academic writing part 1: introduction

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Academic Writing 7 THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT WRITING FORMAL ESSAYS & RESEARCH PAPERS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 PART 1: INTRODUCTION Jaime Alfredo Cabrera Albukhary International University Alor Setar, Malaysia 22 July 2013

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7 THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT WRITING FORMAL ESSAYS & RESEARCH PAPERS

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Page 1: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Academic Writing

7 THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT WRITING

FORMAL ESSAYS & RESEARCH PAPERS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Jaime Alfredo Cabrera Albukhary International University

Alor Setar, Malaysia 22 July 2013

Page 2: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

7 THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW

START: THE 2 WAYS TO START WRITE: THE 7 STEPS OF WRITING PLAN: THE 3 STEPS OF PREPARATION SUBMIT: THE 4 DEADLINES ASSESSMENT: THE 15 ITEMS FOR GRADING FINAL: THE 9 PARTS IN ORDER REVIEW: QUICKLY, 1 MORE TIME

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Page 3: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

IMPORTANT NOTE:

1 2 3 4 5 6

Page 4: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

IMPORTANT NOTE:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Page 5: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

IMPORTANT NOTE:

2 5 6 7

Page 6: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

IMPORTANT NOTE:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Page 7: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

TIP FOR HIGHER GRADES

•Your grade depends on the level of thinking that a teacher can see in your formal essay or in your research paper.

•The teacher must be able to see it.

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Page 8: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

These are the levels of thinking that students use when they write.

TIP: HOW TO WRITE FOR HIGHER GRADES (1)

Low-level thinking is at the bottom of the triangle. 1

2

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Page 9: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

TIP: HOW TO WRITE FOR HIGHER GRADES (1)

Top-level thinking is at the top.

1

2

Mid-level thinking is in the middle. 3

4

5

6

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Page 10: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

TIP:

If the paper has perfect grammar, punctuation, spelling, & vocabulary

Low-level thinking = low grades.

E

D

Average thinking = average grades.

C

B

High-level thinking = high grades. A

A*

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Page 11: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

TIP:

If you use perfect grammar, punctuation, spelling, & vocabulary and then you

Explain, define, or rephrase ideas in your own words

Show causes and/or effects Show how parts work together

Use ideas other situations

Repeat or quote ideas

Choose ideas based on standards Judge ideas based on evidence

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Page 12: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

TIP FOR HIGHER GRADES

•It is your responsibility to clearly show your level of thinking.

•It is not the teacher’s duty to look for it if it is not clear.

•Remember: you are not present when the teacher grades your paper.

•So, your paper must be very clear.

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Page 13: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

THE TWO WAYS TO START STARTING

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Page 14: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

1. SOURCED IDEAS 2. OWN IDEAS

Perhaps you don’t know the topic, or

You may not know what to say, or

You may not be sure what to say, or

You use ideas from other sources. You use your own ideas.

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You may not know how to say it.

Because:

But: You arrange the ideas in your own way.

You show the connections of the ideas.

You develop the ideas in your own way.

You state the ideas in your own words.

You start by borrowing ideas from other sources.

You develop these ideas in your own way.

Arrange

Connect

Develop

Paraphrase

Page 15: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

1. SOURCED IDEAS 2. OWN IDEAS

Use sources with author(s) names,

publication year, city, and publisher.

Document*** all sources of all

sourced ideas, texts, or images.

At least 50% of your paper must be

in your own words: paraphrase.**

*** Documentation = citation and list of references

** Paraphrase = change all words and all arrangements of words

The arrangement of borrowed

ideas must be original,* not copied.

* Original = cannot be found in any other source

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TAKE NOTE

Page 16: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

1. SOURCED IDEAS 2. OWN IDEAS

You use ideas from other sources. You use your own ideas.

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Other sources support your ideas.

Other sources add details to your ideas.

You question ideas in other sources.

You disprove ideas in other sources.

You know the topic, or

You know what you want to say, or

You are sure what you want to say, and

You know how you will say it.

Because:

But:

You start with your own ideas.

You use ideas from other sources to make your ideas stronger.

Support

Detail

Analyze

Rationalize

Page 17: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

1. SOURCED IDEAS 2. OWN IDEAS

Documentation** is not necessary for

original ideas. BE SURE: CHECK ALL SOURCES

Document** all ideas that are not

original, even if these are your own.

Use sourced ideas to support your

ideas. Document* all sources.

*** Documentation = citation and list of references

** Paraphrase = change all words and all arrangements of words

Your ideas are original if these are not

found in another source(s).

* Original = cannot be found in any other source

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TAKE NOTE

Page 18: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

THE SEVEN STEPS WRITING

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Page 19: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

STEP 1

SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS

Add Support RESEARCH NOTES

STEP 2

B B

Show Connections Add Details IN-TEXT CITATIONS

STEP 3

O B

SUMMARY

STEP 4

O

CONCLUSION

STEP 5 O

STEP 6 O

BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION STEP 7 B O

FIRST DRAFT LIST OF REFERENCES

O

Outline

Thesis Statement v2

O OWN or ORIGINAL IDEAS

B BORROWED or SOURCED IDEAS

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TAKE NOTE

The next lessons will show examples of each step.

Page 20: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 21: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 22: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

PREPARATION IN THREE STEPS PLANNING

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Page 23: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Gather Ideas RESEARCH NOTES

Outline Ideas B O

STEP 2

STEP 1

B

STEP 3 O Thesis Statement v1 Arrange Ideas

O

O

Thesis Statement v1 Rearrange IN-TEXT CITATIONS

SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS

O OWN IDEAS

B BORROWED IDEAS

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TAKE NOTE

The next lessons will be about research notes & in-text citations.

Page 24: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 25: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 26: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Outline Ideas

STEP 1

B O

SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS

STEP 2

O B

Show Connections Add Details IN-TEXT CITATIONS

STEP 3

O B

SUMMARY

STEP 4

O

CONCLUSION

STEP 5 O

STEP 6 O

BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION STEP 7 O O

FIRST DRAFT LIST OF REFERENCES

PREP 2

O

Outline

PREP 1

B

PREP 3 O

Thesis Statement v2

Thesis Statement v1 Arrange Ideas

O

O

Thesis Statement v1 Rearrange IN-TEXT CITATIONS

SOURCED IDEAS - research notes and in-text citations are completed in the PREPARATION STAGE. OWN IDEAS - research notes and in-text citations are completed in the WRITING STAGE.

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00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 SECONDS

TAKE NOTE

Gather Ideas RESEARCH NOTES

Add Support RESEARCH NOTES

Page 27: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 28: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 29: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS

TITLE PAGE

FINISH 1

O

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FINISH 3

O

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

FINISH 2

O

COVER LETTER

FINISH 4

O

LIST OF REFERENCES B

FINISH 5

O OWN IDEAS

B BORROWED IDEAS

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TAKE NOTE

Page 30: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 31: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 32: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS

TITLE PAGE

FINISH 1

O

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FINISH 3

O

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

FINISH 2

O

COVER LETTER

FINISH 4

O

LIST OF REFERENCES B

FINISH 5

Gather Ideas RESEARCH NOTES

Outline Ideas B O

PREP 2

PREP 1

B

PREP 3 O Thesis Statement v1 Arrange Ideas

O

O

Thesis Statement v1 Rearrange IN-TEXT CITATIONS

STEP 1 Add Support RESEARCH NOTES

STEP 2

O B

Show Connections Add Details IN-TEXT CITATIONS

STEP 3

O B

SUMMARY

STEP 4

O

CONCLUSION

STEP 5 O

STEP 6 O

BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION STEP 7 O O

FIRST DRAFT LIST OF REFERENCES

O

Outline

Thesis Statement v2

PR

EP

W

RIT

ING

& R

EW

RIT

ING

F

INIS

HIN

G

A

B

C

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REVIEW NOTES

Page 33: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

THE FOUR DEADLINES SUBMITTING

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Page 34: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 35: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 36: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 37: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 38: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 39: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 40: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 41: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 42: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Gather Ideas RESEARCH NOTES

Outline Ideas

STEP 1

B O

SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS

Add Support RESEARCH NOTES

STEP 2

O B

Show Connections Add Details IN-TEXT CITATIONS

STEP 3

O B

SUMMARY

STEP 4

O

CONCLUSION

STEP 5 O

STEP 6 O

BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION STEP 7 O O

TITLE PAGE

FINISH 1

O

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FINISH 3

O

FIRST DRAFT LIST OF REFERENCES

PREP 2

O

Outline

PREP 1

B

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

FINISH 2

O

COVER LETTER

FINISH 4

O

LIST OF REFERENCES B

FINISH 5

PREP 3 O

Thesis Statement v2

WK

S 1

0-12

W

KS

1-3

W

KS

4-6

W

KS

7-9

Thesis Statement v1 Arrange Ideas

O

O

Thesis Statement v1 Rearrange IN-TEXT CITATIONS

DEADLINES

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TAKE NOTES

Page 43: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

THE 15 ITEMS FOR GRADING GETTING THE GRADE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Page 44: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Gather Ideas RESEARCH NOTES

Outline Ideas 1 1

SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS

PREP 2

PREP 1

2

PREP 3 3 WK

S 1

-3

Thesis Statement v1 Arrange Ideas

2

3

Thesis Statement v1 Rearrange IN-TEXT CITATIONS

WRITE,

SUBMIT,

REWRITE, &

REWRITE

FOR 3

WEEKS

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TAKE NOTE

FOR GRADING

Page 45: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Your paper needs to be checked many times.

There are 10 levels of checking.

A tutor can only check the next level after you have revised the preceding level.

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WHY REWRITE MANY TIMES?

Page 46: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Level 01: Grammar errors Level 02: Errors in spelling & punctuation Level 03: Vocabulary accuracy errors Level 04: Errors in brevity & conciseness Level 05: Errors in logical flow & development Level 06: Use of higher-level cognitive skills Level 07: Errors in content accuracy Level 08: Percentage of original content Level 09:Errors in source documentation Level 10: Errors in formatting

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TAKE NOTE

10 Levels of Checking The next level can be checked only after the

preceding-level errors are corrected

Page 47: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

A tutor checks only one or two types of errors in one level of checking.

A tutor can only check the next level after you have revised the preceding level.

If you do not wish to rewrite a document, email your tutor and ask for a final grade; attach the document in your email.

Your work will be assessed and given a final grade. Warning: A final grade is final.

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Why Rewrite Many Times?

Page 48: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

• To give your tutor time to identify all your errors, submit everything on the first week.

• Immediately resubmit each part until every error is identified.

• This can help you get the highest possible grade.

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Page 49: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

• To give your tutor time to identify all your errors, submit everything on the first week.

• Immediately resubmit each part until every error is identified.

• This can help you get the highest possible grade.

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TAKE NOTE

Page 50: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

STEP 1

SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS

Add Support RESEARCH NOTES

STEP 2

4 4

Show Connections Add Details IN-TEXT CITATIONS

STEP 3

5 5

6

Outline

Thesis Statement v2 WK

S 4

-6 WRITE,

SUBMIT,

REWRITE,

& REWRITE

FOR 3

WEEKS

If you rewrite and resubmit each part until you have corrected every error that your tutor identifies, then you can get the highest possible grade.

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TAKE NOTE

FOR GRADING

Page 51: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS

SUMMARY

STEP 4

CONCLUSION

STEP 5 8

STEP 6 9

BACKGROUND STEP 7 10

FIRST DRAFT LIST OF REFERENCES

7

WK

S 7

-9 WRITE,

SUBMIT,

REWRITE,

AND

REWRITE

FOR 3

WEEKS

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TAKE NOTE

FOR GRADING

• If you submit everything at the last minute, then your tutor may have no time to identify your errors.

• You may have no time to rewrite. • Thus, you may not be able to get the

highest possible grade.

Page 52: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS

TITLE PAGE

FINISH 1

12

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FINISH 3

14

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

FINISH 2

13

COVER LETTER

FINISH 4

15

LIST OF REFERENCES 11

FINISH 5

WK

S 1

0-12

WRITE,

SUBMIT,

REWRITE,

AND

REWRITE

FOR 3

WEEKS

To get the highest possible grade, try and draft all parts of the paper in the first three weeks even if the schedule for submission is later. The drafts need not be perfect; getting everything written is the most important thing. Write everything at the start; adding and revising is much easier than writing from zero.

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FOR GRADING

Page 53: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

ARRANGING THE NINE PARTS FINALIZING

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Page 54: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 55: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

in order

Page 56: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS

Add Support RESEARCH NOTES

Show Connections Add Details IN-TEXT CITATIONS

SUMMARY SUMMARY

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

06

07

04

BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION

TITLE PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

02

FIRST DRAFT

Outline

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

08

COVER LETTER

09

LIST OF REFERENCES

05

03

01

Thesis Statement v2 Thesis Statement v2

FIRST DRAFT

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TAKE NOTE

Page 57: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

AND ONE MORE TIME REVIEW

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Page 58: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Gather Ideas RESEARCH NOTES

Outline Ideas

STEP 1

B O

SOURCED IDEAS OWN IDEAS

Add Support RESEARCH NOTES

STEP 2

O B

Show Connections Add Details IN-TEXT CITATIONS

STEP 3

O B

SUMMARY SUMMARY

STEP 4

O O

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

STEP 5 O O

06

06

06

P4

STEP 6 O O

04

BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION STEP 7 O O

07

TITLE PAGE

FINISH 1

O

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FINISH 3

O

02

FIRST DRAFT REFERENCES

PREP 2

O

P2

Outline / Contents

PREP 1

B

P1

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

FINISH 2

O

08

COVER LETTER

FINISH 4

O

09

LIST OF REFERENCES B

05

FINISH 5

PREP 3 O P3

03

01

Thesis Statement v2 Thesis Statement v2

WK

S 1

0-12

W

KS

1-3

W

KS

4-6

W

KS

7-9

Thesis Statement v1 Arrange Ideas

O

O

Thesis Statement v1 Rearrange IN-TEXT CITATIONS

FIRST DRAFT REFERENCES

O

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00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 SECONDS

REVIEW NOTES

Page 59: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

1. SOURCED IDEAS 2. OWN IDEAS

Maybe you don’t have a topic. You have a topic.

You may not know what to say. You know what you want to say.

You may not be sure what to say. You are sure what you want to say.

You use ideas from other sources. You use your own ideas.

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00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 SECONDS REVIEW NOTES

You may not know how to say it. You know how you will say it.

You arrange the ideas in your own way.

You connect the ideas in your own way.

You develop the ideas in your own way.

You state the ideas in your own way.

Sources add support to your ideas.

Sources add details to your ideas.

You question ideas in other sources.

You disprove ideas in other sources.

Page 60: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

1. SOURCED IDEAS 2. OWN IDEAS

Use sources with author(s) names,

publication year, city, and publisher.

Documentation** is not necessary for

original ideas. BE SURE: CHECK SOURCES

Document*** all sources of all

sourced ideas, texts, or images.

Document** all ideas that are not

original, even if these are your own.

At least 50% of your paper must be

in your own words: paraphrase.**

Use sourced ideas to support your

ideas. Document* all sources.

*** Documentation = citation and list of references

** Paraphrase = change all words and all arrangements of words

The arrangement of borrowed

ideas must be original,* not copied.

Your ideas are original if these can’t

be found in any other source.

* Original = cannot be found in any other source

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00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 SECONDS

TAKE NOTE

Page 61: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Level 01: Grammar errors Level 02: Errors in spelling & punctuation Level 03: Vocabulary accuracy errors Level 04: Errors in brevity & conciseness Level 05: Errors in logical flow & development Level 06: Use of higher-level cognitive skills Level 07: Errors in content accuracy Level 08: Percentage of original content Level 09:Errors in source documentation Level 10: Errors in formatting

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00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 SECONDS

TAKE NOTE

10 Levels of Checking The next level can be checked only after the

preceding-level errors are corrected

Page 62: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

TIP:

If you use perfect grammar, punctuation, spelling, & vocabulary and then you

Explain, define, or rephrase ideas in your own words

Show causes and/or effects Show how parts work together

Use ideas other situations

Repeat or quote ideas

Choose ideas based on standards Judge ideas based on evidence

NEXT SLIDE IN

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 SECONDS TAKE NOTE

Page 63: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

A tutor checks only one or two types of errors in one level of checking.

A tutor can only check the next level after you have revised the preceding level.

If you do not wish to rewrite a document, email your tutor and ask for a final grade; attach the document in your email.

Your work will be assessed and given a final grade. Warning: A final grade is final.

NEXT SLIDE IN

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 SECONDS

TAKE NOTE

Why Rewrite Many Times?

Page 64: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

REMEMBER:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Page 65: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

DON’T MISS Next: APA Documentation

• Step by Step

• With Examples

• Common Errors to Avoid

END SHOW

Next: How to Write Each Part

• Step by Step

• With Examples

• Common Errors to Avoid

Page 66: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Page 67: Academic Writing  PART 1: INTRODUCTION

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