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AccommodatingandUnderstandinganAgingWorkforce:ResearchAdvances
MichaelS.North,Ph.DDept.ofManagement&Organizations,NYUStern
SteeringCommittee,NYUAgingIncubator
“oldman”
“toooldtomatter”
“notagoodculturalfit”
Roadmap: Issues & Solutions
1. WorkforceAging:Historicallyolderworkforce,butlackofadequateintegration,utilization,andvalueofolderworkers;
2. WorkplaceAgeDiversity:Moregenerationsthanever,butlackofcross-generationalunderstanding,andprevalenceoftensions;
3. ProposedSolutions:Whattheresearchsaysweshoulddo,andwhereweshouldgofromhere.
Demography Theory
Motivating the Issues
2MajorImperatives
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“Demographyisdestiny.”
-Auguste Comte,Sociologist
“Getreadyforthesilvertsunami.”
-WashingtonTimes
Demography
RecentandProjectedLaborForceGrowth
Source:U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics
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Ageistheonlysocialcategoryidentifyingsubgroupsthateveryonemayeventuallyjoin.
North&Fiske,PsychologicalBulletin,2012
Theory
Age
Young Mid Old
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Age
GenerationalTensions
1. WorkforceAging:Lackofadequateintegration,utilization,andvalueofolderworkers;
2. WorkplaceAgeDiversity:Multiplegenerationslackunderstandingandexperiencetensions;
3. ProposedSolutions:Whattheresearchsaysweshoulddo,andwhereweshouldgofromhere.
Roadmap: Issues & Solutions
Whatbarriersexisttoutilizinganagingworkforce?
WorkforceAging
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The Older Worker Paradox
Pitt-Catsouphes et al., 2007
Managers(Seemingly)LoveSeniorEmployees…
…yetOlderWorkersFaceConsistentBarriers
DeniedEntry WithheldResources PushedAsideHIRING FIRING
Multi-Level Barriers to Utilizing Older Workers
ON THE JOB
3Tiers
AuditStudies
•Older(comparedtoyounger)jobapplicants40%lesslikelytoreceiveentry-levelinterviews
EEOCData
•47percentriseinagediscriminationchargessince1999
ExperimentalStudies
•Olderworkersdeniedtrainingresources(comparedtoequallyqualified/tenuredyoungerones)
Lahey, 2008 North & Fiske, 2016 EEOC, 2017
Younger WorkerMiddle-Aged Worker
Older Worker
1005.13
750.90
1043.97
Trai
ning
Inve
stm
ent (
$)
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Sources of Older Worker Barriers
North & Fiske, Research in Organizational Behavior, 2015
Olderagestereotypes:• Mortalityreminder
(Greenbergetal.,2004)• Nicebutincompetent
(Fiskeetal.,2002)• Uselessburden(Nelson,
2005)• Societallyinvisible
(Thompson,2007)
Older employeebeliefs:• Toocostly(Burtless,2013)• Receivelessthanhalfof
trainingasyoungerworkers(Dychtwald &Morrison,2004)
SocietalandEmployerAttitudes Jobdescriptions:
• “Fitinwithayoungteam”(McGoldrick &Arrowsmith,1993)
• “New”or“recent”collegegraduates(Kopytoff,2014)
• “Newblood”(Cardinali &Gordon,2002)
• “Willingnesstolearn;”“highambition”(Kulik,2014)
Onthejob:• “Over-qualified” orpoor
“culturalfit”(McGann etal.,2016)
CodedLanguage
“Stereotypethreat”:• “Memorytask
underminesperformance…
• …“readingcomprehension”or“impressionformation”enhancesperformance(Chasteen etal.,2005;Kang&Chasteen,2009)
SubjectiveAge:• Feelingsubjectively
“young”isadaptive,feeling“old”ismaladaptive(Hessetal.,2004)
OlderWorkerSelf-Handicapping
“...too old to matter...” “...lost stock options valued at millions of dollars when he lost his job.”
“not a good cultural fit’...”
Prescriptive Stereotypes
North & Fiske, PSPB, 2013
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1. WorkforceAging:Lackofadequateintegration,utilization,andvalueofolderworkers;
2. WorkplaceAgeDiversity:Lackofcross-generationalunderstanding,andprevalenceoftensions;
3. ProposedSolutions:Whattheresearchsaysweshoulddo,andwhereweshouldgofromhere.
Roadmap: Issues & Solutions
Whatbarriersexisttoproductiveworkplaceagediversity?
AgeDiversity
Age Diversity Challenges
North & Fiske, Research in Organizational Behavior, 2015
• “Double-edgedsword”(Millken &Martins,1996;Williams&O’Reilly,1996)
• Enhancescreativityandinnovation(Milliken&Martins,1996)
• Reducessocialcohesion;increasesrelationshipconflictandturnover(Carter&Phillips,2017;Williams&O’Reilly,1998)
Diversity:GoodandBad…
• Agediversityfosterspredominantlyneutral ornegative outcomes(Boehm&Kunze,2015)• RelationshipConflict(+)• Turnover(+)• Innovation(o/-)• Performance(o/-)• Perceptionsof
discrimination(+)
• Noclearrecipeforproductiveagediversity
…ExceptforAgeDiversity
Seeds of Generational Tension
North & Fiske, Research in Organizational Behavior, 2015
PerAARP(Murphy,2007):• 60%ofworkplacesreport
presenceofintergenerationalconflict
• Over70%ofolderemployeesdismissabilitiesofyoungerworkers
• Nearly50%ofyoungeremployeesdismissoldercolleagues’skills
GenerationalWorkplaceConflict
Largestgenerationalwealthgapinhistory:• 65+householdsare47times
wealthierthanunder-30households
Employmentdisparities:• 20-24unemploymentratemore
thantwiceashighas55+(BureauofLaborStatistics)
• Perceptionthatoldisblockingyoung(North&Fiske,2013)
EconomicDisparities
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Millennial Bashing
Succession: β = -.37, p < .001
Identity: β = -.22, p < .001
Consumption: β = -.17, p < .001
Total: β = -.31, p < .001
Rater Age
Demographic Analyses (4 samples; N = 2,010)
YoungerPeopleAgreetheMostwithItems
What “Should” The Older Generation Do?
80604020
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
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North & Fiske, Psychological Assessment, 2013North & Fiske, Psychological Assessment, 2013
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North & Fiske, PSPB, 2013
Empirical SupportSimulatedWorkplaceInteractions
Adhering(Facilitating):Stepsaside;makeswayforyoungergenerations
Violating(Obstructive):Sticksaround;blocksresourcesforyoungergenerations
vs.Adhering(Facilitating):Stepsaside;makeswayforyoungergenerations
Violating(Obstructive):Sticksaround;blocksresourcesforyoungergenerations
Adhering(Facilitating):Stepsaside;makeswayforyoungergenerations
Violating(Obstructive):Sticksaround;blocksresourcesforyoungergenerations
vs. vs.
1. WorkforceAging:Lackofadequateintegration,utilization,andvalueofolderworkers;
2. WorkplaceAgeDiversity:Lackofcross-generationalunderstanding,andprevalenceoftensions;
3. ProposedSolutions:Utilizingtheresearchbaseandbuildinguponit.
Roadmap: Issues & Solutions
Whatdoesexistingresearchtellusinordertosolvetheseissues?
Wheredoesfutureresearchgofromhere?
Research-basedSolutions
AgingWorkforceMultigenerationalWorkforce
Howdowegetorganizationstobemorereceptivetoolderworkerneeds?
AgingWorkforce
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• PerAARP:• Olderworkersoftenwillingtotakelessmoneyinexchangeforflexiblehoursorgreaterfulfillment
• PerSHRM:• Over75%ofolderworkerswanttocontinueworkinginsomecapacity…• ...butvastmajoritywantflexibleorpart-timeschedules
Recognize Truths about Work Preferences
Johnson, Kawachi, & Lewis, 2009; Paullin, 2014
Domain AgeTrend SourceFluidIntelligence(cognitivespeed,novelprocessing)
ê Horn &Cattell,1967
CrystallizedIntelligence(knowledge,experience)
è/é Horn&Cattell,1967;Bugg etal.,2006
Agreeableness é Helston etal.,2002
Companyloyalty é Pitt-Catsouphes etal.,2007
Conscientiousness é Helson etal.,2002EmotionalStability é Blanchard-Fields,2007EmotionalWell-being é Carstensen &Mikels,2005;
Williamsetal.,2006LanguageComplexity é Pennebaker &Stone,2003Neuroticism ê Loehlin &Martin,2001PositiveEmotionalExperience é Carstensen etal.,2000Reasoning é Tentori etal.,2001Wisdom é Grossmanetal.,2010
Recognize Truths about Abilities
Recognize Truths about Abilities
Source' Study'Par-cipants' Finding'
Kunze'et'al.,'2013' • 30,061&employees&from&93&different&German&firms&
• Younger,&rather&than&older&workers&are&the&most&resistant'to'change'
McAvoy'&'Cascio,'1989'
• 38,983&total&workers'(spanning&96&organizaBonal&studies&over&22&years)&
• No&overall&relaBonship&between&age&and&job&performance'
Ng'&'Feldman,'2013'
• 9,779&total&workers'(spanning&98&field&studies&from&the&1980s&through&2012)&
• No&evidence&that&older&workers&are&less&innova-ve&than&younger&workers&
PiJKCatsouphes'et'al.,'2007'
• 578&nonKgovernmental&organizaBons,&each&with&50&or&more&employees&
• Older&workers&preferred&to&younger&workers&in&terms&of&reliability,&loyalty,&professional&network,&skill&level&relaBve&to&job&requirements,&and&producBvity&
Accommodate Older Workers
1)Flexible,half-retirementoptions2)Prioritizingolderworkerskillsets3)Creating newpositionsoradaptingoldones4)Changingworkplaceergonomics
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Howdowegetgenerationstoseeeye-to-eye?
MultigenerationalWorkforce
Downplay Generational Competition
vs.
Downplay Generational Competition Downplay Generational Competition
“…experts believe that there won't be enough resources to accommodate all generations...”
“…experts believe that there will be enough resources to accommodate all generations...”
Scarce Abundant
North & Fiske, JSI, 2016
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Current & Future Directions
• What’sthebestwaytoshowvalue incross-generationalinteraction?
• Emphasizevalueofmaturityintheworkplace(North,O’Connor,&To,underreview)
ProductiveAgeDiversity
• Industry(Usova &North,ongoing)
• Culture(North&Fiske,2015)
• Gender(Martin,North,&Phillips,2019)
• Young-targetedageism(Francioli &North,underreview)
ContextualDifferences
• 4MainComponents:• Generation• Age(lifestage)• Tenure• Experience
• Eachpredictsdifferentoutcomes(North,2019)
Whatisan“Older”Worker?
North, Academy of Management Annals, conditionally accepted
Thanks!
MichaelS.North,Ph.D
[email protected]://mike-north.comhttp://AGEatNYU.org