access to citizenship & its impact on immigrant integration (acit) results for hungary
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Access to citizenship & its impact on immigrant integration (ACIT) Results for Hungary 24 January 2012 Thomas Huddleston Migration Policy Group Costica Dumbrava European University Institute. Co-financed by the European Fund for the Integration of Third-Country Nationals. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Access to citizenship & its impact on immigrant integration (ACIT)
Results for Hungary24 January 2012
Thomas HuddlestonMigration Policy GroupCostica DumbravaEuropean University Institute Co-financed by the
European Fund for the Integration of Third-Country Nationals
Access to citizenship & its impact on immigrant integration (ACIT)
http://eudo-citizenship.eu End date: 31/03/2013
Goal: Researchers & policy actors better understand how law, implementation, and other factors affect citizenship acquisition and how citizenship affects integration processes;
Goal: Policymakers & civil society use evidence to design more effective laws and measures
Consolidate law indicators
Pilot implementation indicators
Expand ‘outcome’ indicators
Assess determinants of naturalisation across EU
Assess citizenship impact on integration process
10 national citizenship dialogues and national handbooks
EU conclusions, recommendations, dialogue, module
Citizenship Law Indicators(CITLAW)
• 57 indicators compare specific aspects of citizenship regimes across countries and time– basic indicators (e.g. Ius Soli for second generation)– several combined indicators (e.g. Ius Soli at birth)– six combined indicators: ius sanguinis, ius soli, ordinary
naturalisation, special naturalisation, renunciation, withdrawal
• Indicators measure strength of the purpose or principle of the citizenship law
• Indicator scores range from 0 to 10 = purpose/principle not represented1 = purpose/principle strongly represented
Summary of FindingsIus Sanguinis
Ius Soli
Ordinary Naturalisation
Special Naturalisation
Involuntary Loss
Renunciation
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
Hungary EU-12 EU-27
Ordinary Naturalisation
Overal
l
Residen
ce Conditions
Renuncia
tion Forei
gn Citizen
ship
Langu
age C
onditions
Civic K
nowledge
/ Assi
milation
Criminal
Record
Economic R
esource
s0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Hungary EU-12 EU-27
Ordinary Naturalisation
opportunities• Dual nationality accepted
(becoming EU trend)• Basic language exam• Clean criminal record
obstacles• Long & complicated
residence requirement, more than average EU12
• Demanding resource requirement, rare in EU
Special Naturalisation (selected modes)
Overal
l
Family
-based
Spousal
Tran
sfer
Child Tr
ansfe
r
Adoption
Descen
dants
of Form
er Citizen
s
Child Ex
tensio
n
Reacq
uisition
Cultural
Affinity
Refuge
es
Statel
ess Pers
ons
Speci
al Ach
ievem
ents
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.00 0.00
Hungary EU-12 EU-27
Special Naturalisation
opportunities• cultural affinity / descendants
of former citizens
• Entitlement for refugees
• spousal transfer• adoption
obstacles• child extension/transfer
Cultural affinity
1 indicator:• Either descendant of former
citizen or probable HU origin & proven HU speaker
• + Criminal record & public order conditions in HU
• Very rare across EU; Only same CITLAW score as LV; At least some provisions in:– HR, RS, BG, SK, PL– GR & TU– DE & FR – ES, PT, IE
Descendants of former citizens
1 indicator:• Entitlement based on
declaration• BUT residence & other
naturalisation conditions
• Less common in EU; Wide range; more open in only IT, LT, IE, BE, NL
• 38 indicators compare formal aspects of naturalisation procedure. These include all stages, from efforts by public authorities to inform applicants to the options to appeal a negative decision.
• 5 dimensions covered administrative procedure:
1) Promotion: how much do authorities encourage applicants to apply?
2) Documentation: how easily can applicants prove they meet the conditions?
3) Discretion: how much room do authorities have to interpret conditions?
4) Bureaucracy: how easy is it for authorities to come to a decision?
5) Review: how strong is judicial oversight of the procedure?
Citizenship Implementation Indicators (CITIMP)
Summary of FindingsGenerally, positive link between law (CITLAW) & implementation (CITIMP) Similarly, HU creates both many legal and procedural obstacles for the
naturalisation of ordinary immigrants (without Hungarian descent)
Ordinary immigrants face more procedural obstacles in HU than in anyof its neighbouring countries, similar to SK• Slightly more state promotion than in most EU countries• Some demanding documentation as in most EU countries• More discretionary procedure than most in Central Europe• Most bureaucratic of any EU country • Critically missing the right to reasoned decision & appeal
PromotionHU makes procedure accessible but little else for ordinary immigrants
Opportunities: • Free procedure, courses, and study materials• Ceremonies involving public dignitaries and media Obstacles:• No special campaigns or promotional services/materials for people without HU descent• Comparatively high fee for test
BureaucracyHU has more bureaucratic procedure than other EU countries (same as IT)Opportunities: • Decision made at national level• Internal time-limits (e.g. security and ID checks)
Obstacles:• Different authorities receive the application, check it, provide data/opinions, and decide• No overall legal time limit to procedure
ReviewHU is one of last EU countries missing right to reasoned decision & appealfor ordinary naturalisation of immigrants (i.e. without Hungarian descent).
Obstacles:• No right to obtain information on reasons for rejection • No specific right to appeal a rejection• No specific right to appeal citizenship exam results
Note: Discrimination is prohibited in procedure; Applicants can complain to Ombudsman
Note: Since this research, the right to reasoned decisions & appeal have been instituted in Poland (as of 15 August 2012) and in Belgium (as of 1 January 2013).
Citizenship acquisition (CITACQ)
• Acquisition indicators compare rates of citizenship acquisition among foreign-born in their country of residence
• Percentages of foreign-born immigrants who have acquired citizenship at any point in time, not naturalisation rates measuring the number of new naturalisations divided by resident population with foreign citizenship
• Information based on European Labour Force Survey Ad Hoc Module (2008) that targets immigrants and their descendants, aged 15-67
• Data exclusively on foreign-born (1st generation) and allows for comparisons of citizenship acquisition rates across 25 European countries
• Acquisition rates among foreign-born generally higher in EU-12 (51%) than in EU-15 (34%)
• Rates have likely changed since 2008 based on changes for persons of Hungarian descent.
Hungary (67%)
CITACQ findings I: acquisition rates
• Within EU-12 large differences in speed of naturalisation. The fast naturalisationin Hungary (5,5 years) likely indicates selective treatment (confirmed by Immigrant Citizens Survey in Budapest, where average speed was 5 years for native-speakers, 9,5 for non-native speakers)
• Data not of sufficient quality to investigate further (due to small samples of immigrants in surveys in EU-12 countries)
CITACQ findings II: speed of naturalisation
Hungary (5,5 years)
CITACQ findings III: analysesNo sufficiently reliable data available for analysis of naturalisation in Central and Eastern Europe. In Western Europe, citizenship acquisition and the speed of acquisition are mainly driven by:•Socio-economic development of countries of origin•Legal opportunity structure of the country of destination (see graphs)The variance in acquisition rates between immigrants is mainly explained by:•Marital status (married immigrants are more likely naturalised)•Socio-economic status (immigrants with employment are more likely naturalised)•Gender (female immigrants are more likely naturalised)•Use of native language at home (immigrants who speak the language of the destination country at home are more likely naturalised)
Citizenship and Integration (CITINT)
• 10 core indicators measure the the extent to which changes in citizenship status affect levels of integration
• Three categories of indicators:– Labour force participation (2008 Eurostat LFS ad hoc
module)– Social exclusion (2008 Eurostat LFS ad hoc module & 2008
EU-SILC)– Living conditions (2008 EU-SILC)
• Sample: EU-27, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland• As expected, immigrants who naturalised are often better off
than immigrants who have not naturalised.
Labour Force Participation
Source: 2008 EU Labour Force Survey Ad Hoc Module
Hungary EU-12 EU-270
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Unemployment Rates, 2008 (%)
Natives Naturalised Immigrants Non-citizen Immigrants
Labour Force Participation
Source: 2008 EU Labour Force Survey Ad Hoc Module
Non-citizen Immigrants
Naturalised Immigrants
Natives
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
67.6
50.9
49.6
60.4
46.6
Economic Activity Rates, Hungary, 2008 (%)
Non-EU EU
Social Exclusion
Source: 2008 EU-SILC Survey
Hungary EU-12 EU-270
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Share Having Difficulty Making Ends Meet, 2008 (%)
Natives Naturalised Immigrants Non-citizen Immigrants
ConclusionsMajor legal opportunities• Dual nationality • Special naturalisationMajor legal obstacles• Residence & economic resource requirements for ordinary naturalisation Major administrative opportunities• Free procedure & courses • Citizenship ceremoniesMajor administrative obstacles• No right to appeal & reasoned decision • Bureaucracy • Limited promotion
• Policies have major impact on naturalisation rates
• Naturalised Hungarian citizens took on average 5,5 years to naturalise, but much longer for those without Hungarian descent