of value3. Measure of value4. Standard for deferred payments.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Continued…
• There are two basic approaches to defining money: 1. functional approach 2. liquidity approach
• Functional approach – define money in terms of functions that it performs (the main being medium of exchange).
• Liquidity approach - money is considered 100% liquid resources. Other assets are comparatively less liquid.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
WHAT IS GRESHAM’S LAW?
• Bad currency will throw out good currency from circulation.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What are the functions of money?
• Store of value• Exchange value• Security • Measurement
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Draw production possibility curve with the following information . .
• There are 2 goods – one from 0 to 5 and another from 30 to 0. if we increase production of first from 2 units to 4 units, what is the opportunity cost?
• It is 14 units of 2nd item.
0 1 2 3 4 5
30 28 24 18 10 0
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
There are two types of products, what is the opportunity cost of producing 10 units of first unit instead of 0 units?
• Answer 5 units of second unit.
• If we have 30 units of first and 45 units of second unit, would you go for it?
• Solution: No as we can get 30 + 75 so why should we go for 30+45. answer.
0 105
10 100
20 90
30 75
40 55
50 30
60 0
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solve the following?
• Sudha quit her job at a private company where she earned Rs. 2,90,000 a year. She withdrew Rs. 4,00,000 in a savings account that earned 10% interest annually to buy a second hand mini bus to commune passenger between Cannaught Place and Noida. There arc 1000 passengers who will pay Rs. 4000 a year each for commuter services; Rs. 2800 from each passenger goes for petrol, maintenance, depreciation etc.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Find opportunity cost of Sudha?
• The opportunity cost of Sudha is : Rs. 2,90,000 which she was getting in a company.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What is the accounting cost of Sudha?
• The cost is : • Interest : Rs. 40000• Plus petrol / diesel / other expenses • @ 2800 per pessenger (this is variable
expneses = as it depends on route etc.)• 2800*1000 = 28,00,000 answer. • Income = 4000*1000• =4000000 answer.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What is the economic cost of Sudha?
• Economic cost = opportunity cost + accounting cost
• = 290000 +2800000 answer.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What should a developing economy do ?
• It should initially promote heavy industries – because they can help in providing infrastructure, basic facilities, services etc. thus they will create a base for rapid industrialisation
• It should initially build infrastructure so that FDI flows in and industries are set up thus employment generation takes place.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
In the previous PPC (production possibility curve) if production of
second unit is increased from 10 to 24, what is the opportunity cost?
• Two units of first units.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
We make DahiBada and cost structure is as under?
Qty TC FC VC AVC AFC MC TC
0 100
10 210
20 300
30 400
40 540
50 790
60 1060
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
If price of DahiBada is Rs. 14 each, what is the best output?
Qty TC FC VC AVC AFC MC TC TR Profit
0 100 0 -100
10 210 140 -70
20 300 280 -20
30 400 420 20
40 540 560 20
50 790 700 -90
60 1060 840 -220
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution
• The best output is at 30 unit and 40 unit level. We may explore further and the best out put may be at 35.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What is VC when 60 DahiBada are made?
• VC = TC – FC• =1060 – 100• =960
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
A contracts with B to buy jewellery made of pearls whereas in fact it IS
made of imitation pearls of no value. B knows that A is mistaken and takes no steps to correct the error. NOW A wants to cancel the
contract on the basis of fraud. what should he do?
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution
• There is no proof that B had committed fraud. He didn’t give any false information. Let the buyer beware – and therefore it was the duty of A to inquire about the product.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
what is AFC?
• Average fixed Cost• = Total fixed cost / total number of units
manufactured• Suppose total fixed cost is Rs. 500, and
we have made 200 units, the AFC is 2.5• If suppose we make 500 units AFC will
come down to only Re. 1.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
If this is the cost schedule, what is the AFC & AVC when we make 6 units?
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution
• Fixed cost = 240• 240/6 = 40 per unit. (AFC)• AVC = TotalVariable cost / Total no. of
units• Variable cost = TC – FC• =690 – 240 = 450 • AVC = 450 / 6 = 75 per unit answer.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What will happen if utility obtained in first unit is 10, 2nd unit 7, 3rd unit
3, and 4th unit = -4. show total utility
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
In the previous question, how many units will the consumer
consume and what will be his total utility?
• The consumer will consumer 3 units and his total utility will be 20. (the consumer will not use fourth unit). Marginal utility will be 3 at that time.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
When do you find marginal return diminishing?
units TC0 2401 3302 4103 4804 5405 6106 690
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution
units TC MC
0 240
1 330 90
2 410 80
3 480 70
4 540 60
5 610 70
6 690 80
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution …
• As in the previous graph we can see that the marginal cost (MC) is reducing initially - but it starts increasing when we make 5th unit. Marginal returns decrease when MC starts increasing. Thus marginal returns start decreasing from 5th unit. Answer.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What do you understand by equilibrium of a firm? Explain your
answer.
• The firm is said to be in equilibrium when MR = MC. There are different market conditions like perfect market, monopoly or monopolistic competition, in each of these conditions the equilibrium is when MR = MC and MC curve cuts from below.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Example:EQUILIBRIUM OF THE FIRM
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Clarify the statement that a firm is a price taker under perfect
competition but not so in monopoly or monopolistic competition. Give
reasons for youranswer.
• In perfect market, the prices are determined purely by industry and not by individual firm. The firm has no role in price decision. There are very large number of firms and no firm can alone influence price.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Illustration . .as we can see in the graph below : (there are different firms, each trying to match
industry..
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Detailed explanation
• Perfect market is the market condition where the aggregate demand and aggregate supply decide the price. Purely the market forces work (all the goods are homogenous) and they determine price, which has to be followed by the firms.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Graph of perfect market.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Explain the concept of optimum output. Under what conditions is it
achieved by a firm ?
• Optimum output can be achieved in the long run. In short run the firm can only vary only one factor = labour. It cannot change the other factor of production. Thus in short run only one factor is variable.
• MC curve of the firm is also taken as supply curve for the firm.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution
• Optimum output is achieved when the firm is having MC = MR and has minimum cost of production. It is the condition when the firm is able to use its resources to the best. Conditions:
• MR = MC• The factors of production can be adjusted
to have the best utilisation of factors of production.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Graph
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
What will happen if prices increase and income of the people also
increase. Presently you are at 1.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution
• If price increase, demand should fall, however, income also increase therefore demand curve will again increase thus demand curve will remain constant. Supply curve will remain as it is (as there is no information about cost or supply). We will remain at 1.
• Answer.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Explain the determination of long term equilibrium of a firm under perfect competition. Show, inter
alia, that it will produce at the least possible average
cost of production.• In the long run, no firm is able to earn
super normal profit. The MR= AR and at this point MR = MC (equilibrium) and in long run MC = AC (at the point of equilibrium) – no firm earning profit / loss.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Graph…
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
A shopkeeper sells gel pen at Rs. 10 per pen. At this price he can sell 120 per month.
After some time, he raises the price to Rs. 15 per pen. Following the price rise:
• Only 60 pens were sold every month.• The number of refills bought went down from
200 to 150.• The number of ink pen customers bought
went up from 90 to 180 per month.
The Cross elasticity of monthly demand for refills when the price of gel pen increase from
Rs. 10 to Rs.15 is equal to:
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution
• Change in demand / change in price• Change in demand = • = 50/200 *100 = 25%• Change in price = 5/10*100 = 50%• Thus solution = 25/50 = - .5 answer. • (it is always negative)
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
The cross elasticity of monthly demand for ink pen when the price of gel pen increases from Rs.10 to
Rs. 15 is equal to:
• Change in demand / change in price• Change in demand = • = 90/90 *100 = 100%• Change in price = 5/10*100 = 50%• Thus solution = 100/50 = 2 answer. • (it is always positive)
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
ABOUT AFTERSCHO☺OL
Afterschoool conducts three year integrated PGPSE (after class 12th along with IAS / CA / CS) and 18 month PGPSE (Post Graduate Programme in Social Entrepreneurship) along with preparation for CS / CFP / CFA /CMA / FRM. This course is also available online also. It also conducts workshops on social entrepreneurship in schools and colleges all over India – start social entrepreneurship club in your institution today with the help from afterschoool and help us in developing society.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Why such a programme?
• To promote people to take up entrepreneurship and help develop the society
• To enable people to take up franchising and other such options to start a business / social development project
• To enable people to take up social development as their mission
• To enable people to promote spirituality and positive thinking in the world
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Who are our supporters?
• Afterschoolians, our past beneficiaries, entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurs are supporting us.
• You can also support us – not necessarily by money – but by being promotor of our concept and our ideas.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
About AFTERSCHO☺OL PGPSE – the best programme for developing great
entrepreneurs• Most flexible, adaptive but rigorous programme• Available in distance learning mode• Case study focused- latest cases • Industry oriented practical curriculum• Designed to make you entrepreneurs – not just
an employee• Option to take up part time job – so earn while
you learn • The only absolutely free course on internet
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Workshops from AFTERSCHO☺OL
• IIF, Delhi• CIPS, Jaipur• ICSI Hyderabad Branch• Gyan Vihar, Jaipur• Apex Institute of Management, Jaipur• Aravali Institute of Management, Jodhpur• Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneshwar • Pacific Institute, Udaipur• Engineering College, Hyderabad
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Flexible Specialisations:• Spiritualising business and society• Rural development and transformation• HRD and Education, Social Development• NGO and voluntary work• Investment analysis,microfinance and inclusion • Retail sector, BPO, KPO• Accounting & Information system (with CA / CS /CMA)• Hospital management and Health care• Hospitality sector and culture and heritage• Other sectors of high growth, high technology and social
relevance
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Salient features:• The only programme of its kind (in the whole world)• No publicity and low profile course• For those who want to achieve success in life – not just a
degree• Flexible – you may stay for a month and continue the rest of
the education by distance mode. / you may attend weekend classes
• Scholarships for those from poor economic background• Latest and constantly changing curriculum – keeping pace
with the time• Placement for those who are interested• Admissions open throughout the year • Latest and most advanced technologies, books and study
material
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Components • Pedagogy curriculum and approach based on IIM Ahmedabad and ISB
Hyderabad (the founder is alumnus from IIMA & ISB Hyderabad)• Meditation, spiritualisation, and self development • EsGotitial softwares for business• Business plan, Research projects• Participation in conferences / seminars• Workshops on leadership, team building etc. • Written submissions of research projects/articles / papers• Interview of entrepreneurs, writing biographies of entrepreneurs• Editing of journals / newsletters• Consultancy / research projects • Assignments, communication skill workshops• Participation in conferences and seminars• Group discussions, mock interviews, self development diaryng • Mind Power Training & writing workshop (by Dr. T.K.Jain)
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Pedagogy • Case analysis,• Articles from Harvard Business Review • Quiz, seminars, workshops, games, • Visits to entrepreneurs and industrial visits• PreGotitations, Latest audio-visuals• Group discussions and group projects• Periodic self assessment• Mentoring and counselling• Study exchange programme (with institutions out of
India)• Rural development / Social welfare projects
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Branches
• AFTERSCHO☺OL will shortly open its branches in important cities in India including Delhi, Kota, Mumbai, Gurgaon and other important cities. Afterschooolians will be responsible for managing and developing these branches – and for promoting social entrepreneurs.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Case Studies
• We want to write case studies on social entrepreneurs, first generation entrepreneurs, ethical entrepreneurs. Please help us in this process. Help us to be in touch with entrepreneurs, so that we may develop entrepreneurs.
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Basic values at AFTERSCHO☺OL
• Share to learn more• Interact to develop yourself• Fear is your worst enemy• Make mistakes to learn • Study & discuss in a group• Criticism is the healthy route to mutual support
and help • Ask fundamental questions : why, when, how &
where?• Embrace change – and compete with yourself
only
www.afterschoool.tk AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
www.afterschoool.tk social entrepreneurship for better
society