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Chapter

1

Drawing ObjectsChapter 1:

Using the tools discussed in this chapter, you learn to create and manipulate additional types of AutoCAD® objects and tools for markup and revision.

Objectives

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:

■ Create revision clouds.■ Create wipeout objects in a drawing.■ Create boundaries by using the Boundary command.■ Create regions in a drawing using the Region and Boundary commands.

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2 ■ Chapter 1: Drawing Objects

Lesson: Creating Revision Clouds

Overview

This lesson describes how to create revision clouds.

You use revision cloud objects to highlight areas in the drawing that have been revised.

In the following illustration, a revision has been made to two dimensions. The dimensions and the area of change are highlighted by revision clouds.

Objectives

After completing this lesson, you will be able to:

■ Identify the options of the Revcloud command.■ Create revision clouds in the drawing.

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Lesson: Creating Revision Clouds ■ 3

About Revision Clouds

Revision clouds highlight changes in a design or mark up drawing. You use the Revcloud command to draw revision clouds in drawings. Alternatively, you can convert an existing closed polyline, spline, circle, or ellipse to a revision cloud.

The following illustration uses a revision cloud to highlight a change in the diameter of a shaft.

Command Access

Command Options

The Revcloud command has the following options.

Revcloud

Command Line: REVCLOUD

Menu Browser: Draw > Revision Cloud

Ribbon: Home tab > Draw panel > Revision Cloud

Option Description

Arc Length Enter a minimum and maximum arc length for the arc segments that make up the revision cloud.

Object Convert an existing object to a revision cloud.

Style Select either Normal or Calligraphy:

■ Normal creates a revision cloud using polyline arc segments with a consistent start and ending width.

■ Calligraphy creates a revision cloud using polyline arc segments with varying start and ending widths. This gives the revision cloud a hand-drawn appearance.

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Creating Revision Clouds

You create a revision cloud by moving the cursor near the desired start point in the drawing, and then dragging the cursor around the area to be highlighted. As the cursor returns close to the start point, the revision cloud closes itself.

Guidelines for Creating Revision Cloud

■ When you draw a revision cloud, you can vary the size of the arcs by using pick points for the smaller arc segments.

■ You can edit the individual arc lengths and chord lengths of a revision cloud by adjusting the pick points or by moving the individual grips.

■ Revcloud does not support transparent and real time panning and zooming.

Procedure: Creating Revision Cloud

The following steps describe how to create a revision cloud.

After you start the Revcloud command check the current settings on the command line. This helps you to change the current settings to those required to create the Revcloud.

Minimum arc length: 15 Maximum arc length: 15 Style: Calligraphy

1. Start the Revcloud command.

2. Confirm the current settings for Arc length and Style.

3. Specify a start point for the revision cloud and drag the cursor around the area you want highlighted by the revision cloud.

4. Return to the area near the start point. The revision cloud closes itself.

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Lesson: Creating Revision Clouds ■ 5

Exercise: Create Revision Clouds

In this exercise you highlight the revised areas of the drawing by creating revision clouds using the Revcloud command. Additionally, you control the shape of the revision cloud by using the Arc Length, Calligraphy, and Object options.

Scenario

You are making dimensional adjustments for weight control in unmachined areas in a shaft. You need to highlight the changes you have made to the design. You decide to use the Revcloud command to create revision clouds.

The completed exercise

Completing the Exercise

To complete the exercise, follow the steps in this book or in the onscreen exercise. In the onscreen list of chapters and exercises, click Chapter 1: Drawing Objects. Click Exercise: Create Revision Clouds.

1. Open c_create_revision_clouds.dwg.

2. Zoom into the view on the right side of the drawing.

3. On the Home tab, click Revision Cloud on the Draw panel.

4. Verify that the command line has the following settings:

■ Minimum arc length: 5.0000■ Maximum arc length: 5.0000■ Style: Normal

TIP: If any options are different, right-click anywhere in the drawing and use the Arc Length option to modify the arc length. After modifying the arc length right-click anywhere in the drawing again and use the Style option to adjust the style.

5. Towards the right of the drawing, click near the top of the dimension as shown.

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6. Drag the cursor around the area to be highlighted until you return to the point where you started. When you get close to the start point, the revision cloud closes itself.

7. Click Home tab > Draw menu > Rectangle.

8. Draw a rectangle around the dimension as shown.

9. On the Home tab, click Revision Cloud on the Draw panel.

10. Right-click anywhere in the drawing and click Style. Right-click anywhere in the drawing again and click Calligraphy.

■ Press ENTER to use the Object option.■ Select the rectangle object around the

dimension and press ENTER.

11. In the drawing area,

■ Select the first revision cloud you created.■ Right-click anywhere in the drawing and

click Polyline Edit.■ Click Width.■ Enter 1 to change the width of all

segments.■ Press ENTER to exit the Pedit command.

12. Close all files without saving.

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Lesson: Creating Wipeout Objects ■ 7

Lesson: Creating Wipeout Objects

Overview

This lesson describes how to create wipeout objects in a drawing.

Use a wipeout object as a mask to cover existing objects in the drawing. Wipeout objects use the current background color to hide the underlying objects.

The following illustration shows a wipeout object masking an area on the drawing so that the text VOID is easily read.

Objectives


■ Identify the options of the Wipeout command.■ Create wipeout objects.

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About Wipeout Objects

You use the Wipeout command during the revision stage to bring attention to the area of the drawing that has been revised. The Wipeout command provides clear space for adding text. Drawing geometry is hidden by the wipeout object but not erased. You can edit the shape and size of the Wipeout object as required. After editing, the underlying drawing objects become visible or hidden depending on the new shape and position of the Wipeout object.

You can create a new wipeout object or convert an existing closed polyline into a wipeout object. You can control the visibility of all Wipeout objects by using the wipeout frame option.

In the following illustration, the drawing is masked with a wipeout object to cover a portion of the design geometry.

Command Access

Wipeout object

Wipeout frame

Wipeout

Command Line: WIPEOUT

Menu Browser: Draw > Wipeout

Ribbon: Home tab > Draw panel > Wipeout

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Command Options

The Wipeout command has the following options:

Key Points

■ A wipeout object hides all other objects and portions of objects covered by its boundary.■ You may adjust the boundary of an existing wipeout object by turning wipeout frames on,

selecting the polyline, and dragging the grips.■ The Frames option affects all wipeout objects in the drawing.

Option Description

Frames Turns wipeout frames on or off. You select and grip edit the wipeout boundary by turning the Frames option on. This option affects all wipeout objects in the drawing.

Polyline Converts a selected closed polyline to a wipeout object. To convert a polyline to a wipeout object, it is necessary that the polyline consists of only line segments, is closed, and has a zero width for all segments.

Placing Wipeout Objects on a LayoutTo ensure that a drawing with a wipeout object prints correctly, clear the Plot Paperspace Last option in the Plot dialog box.

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Creating Wipeout Objects

You create wipeout objects to mask a portion of the drawing. You can also place text on the wipeout object.

The wipeout object uses the current background color of the drawing and hides all drawing objects under it. You can modify the shape and size of a wipeout object and choose to show or not show borders.

Procedure: Creating Wipeout Objects

The following steps describe how to draw and modify a wipeout object.

1. Start the Wipeout command.

2. Specify the first point for the boundary.

3. Continue to specify additional points. The boundary is drawn similar to the window polygon selection method.

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4. Finish specifying all points for the boundary.

5. Select the wipeout frame and use the grips to modify the boundary to adjust the area affected by the wipeout object.

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Exercise: Create a Wipeout Object

In this exercise, you create a wipeout object to mask a large area on the drawing and mark it as void due to design changes.

You do the following:

■ Create a wipeout object.■ Mark the wipeout object as void.

Create a Wipeout Object



To complete the exercise, follow the steps in this book or in the onscreen exercise. In the onscreen list of chapters and exercises, click Chapter 1: Drawing Objects. Click Exercise: Create a Wipeout Object.

1. Open c_create_wipeout.dwg.

2. On the Home tab, click Wipeout on the Draw panel.

■ Click to specify points as highlighted in the following illustration.

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Place Text on the Wipeout Object

3. To complete creating the wipeout object:

■ Right-click anywhere in the drawing and click Close.

■ Notice that the boundary closes itself.

1. On the Annotate tab, click Multiline Text on the Text panel.

2. Place a multiline text object inside the wipeout object boundary.

3. Format the multiline text as follows:

■ Select Arial as the font type.■ Enter 1.5 in the Text Height field.■ Select Red from the color list.■ Select Center justification.■ Click Bold.

4. In the multiline text editor:

■ Enter VOID.■ On the Multiline Text ribbon, click Close

Text Editor.

5. Select the wipeout object to activate its grips.

■ Click and drag the grips to new locations to see the effect of adjusting the wipeout frame area.

■ Press ESC to clear the selection.

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6. Select the VOID text object with its center grip.

■ Right-click anywhere in the drawing. Click Rotate.

■ Rotate the text object.■ Press ESC to clear the selection.

7. To hide the boundary of the wipeout object:

■ Repeat the Wipeout command.■ Right-click anywhere in the drawing. Click

Frames.■ Right-click anywhere in the drawing.

Click Off.

8. Zoom to the drawing extents to view the full extent of the drawing after performing the Wipeout command.


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Lesson: Creating Boundaries ■ 15

Lesson: Creating Boundaries

Overview

This lesson describes how to create boundaries by using the Boundary command.

The Boundary command increases your productivity when calculating the perimeter and area of complex shapes, and when drawing hatching inside of complex shapes. When you use the Boundary command, you click a point inside the shape. A single closed polyline or Region is created around the perimeter of the shape. You use the Area command to find the area and perimeter of the polyline. You use the Massprop command to find the area and center of mass of the Region.

In the following illustration, the Boundary command is used to create group boundaries that simplify the process of determining lot areas.

Objectives


■ Identify the various options in the Boundary Creation dialog box.■ Create boundaries.

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About Boundaries

You can use the Boundary command to create a region or polyline. The closed area of geometry that includes lines and arcs is defined as a polyline using Boundary command.

For example, in the following illustration the highlighted boundary is created by selecting a point near the LOT 2 text.

Boundary Command

You use the Boundary command to create polylines or regions around the closed areas formed from intersecting drawing geometry. You use the same pick point technique to create boundaries that you use for hatch patterns.

Command Access

Boundary

Command Line: Boundary

Menu Browser: Draw > Boundary

Ribbon: Home tab > Draw panel > Boundary

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Boundary Creation Dialog Box

The following illustration shows the Boundary Creation dialog box.

Pick Points Click this option when you are ready to create boundaries by selecting

points in the drawing. The dialog box closes and you are in point acquisition mode.

Island Detection Select this option to specify that the boundaries of closed objects within

the area being bounded should be included as part of the boundary.

Object Type Select whether the boundary object should be a polyline or a region.

Boundary Set Change this option while working with large and complex drawings where

examining everything on the screen becomes a time consuming process. The Boundary Set list has two options:

■ Current viewport – Leave this option selected to specify that boundaries can be calculated based on all geometry in the current viewport. Use this option for drawings without much geometry in them, otherwise boundary creation might be time-consuming.

■ Existing set – Click New, then manually select objects in the drawing using standard selection methods. Existing Set is automatically selected in the Boundary Set list. When you click Pick Points or OK, only the objects in the existing selection set are considered for the boundary calculations. For complex drawings, restricting boundary calculation to a subset of the current viewport’s geometry can speed up boundary calculation.

Consider using the Boundary command instead of the Pedit command to create a closed polyline by selecting each entity to convert and join to the polyline. In most cases, the Boundary command achieves the same result more quickly than Pedit.

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Island Detection

Islands are closed objects inside of closed objects. Turn island detection on to include closed objects inside the outermost boundary. Turn island detection off to exclude closed objects inside the outermost boundary. The Island Detection option setting has implications when using boundaries for area calculations.

Creating Boundaries

Boundary creates a polyline or Region from an enclosed area. You select objects, or click a point inside an enclosed area, to create the boundary. You calculate the area and perimeter from the resulting boundary.

Procedure: Creating Boundaries

The following steps describe how to create boundaries.

With Island detection on, the circles are included as part of the new boundary object.

With Island detection off, the circles are excluded from the new boundary object.

When creating a boundary by picking an internal point with island detection turned off, select a point closer to the outer boundary than to any islands. Selecting a point too close to an island generates an error that the point is outside of a boundary. The following dialog box appears. Click OK to reselect a point closer to the outermost boundary, or click Look At It to see a preview of the boundary that will be created.

1. Start the Boundary command.

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2. Confirm or change the settings in the Boundary Creation dialog box. Click Pick Points.

3. Select one or more internal points in the drawing to calculate the boundaries. The boundaries are highlighted.

4. The boundary objects are created on the current layer and you can select them as shown.

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Exercise: Create Boundaries

In this exercise, you use the Boundary command to make boundaries out of lots on a site plan. You then calculate the lot areas using the Area command, and notate the areas.

Scenario

You want to calculate the area of the closed region of the drawing. You decide to use the Boundary command to make the boundaries of the objects to make area calculation easier.

You do the following:

■ Create a boundary.■ Calculate lot areas.

Create Boundaries



To complete the exercise, follow the steps in this book or in the onscreen exercise. In the onscreen list of chapters and exercises, click Chapter 1: Drawing Objects. Click Exercise: Create Boundaries.

1. Open c_create_boundaries.dwg.

2. Zoom into the area around the right side of the site plan. Make sure all of the geometry around the seven lots is displayed in the drawing window. Notice that the current layer is set to Boundaries.

3. On the Home tab, click Boundary on the Draw panel.

■ In the Boundary Creation dialog box, click Pick Points.

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Calculate Lot Areas4. On the drawing:

■ Select points near each lot label as shown. You can preview the boundaries.

■ Press ENTER to create the boundaries.

NOTE: To assure that a valid boundary is created when using the internal point option, all objects defining the bounded shape must be visible in the drawing window when selecting the internal point.

1. Touch each boundary with the cursor. The new boundaries are highlighted.

2. On the Tools tab, click Area on the Inquiry panel.

3. Right-click anywhere in the drawing. Click Object.

■ Select the boundary around LOT 1.

4. Repeat the Area command on lots 2 through 7.


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Lesson: Creating Regions

Overview

This lesson describes how to create regions in a drawing using the Region and Boundary commands.

Regions are two-dimensional enclosed areas that are used to apply hatching and calculate mass properties such as area, perimeter and centroid. You can create complex regions by manipulating several simpler regions using the boolean commands union, subtract and intersect. You also use these boolean commands to edit existing regions. Regions are very useful in 2D, but are also used in 3D solid modeling.

The following illustration shows a region created from basic geometry and converted to a region using the Region and Boundary commands. The point near the center represents the mass properties centroid for the region.

Objectives


■ Describe regions.■ Describe Boolean operations.■ Use the Region command to create regions.■ Use the Boolean commands Subtract, Union, and Intersect to create 2D booleans.

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Lesson: Creating Regions ■ 23

About Regions

Regions are two dimensional objects created from closed loops. They have similar behavior to 3D solids in that you can combine them in various ways with Boolean operations. The regions can also be used to create 3D solids. Multiple regions can also be combined into a single complex region for calculating areas.

The following illustration shows how you can combine three existing regions into a single, complex region to calculate area.

Definition of Regions

Regions are two dimensional enclosed areas that calculate mass property data such as area, perimeter and centroid. You create regions from closed loops. Regions can be created using the Region or Boundary commands.

Closed loops can be combinations of lines, polylines, circles, arcs, ellipses, elliptical arcs, and splines. Closed loops form closed areas by connecting at all endpoints.

Using Regions Versus Boundaries

When you use the Region command to convert objects to a region, the new regions are placed on the current layer and the original objects are deleted. When you use the Boundary command to create regions, the new regions are also created on the current layer, but the original objects remain unchanged.

Examples of Regions

The following illustrations show the conversion of objects into regions.

Six individual objects, two circles and four closed loop shapes, are converted to regions.

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Six regions created, two circles and four closed loop shaped objects. The selected object shows an example of a region created.

A single circular shaped region created as a result of subtracting the four closed loop shaped regions from the inner circular region.

Guidelines for Creating Regions

Follow these guidelines to effectively create regions.

■ You can create regions out of multiple loops and out of open curves whose endpoints are connected and form loops.

■ You cannot form regions from open objects that intersect to form a closed area: for example, intersecting arcs or self-intersecting curves.

■ Composite regions can be created by combining, subtracting, or finding the intersection of regions.

■ REGION deletes the original objects after converting them to regions unless the system variable DELOBJ is set to 0.

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About Boolean Operations

Boolean* operations are the primary method of creating and editing 2D regions. Knowing how they are used will also help you when you move to 3D modeling. Regions can be very simple shapes like circles or rectangles. These are often referred to as primitives. You can use the Boolean commands union, subtract and intersect to create a complex region from 2 or more primitives.

*George Boole, Mathematician, 1815-1864

Boolean Operations

Boolean operations are commonly used in 3D solid modeling but can also be applicable in a 2D design environment. These operations use mathematical calculations to compare two or more 2D or 3D shapes and generate a result. The comparisons can cause geometry to be subtracted or combined depending on the type of operation you are using.

The following illustration shows the effect of Boolean operations as multiple regions on the left have been combined into a single region using the Union and Subtract commands.

Guidelines for Using Boolean Regions

■ You cannot delete a feature of a region made using boolean commands. For example: to remove a hole, you must create a new region over it and perform a union.

■ You cannot use the stretch command on a region.■ The sequence of boolean operations can be confusing at first. Consider performing all Union

operations first, then perform Subtract and Intersect operations.

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Creating Regions

Regions are two-dimensional areas you create from closed shapes or loops. The Region command converts an object that encloses an area into a region object.

The following illustration shows how the outer region was combined with four circular regions to create a single outer region. The circles are automatically trimmed when the region is created.

Region Command

When you start the Region command, you are prompted to select objects. Select objects that form a closed profile or loop. You can select circles, polylines, splines, and even regular lines and arcs as long as they are connected at the endpoints to other geometry to form a closed profile.

After you create the regions, you can combine them with other regions to form a single region object. You can also use the Region/Mass Properties command to view properties that are specific to region objects, as well as general properties, such as Area and Perimeter.

The following illustration shows how the outer region was combined with four circular regions to create a single outer region. The circles are automatically trimmed when the region is created.

NOTE: Since the Region command requires the endpoints of the bounding geometry to match exactly, it will sometimes be more efficient to use the Boundary command and select Region as the object type. This can be more efficient since the Boundary command only requires the pick point be bounded by geometry on all sides. That bounding geometry does not have to have its endpoints match up perfectly, instead it can just intersect.

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Command Access

Procedure: Creating Regions

The following steps show how to create regions.

Region

Command Line: REGION

Menu Browser: Draw > Region

Ribbon: Home tab > Draw panel > Region

Since the Region command requires the endpoints of the bounding geometry to match exactly, it will sometimes be more efficient to use the Boundary command and select Region as the object type. This can be more efficient since the Boundary command only requires the pick point be bounded by geometry on all sides. That bounding geometry does not have to have its endpoints match up perfectly, instead it can just intersect.

1. Start the Region command.

2. Select objects in the drawing that form a closed profile.

NOTE: Verify that each closed profile or closed object is converted to individual regions and placed on the current layer.

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Creating Booleans

The three primary Boolean commands are Union, Subtract and Intersect. Boolean commands may be used only on regions. These three commands can be used in almost limitless arrangements to create complex 2D regions. These regions contain the properties of area, perimeter, and mass property.

In the following illustration, a Union operation was used to create a single complex region.

Union Command

The Union command combines two or more regions into a single region object.

3. After you have created multiple regions, you can use the Boolean commands; Union to combine separate regions into a single region, Subtract to subtract one region from another to create a new region, and Intersect to create a region from the intersection of two or more regions.

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Command Access

Subtract Command

The Subtract command subtracts the area of one or more regions from one or more regions. It results in a single region object.

Command Access

Intersect Command

The Intersect command creates a single region object by determining the area that is common to all regions selected and discarding the remainder.

Command Access

Union

Command Line: UNION

Menu Browser: Modify > Solid Editing > Union

Ribbon: Solid Editing is available only in 3D Modeling Workspace. Home tab >

Solid Editing panel > Union

Subtract

Command Line: SUBTRACT

Menu Browser: Modify > Solid Editing > Subtract


Solid Editing panel > Subtract

Intersect

Command Line: INTERSECT

Menu Browser: Modify > Solid Editing > Intersect


Solid Editing panel > Intersect

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Procedure: Creating Boolean Objects

The following steps describe how to create Boolean objects.

1. Create a simple drawing with these five objects. Use the Region command to create five separate regions.

2. Start the Union command. Select these two regions. Press ENTER.

3. Start the Subtract command. When prompted, select this region as the object to subtract from. Press ENTER. Note that the previous boolean command Union created one region from two.

4. Select these two regions as the objects to subtract. Press ENTER.

5. Start the Intersect command. Select this object. Note that the previous boolean command Subtract created one region from three.

6. Select the circle and press ENTER. The result shown here represents where the two regions Intersect.

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Exercise: Create Regions

In this exercise, you use the Region and Boundary commands to create regions in the drawing. You then use the Union and Subtract solids editing commands to combine the separate regions into a single region representing a specialty extrusion profile. Next, you use the Region/Mass Properties command to view the mass properties of the profile. You complete the exercise by creating a point object at the centroid of the region and comparing the point object’s position to the construction geometry representing the original center of the profile.

Scenario

You want to calculate the area of a complex cross section of an extrusion to calculate the volume and weight for estimating manufacturing costs.



To complete the exercise, follow the steps in this book or in the onscreen exercise. In the onscreen list of chapters and exercises, click Chapter 1: Drawing Objects. Click Exercise: Create Regions.

1. Open c_create_regions.dwg.

2. On the Home tab, Draw panel, click Region:

■ Click two points to window select the extrusion objects.

■ Press ENTER.

The objects that qualify are converted to regions and placed on the current layer.

3. On the Modify tab, Solid Editing panel, click Union.

■ Select the outer region and the four circle regions.

■ Press ENTER.

4. Verify that the circular regions are trimmed and combined with the outer region to create a single region.

5. Freeze the Construction layer.

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6. On the Home tab, Draw panel, click Boundary.

■ In the Boundary Creation dialog box, select Region in the Object Type list.

■ Click Pick Points.

7. In the drawing, select points inside the inner extrusion shapes as shown. Press ENTER.

8. On the Layers panel, freeze the layer named Visible.

9. Click Modify > Solid Editing > Subtract.

■ Select the outer region (1).■ Press ENTER.■ Select the inner region (2).■ Press ENTER.

10. Touch any part of the outer profile to highlight the region. Notice how both outer and inner profiles are now a single region.

11. Click Modify > Solid Editing > Union.

■ Select all regions.■ Press ENTER.

12. Touch any part of the profile with the cursor. Notice all geometry is highlighted, indicating a single region.

13. On the command line:

■ Enter SHADE.■ Press ENTER.

The region is shaded in the color of the layer on which it resides.

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14. On the Quick Access toolbar, click Undo to return to wireframe display mode.

15. Thaw the Construction layer.

16. On the Tools tab, click Region/Mass Properties on the Inquiry panel.

17. Select the region and press ENTER. The AutoCAD Text window appears, displaying the region’s mass properties.

18. Enter No for writing the analysis to a file. Press ENTER to close the text window.

19. Press F2 to reopen the text window.

20. Note the Centroid X and Y values.

On the Home tab, click Point on the Draw panel.

On the command line:

■ Enter 107.7489, 72.1047. Press ENTER.■ Press F2 to close the text window.

NOTE: The location of the point is slightly offset from the original construction lines. While the construction lines represent the center of the profile as it was drawn, the point represents the center of mass for the region.

21. On the command line:

■ Enter SHADE.■ Press ENTER.


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Chapter Summary

AutoCAD contains useful tools for creating more complex drawing objects, as well as objects which can be used during the process of markup and revision.

In this chapter, you learned to:

■ Create revision clouds.■ Create wipeout objects in a drawing.■ Create boundaries by using the Boundary command.■ Create regions in a drawing using the Region and Boundary commands.

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