accelerating applications of rf superconductivity ... · accelerating applications of rf...
TRANSCRIPT
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Accelerating Applications of RF Superconductivity
- Success Stories
Hasan Padamsee, Cornell University
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Accelerating Applications of RF Superconductivity - Success Stories
Hasan Padamsee, Cornell University
• Introduction: Basics of RF superconductivity for Acceleration– Superconducting Structures
• Completed Applications…. Success Story #1– Particle Physics, Light Sources, Nuclear Physics
• Dramatic Progress in Performance: Success Story #2– Short version (Matthais – Long Version)
• New applications Take Off- Success Story #3– Spallation Neutron Source– New Light Sources: XFEL, ERL…– Electron cooling for RHIC, electron-ion collisions– Rare Isotope Accelerator – Proton Drivers– International Linear Collider
• Far Future Possibilities– Neutrino Factory… Muon Collider
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RF Acceleration With Superconducting Cavities
10 cm
E
Vc = One Million Volts
CopperQ ≈ 104
One million watts CW
SuperconductorE.g. Niobium 2KQ ≈ 1010
One watt !Into Liquid Helium
≈ 1kW AC powerCW
Enter ExitE
timeFreq = 1.5 GHz
E
Gap = d
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RF accelerator cavity fields
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Important Figures of Merit of Superconducting Accelerating Cavities
• Accelerating voltage Vc
• Accelerating field Eacc = Vc/d• Dissipated power in cavity wall• Stored energy
• Q value
• Surface fields – Epk/Eacc typically 2 – 2.6 – Hpk/Eacc typically 40 - 50
Oe/MV/m
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11
10
9
8
0 25 50 MV/m
Accelerating Field
Residual losses
Multipacting
Field emission
Thermal breakdown
Quench
Ideal
10
10
10
10
Q
Grain boundaries
Oxide interface
Most Important Cavity Performance CharacterizationQ vs E curve
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There are a variety of designs for accelerating charged particles moving at velocities from c to 0.01 c
We move from high velocity to low velocity acceleration
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High and Medium Velocity Structure Examples β = v/c = 1 -> 0.5
Single Cell
RF Power In Beam Induced Power Out
Multi-Cell Cavity
Squeezed Cells for v/c = 0.5
Basic Principle, v/c = 1
λ/2
βλ/2
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Low Velocity Structures, β = v/c = 0.001 to 0.2
Quarter Wave
Half-Wave SpokeSplit -Ring
Inter-Digital
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Completed ApplicationsSuccess Story #1
• High Energy– Energy Frontier– Flavor Physics (e.g. B-factory, CESR-C)
• Medium Energy– Quark-Gluon Nuclear Structure– Light Sources : IR-UV-Xray
• Low Energy– Nuclear Physics– RadioIsotope Beams for Nuclear Astrophysics
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LEP-II
SC Cavites in
TRISTAN
HERA
LEP-II
CESR
KEK-B
LHC
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Co r
nell
Sync
hro t
on
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1995- 2000, 3500 MVolts installed
to raise LEP energy from 65 to 105 GeV
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350 MHz Nb-Cu Cavities for LEP-II
300 cavities
70 modules
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Major LEP-II studies & discoveries
Predicted from Unification of Weak and em forces
a
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SRF in Storage Rings
• TRISTAN - Japan
• HERA - Germany• LEP-II - CERN
(Europe)
• CESR-III - USA
• KEK-B Japan• 5 - 8 MV/m
• LHC- CERNElectron - Positron Proton-Proton
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Cornell-KEK-B Collaboration
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SRF Modules Installed in LHC
• 16 Nb-Cu Cavities• 4 Cryomodules
• 16 MV per beam• 10 MV/m
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Medium Energy Nuclear Physics
• Understanding the quark-gluon structure of nucleus
• Distribution of nuclear spin
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42Cryomodules Inside the tunnel
380 accelerating structures for Jefferson Lab
6 GeV Re-circulating Linear Accelerator for Nuclear Physics
�30,000 cavity-hours of operation
�Now Upgrade
�to 12 GeV
�18 MV/m
7 MV/m
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Light Sources
From IR-UV-Xrays
X-ACTLY SO !
The Roentgen Rays, the Roentgen Rays
What is this craze?
The town’s ablaze
With the new phase
Of X-ray’s ways
A Christmas present to civilization at the turn of the 20th century
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SRF in Electron Storage Rings (X-Rays)Installed
• CESR/CHESS - USA
• Canadian Light Source
• Taiwan Light Source
• DIAMOND Light Source (UK)
• Shangai Light Source
• SOLEIL (France)
• Beijing Tau-Charm Factory
• Swiss Light Source– For life time increase
• ELETTRA (Italy)– For life time increase
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CESR Technology Transfer to Industry
TurnTurnTurnTurn----Key SystemsKey SystemsKey SystemsKey Systems
CESR SRF => Taiwan, Canada, U.K, Shangai (via ACCEL co.)
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Lasers : Infra red, UV, X-ray
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Optical Cavity FELs
• Jlab FEL/ERL– IR, UV
upgrade
– 14kW beam power
• JAERI FEL– IR
Injector
Beam dump
IR wiggler
Superconducting rf linac
UV wiggler
Injector
Beam dump
IR wiggler
Superconducting rf linac
UV wiggler
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20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
200
400
600
800
1000
Ele
ctro
n B
eam
Ene
rgy
(MeV
)
FEL Wavelength (nm)
400 800Saturation
FEL at TTF 1 (1999 - 2002)Proof-of-Principle for SASE in the VUVFirst Lasing 2/2001, Saturation 9/2002
TTF-II
2004:VUV FEL at TTF 2VUV to Soft X-rays: 100 - 6 nm User facility
SASE-FELs VUV => X-Rays
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Based on TESLA TechnologyDeveloped by TESLA Collaboration
• 9-cell Nb, 1.3 GHz cavities
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TTF- TESLA Test Facility Collaboration
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Cavity String mounted on Cavity String mounted on 300 mm He Gas Return Pipe300 mm He Gas Return Pipe
Large experience base, > 12 cryomodules assembled (100 meters active)……..Integrated cold time: 10 module-years
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8-Cavity Module
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TTF-I
&
TTF-II
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Low Energy Nuclear Physics,
Understanding nuclear structure, nuclear shape, spin, vibration, rotation
What’s it good for?
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100,000 + hours of operating experience since 1978
Superconducting Accelerating Structures
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10 Heavy Ion Linacs Completed
• ATLAS (Argonne) US• Stony Brook• U. of Washington• Florida State U• Kansas State U• Delhi U• JAERI (Japan)• ALPI (Italy)• ANU (Australia)• ISAC-II (TRIUMF-Canada)
• > 270 SC structures• 3-5 MV/m
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Success Story #2(short version)
How SRF Technology Evolved Over Last Few Years
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Gradients have been improving steadily due to understanding of limiting phenomena and invention of effective curesMultipacting
Thermal breakdown
Field Emission
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1 4log(∆T [mK])
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Improve Bulk Thermal Conductivity (and RRR) by raising purity to avoid Quench
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1200 mK0
Electron field emission
50 µµµµm grain 1 - 2 µm, C
Increased Losses
Lower Q
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100 atm jet water rinsing
100 Bar High Pressure Rinsing
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Class 10 – 100, Clean Room
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1991≈ 10 MV/m
Limited by Field Emission
2000 -
25 MV/m
9-cell Cavities
DESY
X 3 !
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There is more good news !
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• Electropolishing and Baking 120 C– Smooth Surfaces
• Baking – Heals the rf surface of ??
– (Romanenko Talk)
There is more good news !
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EP + Bake > 35 MV/m Proof-of-Principle
DESY-KEK 12 best cavities, 9-cell TTF cavities Vertical Tests
Eacc=
35 MV/m !!
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But Low Yield of Cavities> 25 MV/m
• Quench limitations
• Field emission limitations
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Quench
0
5
10
15
10 to 15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40 +
Quench Field (MV/m)
Num
ber of Tests
Quench
oImprovements o Niobium Sheet Scanningo High Pressure Water Rinsingo Clean Room Assemblyo Electropolishingo Mild Bake
2005
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Yield Due to Field Emission Limitations
9-cell Success Rate Comparison
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Epk (MV/m)
Per
cent
Suc
cess
data
sim .1, .045
Eacc (MV/m)
5 15 20 25 30 35 4010
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Gradient Distribution of Field Emission Limited Cavities
Percent Max Fields (9-cell FE DESY)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Eacc (MV/m)
Per
cent
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Yield Due to Quench
Percent Success (9-cell DESY quench cavities: Z83-Z 111, Z50, and A16, A63, A70 – A81)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Eacc (MV/m)
Per
cent
Suc
cess
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Distribution of “Quench Only”GradientsDESY 9-cell Cavities
Z83-Z111, Z50, and A16, A63, A70 – A81
Quench
0
24
68
1012
14
10 to 15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40 +
Quench Field (MV/m)
Num
ber
of T
ests
Quench
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Success Story #3
• Improved Performance of
Cavities
• Explosion in Applications
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Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge
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In-Line Performance - SNS
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Nuclear Astrophysics - Rare Isotope Accelerator - RIAExploration of structure and reactions involving radioactive nuclei far from the valley of stability.
These nuclei participate in explosive nucleo-synthesis in novae, x-ray bursts, and supernovae via rapid proton and neutron capture
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ECR RFQ Low β SRF St. 1
q=28,29 12 keV/u 160 keV/u Medium β SRF St. 2 9.3 MeV/u q=69,70,71,72,73
80.3 MeV/u 400 MeV/u Beam
q=87,88,89,90
High β SRF
β=0.81 β=0.61 β=0.49 beta = 0.81 beta = 0.61 beta = 0.5
Superconducting Structures for RIB TRIUMFISAC-II
MSU
Prototype
Re-Accelerator
Argonne
Prototype: Advanced Exotic Beam Laboratory
EURISOL
Rare Isotope Beams
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High Intensity Proton LinacsBeam Power 1 – 5 MW
• Installed
• SNS - Oak Ridge (US)
• 15 MV/m
• Anticipated• ESS • European Spallation Source
• Proton Driver –Project X (Fermilab)
• SPL (CERN)• XADS (Europe)• Joint Project Upgrade
(Japan- JPARC)
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New Generation of Light Sources• X-Ray FELs and ERLs
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ERL:A New Class of Light Source
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1965: M. TignerNuovo Cimento37 (1965) 1228
1986: Stanford SCA
1990: S-DALINAC(Darmstadt)
1999: JLAB DEMO-FEL
IR Wiggler
BeamTransport
10 m
Injector
Linac
OpticalSystem
2002: JAERI FEL
2004: JLAB FEL Upgrade
1 MW Energy Recovery
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Cornell ERL Layout
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Started the Injector SC Cavity String
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Other ERL Projects ForseenERL in France
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ERLs at BNL
• ERL for electron cooling the RHIC beam
• ERL for e-ion collider.
from RHIC
30 MeV
54.5 MeV
4.7 MeVLaser
54.5 MeV
1
2 3
44’
5
7
8
to RHIC
from RHIC
30 MeV
54.5 MeV
4.7 MeVLaser
54.5 MeV
1
2 3
44’
5
7
8
to RHIC
PHENIX
STAR
e-cooling
Four e-beam passes
e+ storage ring5 GeV1/4 RHIC circumference
Main ERL (3.9 GeV per pass)
Low energy
e-beam pass
PHENIX
STAR
e-cooling
Four e-beam passes
e+ storage ring5 GeV1/4 RHIC circumference
Main ERL (3.9 GeV per pass)
PHENIX
STAR
e-cooling
Four e-beam passes
e+ storage ring5 GeV1/4 RHIC circumference
Main ERL (3.9 GeV per pass)
Low energy
e-beam pass
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Revolutionary X-Ray Source @ DESY
20 GeV
Peak Brilliance 8 Orders of Magnitude Higher than ESRF !
1000
100 Cryomodules
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TTF Cavity-Module Performance (Pulsed Operation)
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Particle Physics Is Entering An Exciting New Era
• Cosmology and particle physics point to new physics at the TeV
• Astrophysics cosmology and theory provide clues, but we will need accelerators
• LHC and linear collider – to sort it all out
• And reveal the physics that is yet to come …
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Excitement About Linear Collider
20,000 Cavities
500 tons of high purity niobium
20 kW refrigeration at
2K
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ILC Tunnel Layout
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• SC Cavity => Fill energy slowlyStrong Reduction of Peak RF Power
• SC => Low Frequency, Large beam hole => Lower Wake fields
• Higher conversion efficiency AC power to beam power
• Long RF pulse lengthLarge spacing between bunchesWakefields die outFeedback between bunches
Main Advantages of SC - LC
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You’ve got 60 seconds to explainWhat’s it good for?
Neil Calder
Does it make oil?
No! But it might make
Dark Matter !
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Far Future Projects
• Neutrino Factory
• (20 GeV Muon accelerator)
• Muon Collider– 3 – 5 TeV
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The Road to 50 MV/m is Now Open !
• See talks by Liepe, Eremeev and Romanenko