Accessibility Accessibility in Mindin Mind

UNIVERSAL DESIGNUNIVERSAL DESIGN

The design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.

The design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.

PRINCIPLE ONE: PRINCIPLE ONE: Equitable UseEquitable Use

The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.

The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.

– Provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible; equivalent when not

– Avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users

– Provisions for privacy, security, and safety should be equally available to all users

– Make the design appealing to all users

PRINCIPLE TWO: PRINCIPLE TWO: Flexibility in UseFlexibility in Use

• The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.

• The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.

– Provide choice in methods of use

– Accommodate right- or left-handed access and use

– Facilitate the user's accuracy and precision

– Adapt to the user's pace

PRINCIPLE THREE: PRINCIPLE THREE: Simple and Intuitive UseSimple and Intuitive Use

Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.

Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.

– Eliminate unnecessary complexity

– Be consistent with user expectations and intuition

– Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills

– Arrange information consistent with its importance

– Provide effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion

PRINCIPLE FOUR:PRINCIPLE FOUR:Perceptible InformationPerceptible Information

The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities.

The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities.

– Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile)

– Provide adequate contrast (background/foreground)

– Maximize "legibility"– Differentiate elements in ways that can be

described (instructions or directions)– Provide compatibility with a variety of

techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations

PRINCIPLE FIVE: PRINCIPLE FIVE: Tolerance for ErrorTolerance for Error

The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.

The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.

–Arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors: most used elements, most accessible; hazardous elements eliminated, isolated, or shielded

–Provide warnings of hazards and errors

–Provide fail safe features–Discourage unconscious action in

tasks that require vigilance.

PRINCIPLE SIX: PRINCIPLE SIX: Low Physical EffortLow Physical Effort

The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue.

The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue.

– Allow user to maintain a neutral body position

– Use reasonable operating forces– Minimize repetitive actions– Minimize sustained physical effort

PRINCIPLE SEVEN: PRINCIPLE SEVEN: Size and Space for Approach Size and Space for Approach

and Useand UseAppropriate size and space is

provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user's body size, posture, or mobility.

Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user's body size, posture, or mobility.

– Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user

– Make reach to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user

– Accommodate variations in hand and grip size

– Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices or personal assistance

The IssuesThe Issues

• Individuals with disabilitiesIndividuals with disabilities

• Universal user accessUniversal user access

• Legal mandatesLegal mandates

• Business productivityBusiness productivity

• Individuals with disabilitiesIndividuals with disabilities

• Universal user accessUniversal user access

• Legal mandatesLegal mandates

• Business productivityBusiness productivity

Individuals with DisabilitiesIndividuals with Disabilities

• Adults, youth and children in every Adults, youth and children in every social sector and ethnic groupsocial sector and ethnic group

• Largest minority in the U.S. – and Largest minority in the U.S. – and growinggrowing– Currently 55 million people in U.S.– 18.7% of population, not including LD– 75 million people worldwide

• Responsible for over $1 trillion in Responsible for over $1 trillion in aggregate incomeaggregate income

• Adults, youth and children in every Adults, youth and children in every social sector and ethnic groupsocial sector and ethnic group

• Largest minority in the U.S. – and Largest minority in the U.S. – and growinggrowing– Currently 55 million people in U.S.– 18.7% of population, not including LD– 75 million people worldwide

• Responsible for over $1 trillion in Responsible for over $1 trillion in aggregate incomeaggregate income

Business Productivity IssuesBusiness Productivity Issues

• Increase your share of the marketIncrease your share of the market

• Qualify for government contractsQualify for government contracts

• Distinguish yourself from the Distinguish yourself from the competitioncompetition

• Improve general usabilityImprove general usability

• Bragging rightsBragging rights

• Increase your share of the marketIncrease your share of the market

• Qualify for government contractsQualify for government contracts

• Distinguish yourself from the Distinguish yourself from the competitioncompetition

• Improve general usabilityImprove general usability

• Bragging rightsBragging rights

Users Who Are BlindUsers Who Are Blind

• Alternate methods to access textAlternate methods to access text

• Graphics descriptionsGraphics descriptions

• Tactile/auditory signalsTactile/auditory signals

Users Who Are BlindUsers Who Are Blind

• Screen reader programs (text to Screen reader programs (text to speech)speech)– JAWS

(http://www.freedomscientific.com/fs_products/software_jaws.asp)

– IBM Home Page Reader (http://www-3.ibm.com/able/hpr.html)– ReadPlease 2000 – (http://www.readplease.com/)– Connect OutLoud (web access) – (http://www.freedomscientific.com/

fs_products/software_connect.asp)

• Screen reader programs (text to Screen reader programs (text to speech)speech)– JAWS

(http://www.freedomscientific.com/fs_products/software_jaws.asp)

– IBM Home Page Reader (http://www-3.ibm.com/able/hpr.html)– ReadPlease 2000 – (http://www.readplease.com/)– Connect OutLoud (web access) – (http://www.freedomscientific.com/

fs_products/software_connect.asp)

Vision ImpairmentVision Impairment

• Enlarged printEnlarged print

• High contrastHigh contrast

• Appropriate use of colorAppropriate use of color

• Tactile markingsTactile markings

• GraphicsGraphics

Courtesy Rules

• I’m an ordinary person, who just happens to be blind. You don’t need to raise your voice or address me as if I were a child. Don’t ask my companion what I want – ask me.

• I may use a white cane or a guide dog; or I may ask to take your arm. Let me decide. I’ll take your arm and walk a half-step behind to anticipate curbs and steps.

• You don’t need to remember some “politically correct” term. Keep it simple and honest – just say blind.

• When you speak to me, tell me who you are. Also introduce me to others, including children, and tell me if there’s a pet present.

• A door that is left partially open is a hazard to me.• At dinner I won’t have trouble with ordinary table

skills.• Don’t avoid words like “see.” I use them too. I’m

always glad to see you.• In a new location, show me the bathroom, closet,

windows, other doors – and the light switch too. I like to know whether the lights are on or off.

• I’ll discuss blindness with you if you’re curious, but it’s an old story to me. I have as many other interests as you do.

("ENTER" to advance)

Users Who Are Users Who Are Color-Blind or Color-SensitiveColor-Blind or Color-Sensitive

• Potential problemsPotential problems– Red/green deficiency– Sensitivity to certain colors or bright lights

www.visibone.com/colorblind/

http://more.btexact.com/people/rigdence/colours

("ENTER" to advance)

Users Who Have Seizure Users Who Have Seizure DisordersDisorders

Potential ProblemsPotential Problems– Flashing lights, moving graphics

Seizures can be triggered by flashing lights in the range of 2Hz to 55Hz in people with photosensitive epilepsy (animated gifs, Flash screens, etc.)

WARNING! Flash example of flicker http://ncam.wgbh.org/richmedia/flicker_demo.html

Users Who Are Deaf/Hard of Users Who Are Deaf/Hard of HearingHearing

Potential problemsPotential problems– Sound effects

– sound cues

– Audio descriptions

– Background music

Courtesy Rules for LipreadersCourtesy Rules for Lipreaders

• Attract my attention before you start speaking to me, so I won't miss any of what you say.

• Don’t speak louder – it doesn’t help.• Make sure I can see your face when you speak. • Don't hide your lip movements when you are

speaking by waving your hand or holding a cup in front of your face, etc. Remove gum or other objects from your mouth.

• Keep your head still while speaking.• Speak clearly and slowly, but don’t exaggerate your

speech.

Courtesy Rules for LipreadersCourtesy Rules for Lipreaders 

• Try to make the subject of the conversation clear. • Be patient – you might need to repeat or rephrase

something if I don’t understand it the first time.• Keep a paper and pencil handy in case we need to

write some things down.• In the group, repeat what you have said to both

sides, remembering your immediate neighbours. • Try not to speak when someone else in the group is

talking as its impossible to lipread two people at the same time.

Courtesy Rules for Sign Language Courtesy Rules for Sign Language UsersUsers

• Speak directly to me, not to the interpreter.

• Allow the interpreter time to sign what you say.

• In a group, identify yourself by name when you speak so the interpreter can tell me who is speaking.

• Don’t try to sign if you don’t know how; it’s more confusing than helpful.

Users With Manual ImpairmentUsers With Manual Impairment

Potential problemsPotential problems• Limited range of motion

• Limited manual dexterity

• Alternate input devices– Voice recognition technology– Switches, buttons, touch screens, light

beams, on-screen keyboard, TAB key

Users With Manual ImpairmentUsers With Manual Impairment

• Adaptive SoftwareAdaptive Software– IBM Viavoice

• http://www-4.ibm.com/software/speech/

– Dragon Systems Naturally Speaking• http://www.dragonsys.com/naturallyspeaking

Users With Cognitive DisordersUsers With Cognitive Disorders• Potential problemsPotential problems

– Reading• Provide alternative graphics which explain the

text• Use the clearest and simplest language

appropriate for a site’s content• Divide large blocks of information into more

manageable groups where natural and appropriate

– Visual cues• Provide alternative sound cues

Users With Cognitive DisordersUsers With Cognitive Disorders

• Potential problemsPotential problems– Complicated navigation

• K.I.S.S.• Group text with related content• Provide simpler alternative navigation

links• Clearly identify links and what they are

for• If search functions are provided, enable

different types of searches for different skill levels and preferences

You’ve been a great audience. You’ve been a great audience. Thanks for letting me speak Thanks for letting me speak

with you today!with you today!