access and benefit sharing in non-commercial research
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Access and Benefit Sharing in Non-Commercial Research. David E. Schindel, Executive Secretary National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution [email protected] ; http://www.barcoding.si.edu 202/633-0812; fax 202/633-2938. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
PSI Tahiti, 6 March 2009
Access and Access and Benefit Sharing in Benefit Sharing in Non-Commercial Non-Commercial
ResearchResearchDavid E. Schindel, Executive SecretaryDavid E. Schindel, Executive Secretary
National Museum of Natural HistoryNational Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionSmithsonian Institution
[email protected]@si.edu;; http://www.barcoding.si.eduhttp://www.barcoding.si.edu202/633-0812; fax 202/633-2938202/633-0812; fax 202/633-2938
PSI Tahiti, 6 March 2009
A DNA barcode is a A DNA barcode is a short gene sequence short gene sequence
taken from taken from standardized portions standardized portions
of the genome,of the genome, used to identify species used to identify species
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DNA Barcodes:DNA Barcodes:A Key Variable for Biodiversity A Key Variable for Biodiversity
InformaticsInformatics
Journal Publication
Species Name
Voucher Specimen
Barcode Sequence
Authority files of taxonomic
names
Museum databases of
associated dataDatabases of species
occurrences and distribution (OBIS)
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Species Identification MattersSpecies Identification MattersBasic research on evolution, ecologyBasic research on evolution, ecologyEndangered/protected species Endangered/protected species Agricultural pests/beneficial speciesAgricultural pests/beneficial speciesDisease vectors/pathogensDisease vectors/pathogensInvasive species (e.g., in ballast water)Invasive species (e.g., in ballast water)Environmental quality indicatorsEnvironmental quality indicatorsManaging for sustainable harvestingManaging for sustainable harvestingConsumer protection, ensuring food qualityConsumer protection, ensuring food qualityFidelity of seedbanks, culture collectionsFidelity of seedbanks, culture collections
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Adoption by RegulatorsAdoption by Regulators
Food and Drug Administration Food and Drug Administration – Reference barcodes for commercial fishReference barcodes for commercial fish
NOAA/NMFSNOAA/NMFS– $100K for Gulf of Maine pilot project$100K for Gulf of Maine pilot project– FISH-BOL workshop with agencies, Taipei, Sept 2007FISH-BOL workshop with agencies, Taipei, Sept 2007
Federal Aviation Administration – $500K for birdsFederal Aviation Administration – $500K for birdsEnvironmental Protection AgencyEnvironmental Protection Agency– $250K pilot test, water quality bioassessment$250K pilot test, water quality bioassessment
FAO International Plant Protection CommissionFAO International Plant Protection Commission– Proposal for Diagnostic Protocols for fruit flies Proposal for Diagnostic Protocols for fruit flies
CITES, National Agencies, Conservation NGOsCITES, National Agencies, Conservation NGOs– International Steering Committee, identifying pilot projectsInternational Steering Committee, identifying pilot projects
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DNA Barcoding: A New Tool for Biodiversity Research
From specimen to sequence to species
Voucher Specimen
DNA extraction CO1 gene DNA sequencing Trace file
Database of Barcode Records
Collecting
ND3
COIII
ND2
ND1
CBOL Member Organizations: 2009
• 170+ Member organizations, 50 countries
• 35+ Member organizations from 20+ developing countries
500,000+ barcoded specimens from 50,000+ species
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Potential BenefitsPotential Benefits
Documentation of local speciesDocumentation of local species
Ability to identify specimensAbility to identify specimens
Research training and capacity-buildingResearch training and capacity-building
Participation in global research networksParticipation in global research networks
Better scientific basis for policy, protection Better scientific basis for policy, protection of genetic resources, economic of genetic resources, economic developmentdevelopment
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Obstacles to ResearchObstacles to ResearchLack of in situ repositories, lab capacityLack of in situ repositories, lab capacity
Few national laws and regulatory Few national laws and regulatory frameworksframeworks
Lack of national focal points, authoritiesLack of national focal points, authorities
Lack of legal certainty within countries Lack of legal certainty within countries (changing rules, changing authorities)(changing rules, changing authorities)
Competing interests within countriesCompeting interests within countries
Bioparanoia, unrealistic expectations of Bioparanoia, unrealistic expectations of monetary benefitsmonetary benefits
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Access and Benefit SharingAccess and Benefit SharingCollecting permits and Material Transfer Agreements Collecting permits and Material Transfer Agreements
of great concern to CBOL Member Organizationsof great concern to CBOL Member Organizations
Side-events at CITES, SBSTTA, COP-9Side-events at CITES, SBSTTA, COP-9
November 2008 international workshop in BonnNovember 2008 international workshop in Bonn
Focus on non-commercial biodiversity researchFocus on non-commercial biodiversity research
51 participants from 24 countries51 participants from 24 countries
Submissions to Namibia and Tokyo AHTEGsSubmissions to Namibia and Tokyo AHTEGs
Workshop report emphasizing:Workshop report emphasizing:– Provider country concerns,Provider country concerns,– Benefits of standard, low-overhead proceduresBenefits of standard, low-overhead procedures
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PSI Tahiti, 6 March 2009PSI Tahiti, 6 March 2009
PSI Tahiti, 6 March 2009PSI Tahiti, 6 March 2009
International ABS RegimeInternational ABS RegimeABS one of 3 CBD objectivesABS one of 3 CBD objectivesCOP 9 Decision, May 2008: Goal of IR COP 9 Decision, May 2008: Goal of IR adoption at COP 10, 2010adoption at COP 10, 2010ABS in Non-Commercial Research, Nov 08ABS in Non-Commercial Research, Nov 082008-9: 3 Ad Hoc Technical Expert Groups2008-9: 3 Ad Hoc Technical Expert Groups– Concepts, terms, working definitions, sectorsConcepts, terms, working definitions, sectors– ComplianceCompliance– Traditional knowledgeTraditional knowledge
2008-10: 3 ABS Working Group meetings2008-10: 3 ABS Working Group meetings
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What is covered by ABS?What is covered by ABS?““Biological ResourcesBiological Resources” includes genetic ” includes genetic resources, organisms, parts, “any other resources, organisms, parts, “any other biotic component of ecosystems with biotic component of ecosystems with actual or potential use or value”actual or potential use or value”
““Genetic resourcesGenetic resources” includes genetic ” includes genetic material of actual or potential valuematerial of actual or potential value
““Genetic materialGenetic material” includes material of ” includes material of plant, animal, microbial or other origin plant, animal, microbial or other origin containing functional units of hereditycontaining functional units of heredity
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Genetic ResourcesGenetic Resources
Functional units of heredity (RNA, DNA) are Functional units of heredity (RNA, DNA) are found in almost all tissue (wood, eggs, fruit)found in almost all tissue (wood, eggs, fruit)
Therefore no distinction between “biological Therefore no distinction between “biological material” and “genetic resource”material” and “genetic resource”
But commodities not covered by CBDBut commodities not covered by CBD
Should distinction be on genetic resources Should distinction be on genetic resources when their when their actual or potential value is actual or potential value is based on their hereditary properties?based on their hereditary properties?
Uses of Genetic ResourcesUses of Genetic Resources
1.1. Genetic modification: gene splicingGenetic modification: gene splicing
2.2. Biosynthesis: organisms as factoriesBiosynthesis: organisms as factories
3.3. Breeding and selection: new varietiesBreeding and selection: new varieties
4.4. Propagation and cultivation without Propagation and cultivation without modification (mass production)modification (mass production)
5.5. Conservation: captive breeding, recovery, Conservation: captive breeding, recovery, reintroductionreintroduction
6.6. Characterization and evaluationCharacterization and evaluation
7.7. Source of compounds found in natureSource of compounds found in nature
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ABS Workshop, Bonn, GermanyABS Workshop, Bonn, GermanyFocus on ‘non-commercial research’Focus on ‘non-commercial research’
Organized by Consortium for the Barcode of Organized by Consortium for the Barcode of LifeLife
Hosted by DFG, German Research Hosted by DFG, German Research FoundationFoundation
Co-sponsors: Moorea/Biocode, EDIT, Paris Co-sponsors: Moorea/Biocode, EDIT, Paris Museum, iBOL, Swiss FOEN, DIVERSITASMuseum, iBOL, Swiss FOEN, DIVERSITAS
51 participants from 24 countries51 participants from 24 countries
ABS Workshop, Bonn, GermanyABS Workshop, Bonn, Germany17-19 November 200817-19 November 2008
barcoding.si.edu/ABSworkshop.html
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Geographic Representation
OECD AfricaLatin
AmericaAsia Pacific
28 8 4 9 2
54.9% 15.7% 7.8% 17.6% 3.9%
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Sector
Research Agency Other
29 10 12
56.9% 19.6% 23.5%
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Main Workshop TopicsMain Workshop Topics
Non-commercial vs. commercial researchNon-commercial vs. commercial research
Communities of non-commercial research Communities of non-commercial research practicepractice
Benefits from non-commercial researchBenefits from non-commercial research
Potential risks of non-commercial researchPotential risks of non-commercial research
Standardized ABS agreements and Standardized ABS agreements and procedures procedures
Proactive measures to build trustProactive measures to build trust
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Main Findings Main Findings (1 of 4)(1 of 4)
Non-commercial and commercial research Non-commercial and commercial research can overlap, hard to find simple definitioncan overlap, hard to find simple definitionNon-commercial research puts results in Non-commercial research puts results in public domainpublic domainCommercial projects have distinct Commercial projects have distinct characteristics involving IPR, restrictions characteristics involving IPR, restrictions on dissemination of results and benefitson dissemination of results and benefitsThere are tangible indicators of There are tangible indicators of commercial intentcommercial intent
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Main Findings Main Findings (2 of 4)(2 of 4)
Three main risks perceived by Providers:Three main risks perceived by Providers:– Change of intent from non-commercial to Change of intent from non-commercial to
commercial researchcommercial research– Control and tracking of specimens transferred Control and tracking of specimens transferred
abroadabroad– Publication of data that are used by third Publication of data that are used by third
parties for commercial benefitparties for commercial benefit
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Main Findings Main Findings (3 of 4)(3 of 4)
Standardized ABS agreements can have Standardized ABS agreements can have mutual benefits:mutual benefits:– Standard elements, standard contentStandard elements, standard content– More bureaucracy doesn’t mean more securityMore bureaucracy doesn’t mean more security– Lower transaction costs, delays, bureaucracyLower transaction costs, delays, bureaucracy– Provide standard safeguards, tracking Provide standard safeguards, tracking
mechanismsmechanisms– Indicators of change of intent trigger Indicators of change of intent trigger
requirement for re-negotiationrequirement for re-negotiation– Pre-publication access to manuscriptsPre-publication access to manuscripts
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Main Findings Main Findings (4 of 4)(4 of 4)
Proactive measures to mitigate risks:Proactive measures to mitigate risks:– Transparent systems for tracking specimens, Transparent systems for tracking specimens,
linking to ABS agreementslinking to ABS agreements– Institutional CBD policiesInstitutional CBD policies– Codes of conductCodes of conduct– Long-term relationships rather than permitsLong-term relationships rather than permits– Involvement of funding agenciesInvolvement of funding agencies
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The Collection ConnectionThe Collection Connection
US report on Federal US report on Federal collectionscollections
National Science National Science Foundation reportFoundation report
OECD Global OECD Global Science Forum Science Forum InitiativeInitiative