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 Acacia

 Acacia

 Acacia greggii

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Fabales

Family: Fabaceae

Subfamily: Mimosoideae

Tribe: Acacieae

Genus: Acacia

Miller

Species

 About 1,300; see List of Acacia species

 Acacia (pronounced /əˈkeɪʃə/)is a genus of 

shrubs and trees belonging to the subfamilyMimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first de-

scribed in Africa by the Swedish botanist

Carolus Linnaeus in 1773. The plants tend to

be thorny and pod-bearing. The name derives

from ακις (akis) which is Greek for a sharp

point, due to the thorns in the type-species

 Acacia nilotica ("Nile Acacia") from Egypt. [1]

 Acacias are also known as thorntrees or

 wattles, including the yellow-fever acacia

and umbrella acacias.

There are roughly 1300 species of Acaciaworldwide, about 960 of them native to Aus-

tralia, with the remainder spread around the

tropical to warm-temperate regions of both

hemispheres, including Europe, Africa, south-ern Asia, and the Americas.

Classification

 Acacia berlandieri

 Acacia pycnantha

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The genus Acacia is apparently not mono-

phyletic. This discovery has led to the break-

ing up of Acacia into five new genera as dis-

cussed in list of Acacia species.In common

parlance the term "acacia" is occasionally

misapplied to species of the genus Robinia,

which also belongs in the pea family. Robinia

pseudoacacia, an American species locally

known as Black locust, is sometimes called

"false acacia" in cultivation in the United

Kingdom.

Geography

 Acacia smallii

The southernmost species in the genus are

 Acacia dealbata (Silver Wattle), Acacia longi-

 folia (Coast Wattle or Sydney Golden Wattle),

 Acacia mearnsii (Black Wattle), and Acacia

melanoxylon (Blackwood), reaching 43°30’ S

in Tasmania, Australia, while Acacia caven

( Espinillo Negro) reaches nearly as far south

in northeastern Chubut Province of  Argen-

tina. Australian species are usually calledwattles, while African and American species

tend to be known as acacias.

 Acacia albida, Acacia tortilis and Acacia ir-

aqensis can be found growing wild in the

Sinai desert and the Jordan valley. It is found

in the savanna vegetation of the tropical con-

tinental climate.

DescriptionThe leaves of acacias are compound pinnate

in general. In some species, however, moreespecially in the Australian and Pacific is-

lands species, the leaflets are suppressed,

 Acacia retinodes

 Acacia dealbata

and the leaf-stalks (petioles) become vertic-

ally flattened, and serve the purpose of 

leaves. These are known as phyllodes. The

 vertical orientation of the phyllodes protects

them from intense sunlight, as with their

edges towards the sky and earth they do not

intercept light so fully as horizontally placed

leaves. A few species (such as Acacia glauc-

optera) lack leaves or phyllodes altogether,

but possess instead cladodes, modified leaf-like photosynthetic stems functioning as

leaves.

The small flowers have five very small

petals, almost hidden by the long stamens,

and are arranged in dense globular or cyl-

indrical clusters; they are yellow or cream-

colored in most species, whitish in some,

even purple (  Acacia purpureapetala) or red

( Acacia leprosa Scarlet Blaze). Acacia flowers

can be distinguished from those of a large re-

lated genus, Albizia, by their stamens whichare not joined at the base. Also, unlike indi-

 vidual Mimosa flowers, those of Acacia have

more than 10 stamens.[2].

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The plants often bear spines, especially

those species growing in arid regions. These

sometimes represent branches which have

become short, hard and pungent, or some-

times leaf-stipules. Acacia armata is the

Kangaroo-thorn of Australia and Acacia erio-

loba is the Camelthorn of Africa.

Symbiosis

 Acacia collinsii Thorns

In the Central American Acacia sphaeroceph-

ala, Acacia cornigera, and Acacia collinsii

(collectively known as the bullthorn acacias),

the large thorn-like stipules are hollow and

afford shelter for ants, which feed on a secre-tion of sap on the leaf-stalk and small, lipid-

rich food-bodies at the tips of the leaflets

called Beltian bodies; in return they add pro-

tection to the plant against herbivores.[3]

Some species of ants will also fight off com-

peting plants around the acacia, cutting off 

the offending plant’s leaves with their jaws

and ultimately killing it, while other ant spe-

cies will do nothing to benefit their host.

Similar mutualisms occur on Acacia trees

in Africa. The Acacias provide nectar in ex-trafloral nectaries for their symbiotic ants.

The ants protect the plant by attacking large

mammalian herbivores and stem-boring

beetles that damage the plant.

PestsIn Australia, Acacia species are sometimes

used as food plants by the larvae of hepialid

moths of the genus Aenetus including A. lig-

niveren. These burrow horizontally into the

trunk then vertically down. Other Lepidop-tera larvae which have been recorded feed-

ing on Acacia include Brown-tail, Endoclita

 Acacia tree near the end of its range in the Negev Desert of southern Israel.

malabaricus and Turnip Moth. The leaf-min-

ing larvae of some bucculatricid moths alsofeed on Acacia: Bucculatrix agilis feeds ex-

clusively on Acacia horrida and Bucculatrix

 flexuosa feeds exclusively on Acacia nilotica.

 Acacias contain a number of organic com-

pounds that defend them from pests and

grazing animals.[4]

Uses

Food uses Acacia seeds are often used for food and a

 variety of other products.

In Burma, Laos and Thailand, the feathery

shoots of Acacia pennata (common name cha-

om, ???? and su pout ywet in Burmese) are

used in soups, curries, omelettes, and stir-

fries.

Honey made by bees using the acacia

flower as forage is considered a delicacy, ap-

preciated for its mild flowery taste, soft run-

ning texture and glass-like appearance. Aca-

cia honey is one of the few honeys whichdoes not crystallize.[5]

In Mexico the seeds are known as Guajes:

Guajes or huajes are the flat, green pods of 

an acacia tree. The pods are sometimes light

green or deep red in color—both taste the

same. Guaje seeds are about the size of a

small lima bean and are eaten raw with

guacamole, sometimes cooked and made into

a sauce. They can also be made into fritters.

The ground seeds are used to impart a

slightly garlicy flavor to a mole called guax-

mole (huaxmole). The dried seeds may be

toasted and salted and eaten as a snack re-

ferred to as "cacalas". Purchase whole long

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pods fresh or dried at Mexican specialty

markets.

 Acacia is listed as an ingredient in Fresca,

a citrus soft drink , Barq’s root beer, Full

Throttle Unleaded Energy Drink , Strawberry-

Lemonade Powerade[6] as well as in Läkerol

pastille candies, Altoids mints,Langer’s Pine-

apple coconut Juice and Wrigley’s Eclipse

chewing gum.

Gum  Various species of acacia yield gum. True

gum arabic is the product of Acacia senegal,

abundant in dry tropical West Africa from

Senegal to northern Nigeria.

 Acacia arabica is the gum-Arabic tree of 

India, but yields a gum inferior to the true

gum-Arabic.

 Acacia covenyi

Medicinal usesMany Acacia species have important uses in

traditional medicine. Most all of the uses

have been shown to have a scientific basis,

since chemical compounds found in the vari-

ous species have medicinal effects. In Ay-

urvedic medicine, Acacia nilotica is con-

sidered a remedy that is helpful for treating

premature ejaculation. A 19th centuryEthiopian medical text describes a potion

made from an Ethiopian species of Acacia

(known as grar ) mixed with the root of the

tacha, then boiled, as a cure for rabies.[7] An

astringent medicine, called catechu or cutch,

is procured from several species, but more

especially from Acacia catechu, by boiling

down the wood and evaporating the solution

so as to get an extract.[8]

Dietary consumptionThe most well known visitor to the Acacia is

the known giraffe. Giraffes eat the most

famous in Africa, the Acacia Tree. The Acacia

tree is famous for its marvelous leaves.

Ornamental uses A few species are widely grown as ornament-

als in gardens; the most popular perhaps is

 Acacia dealbata (Silver Wattle), with its at-tractive glaucous to silvery leaves and bright

  yellow flowers; it is erroneously known as

"mimosa" in some areas where it is cultiv-

ated, through confusion with the related

genus Mimosa.

  Another ornamental acacia is Acacia

xanthophloea (Fever Tree). Southern

European florists use Acacia baileyana, Aca-

cia dealbata, Acacia pycnantha and Acacia

retinodes as cut flowers and the common

name there for them is mimosa.[9]

Ornamental species of acacia are alsoused by homeowners and landscape archi-

tects for home security. The sharp thorns of 

some species deter unauthorized persons

from entering private properties, and may

prevent break-ins if planted under windows

and near drainpipes. The aesthetic character-

istics of acacia plants, in conjunction with

their home security qualities, makes them a

considerable alternative to artificial fences

and walls.

PaintsThe ancient Egyptians used Acacia in paints

and stuff.[10]

Perfume

 Acacia farnesiana

 Acacia farnesiana is used in the perfume in-

dustry due to its strong fragrance. The use of  Acacia as a fragrance dates back centuries.

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Tannin Content of Various Acacia Species

Bark Dried Leaves Seed Pods

Species Tannins [%] Tannins [%] Tannins [%]

 Acacia albida 2-28%[13] 5-13%[13]

 Acacia cavenia 32%[14]

 Acacia dealbata 19.1%[15]

 Acacia decurrens 37-40%[15]

 Acacia farnesiana 23%[15]

 Acacia mearnsii 25-35%[13]

 Acacia melanoxylon 20%[14]

 Acacia nilotica 18-23%*[13]

 Acacia penninervis 18%[14]

 Acacia pycnantha 30-45%[14] 15-16%[14]

 Acacia saligna 21.5%[15]

In the Bible, burning of acacia wood as a

form of incense is mentioned several times.

Symbolism and ritualThe Acacia is used as a symbol in Freema-

sonry, to represent purity and endurance of 

the soul, and as funerary symbolism signify-

ing resurrection and immortality. The tree

gains its importance from the description of 

the burial of Hiram Abiff , the builder of King

Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem.Several parts (mainly bark, root and resin)

of Acacia are used to make incense for

rituals. Acacia is used in incense mainly in In-

dia, Nepal, Tibet and China. Smoke from Aca-

cia bark is thought to keep demons and

ghosts away and to put the gods in a good

mood. Roots and resin from Acacia are com-

bined with rhododendron, acorus, cytisus,

salvia and some other components of in-

cense. Both people and elephants like an al-

coholic beverage made from acacia fruit.[11] According to Easton’s Bible Dictionary, the

  Acacia tree may be the “burning bush”

(Exodus 3:2) which Moses encountered in the

desert.[12] Also, when God gave Moses the in-

structions for building the Tabernacle, he

said to "make an ark of acacia wood" and

"make a table of acacia wood" (Exodus 25:10

& 23, Revised Standard Version)

In Russia, Italy and other countries it is

customary to present women with yellow

mimosas (among other flowers) on Interna-

tional Women’s Day (March 8). These "mimo-

sas" are actually from Acacia dealbata (Silver

Wattle).

Tannin

 A bottle of tannic acid.

The bark of various Australian species,

known as wattles, is very rich in tannin and

forms an important article of export; import-

ant species include Acacia pycnantha (Golden

Wattle), Acacia decurrens (Tan Wattle), Aca-

cia dealbata (Silver Wattle) and Acaciamearnsii (Black Wattle).

*Inner bark 

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 Approximate wood densities of various acacia species

Density Heartwood

Density 

Sapwood

Density 

Species [kg/m³] [kg/m³] [kg/m³]

 Acacia acuminata 1040[17]

 Acacia amythethophylla 1170[18]

 Acacia catechu 880[19]

 Acacia confusa 690-750[19]

 Acacia erioloba 1230[18]

 Acacia galpinii 800[18]

 Acacia goetzii 1025[18]

 Acacia karoo 800[18]

 Acacia leucophloea 760[19]

 Acacia mellifera subsp. mellifera 1100[18]

 Acacia nilotica 700[19] 1170[18]

 Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens 827-945[18]

 Acacia nilotica subsp. nilotica 800[18] 1170[18]

 Acacia polyacantha subsp.

campylacantha

705[18]

 Acacia sieberiana 655[18]

Black Wattle is grown in plantations in South

 Africa. Most Australian acacia species intro-

duced to South Africa have become an

enormous problem, due to their naturally ag-

gressive propagation. The pods of  Acacia

nilotica (under the name of neb-neb), and of 

other African species are also rich in tannin

and used by tanners.

Wood

 Acacia koa Wood

Some Acacia species are valuable as timber,

such as Acacia melanoxylon (Blackwood)

from Australia, which attains a great size; its

wood is used for furniture, and takes a high

polish; and Acacia omalophylla (Myall Wood,

also Australian), which yields a fragrant tim-

ber used for ornaments. Acacia seyal is

thought to be the Shittah-tree of the Bible,

which supplied shittim-wood. According to

the Book of Exodus, this was used in the con-

struction of the Ark of the Covenant. Acacia

koa from the Hawaiian Islands and Acacia

heterophylla from Réunion island are both

excellent timber trees. Depending on abund-

ance and regional culture, some Acacia spe-

cies (eg. Acacia fumosa), are traditionally

used locally as firewoods.[16]

 Acacia heterophylla Wood

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In Indonesia (mainly in Sumatra) and in

Malaysia (mainly in Sarawak ) plantations of 

  Acacia mangium are being established to

supply pulpwood to the paper industry.

Phytochemistry of Acacia Alkaloids

 Egyptian goddess Isis

 As mentioned previously, Acacias contain a

number of  organic compounds that defend

them from pests and grazing animals.[4]

Many of these compounds are psychoactive

in humans. The alkaloids found in Acacias in-

clude dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and N-

methyltryptamine (NMT). The plant leaves,

stems and/or roots are sometimes made into

a brew together with some MAOI-containing

plant and consumed orally for healing, cere-

monial or religious uses. Egyptian mythology

has associated the acacia tree with charac-

teristics of the tree of life (see the article on

the Myth of Osiris and Isis).

List of acacia species having little or no alkal-

oids in the material sampled:[31]

0% C 0.02%, C...Concentration of  

 Alkaloids [%]

• Acacia acinacea

• Acacia baileyana

• Acacia decurrens

• Acacia dealbata

• Acacia mearnsii

• Acacia drummondii

• Acacia elata

• Acacia falcata

• Acacia leprosa

• Acacia linearis

• Acacia melanoxylon

• Acacia pycnantha

• Acacia retinodes

• Acacia saligna

• Acacia stricta

• Acacia verticillata

• Acacia vestita

Cyanogenic glycosidesNineteen different species of Acacia in the

  Americas contain cyanogenic glycosides,

which, if exposed to an enzyme which spe-

cifically splits glycosides, can release hydro-

gen cyanide (HCN) in the acacia "leaves."[60]

This sometimes results in the poisoning death

of livestock .

If fresh plant material spontaneously pro-

duces 200 ppm or more HCN, then it is po-

tentially toxic. This corresponds to about 7.5

μmol HCN per gram of fresh plant material.It turns out that, if acacia "leaves" lack the

specific glycoside-splitting enzyme, then they

may be less toxic than otherwise, even those

containing significant quantities of cyanic

glycosides.[31]

Some Acacia species containing

cyanogens:

• Acacia erioloba

• Acacia cunninghamii

• Acacia obtusifolia

• Acacia sieberiana

• Acacia sieberiana var. woodii[61]

SpeciesThere are over 1,300 species of Acacia. See

List of Acacia species for a more complete

listing.

Famous acaciaPerhaps the most famous acacia is the Arbre

du Ténéré in Niger. The reason for the tree’sfame is that it used to be the most isolated

tree in the world, approximately 400 km from

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 Acacias Known to Contain Psychoactive Alkaloids

 Acacia

acuminata

Up to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of tryptamine in leaf [20]

 Acacia adunca β-methyl-phenethylamine, 2.4% in leaves[21]

 Acacia alpina

 Active principles in leaf [22]

 Acacia aneura

 Ash used in Pituri.[23] Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.[24]

Not known if psychoactive per se.

 Acacia

angustissima

β-methyl-phenethylamine[25], NMT and DMT in leaf (1.1-10.2 ppm)[26]

 Acacia aroma

Tryptamine alkaloids.[27] Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds.[28]

 Acacia

auriculiformis

5-MeO-DMT in stem bark [29]

0.02% tryptamine and β-carbolines, in the leaf, Tetrahydrohar-

man[22][30][31]

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 Acacia

baileyana

 Acacia

beauverdiana

Psychoactive[32] Ash used in Pituri.[23]

 Acacia

berlandieri

DMT, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine[33]

 Acacia catechu

DMT[34] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark 

 Acacia caven

Tryptamines

 Acacia chundra DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark 

 Acacia colei DMT[35]

 Acacia

complanata

0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman,

with traces of tetrahydroharman, some of tryptamine[36][37][38]

 Acacia concinna

Nicotine[39]

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 Acacia confusa

DMT & NMT in leaf, stem & bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem.[22]

 Also N,N-dimethyltryptamine N-oxide[40]

 Acacia

constricta

β-methyl-phenethylamine[25]

 Acacia coriacea Ash used in Pituri.[23][41] Not known if psychoactive.

 Acacia

cornigera

Psychoactive,[41] Tryptamines[11]

 Acacia

cultriformis

Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem[22] and seeds.[28] Phenethylamine in leaf and

seeds[28]

 Acacia

cuthbertsonii

Psychoactive[32]

 Acacia delibrata Psychoactive[32]

 Acacia falcata Psychoactive,[32] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[31]

 Acacia

 farnesiana

Traces of 5-MeO-DMT[42] in fruit. β-methyl-phenethylamine, flower.[43] Eth-

er extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.[24] Alkaloids are present inthe bark [44] and leaves.[45] Amphetamines and mescaline also found in

tree.[11]

 Acacia filiciana Added to Pulque, but not known if psychoactive[41]

 Acacia

 floribunda

Tryptamine, phenethylamine,[46] in flowers[28] other tryptamines,[47] phen-

ethylamines[48]

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 Acacia greggii

N-methyl-β-phenethylamine,[25] phenethylamine[4]

 Acacia

harpophylla

Phenethylamine, hordenine at a ratio of 2:3 in dried leaves, 0.6% total[21]

 Acacia

holoserica

Hordenine, 1.2% in bark [21]

 Acacia horrida

Psychoactive[41]

 Acacia implexa

Psychoactive[49]

 Acacia jurema DMT, NMT

 Acacia karroo

Psychoactive

 Acacia

kempeana

Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive.[41]

 Acacia

kettlewelliae

1.5[21]-1.88%[50] alkaloids, 92% consisting of phenylethylamine.[21] 0.9% N-

methyl-2-

phenylethylamine found a different time.[21]

 Acacia laeta DMT, in the leaf [22]

 Acacia lingulata Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive.[41]

0.2% tryptamine in bark, leaves, some in flowers, phenylethylamine in

flowers,[46] 0.2% DMT in plant.[51] Histamine alkaloids.[31]

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 Acacia

longifolia

 Acacia

longifolia

 var. sophorae

Tryptamine in leaves, bark [28]

 Acacia

macradenia

Tryptamine[28]

 Acacia maidenii

0.6% NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio in the stem bark, both present in

leaves[22]

 Acacia

mangium

Psychoactive[41]

 Acacia

melanoxylon

DMT, in the bark and leaf,[52] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[31]

 Acacia mellifera

DMT, in the leaf [22]

 Acacia nilotica

DMT, in the leaf [22]

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 Acacia nilotica

subsp.

adstringens

Psychoactive, DMT in the leaf 

 Acacia

obtusifolia

Tryptamine,[47] DMT, NMT, other tryptamines,[53] 0.4-0.5% in dried bark,

0.07% in branch tips.[54]

 Acacia oerfota Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[30][55] NMT

 Acacia

penninervis

Psychoactive[32]

 Acacia

phlebophylla

0.3% DMT in leaf, NMT[22]

 Acacia

podalyriaefolia

Tryptamine in the leaf,[22] 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark, phenethylamine,trace amounts[46]

 Acacia

polyacantha

DMT in leaf [22] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark 

 Acacia

polyacantha

ssp.

campylacantha

Less than 0.2% DMT in leaf, NMT; DMT and other tryptamines in leaf,

bark [56]

 Acaciaprominens

Phenylethylamine, β-methyl-phenethylamine[21][46]

 Acacia

pruinocarpa

 Ash used in Pituri.[23][41] Not known if psychoactive.

 Acacia

pycnantha

 Ash used in Pituri,[41] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids.[31] Not known if 

psychoactive.

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 Acacia

retinodes

DMT, NMT,[57] nicotine,[11] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids found[31]

 Acacia rigidula

DMT, NMT, tryptamine, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and others[58]

 Acaciaroemeriana

β-methyl-phenethylamine[25]

 Acacia salicina

 Ash used in Pituri.[23][41] Not known if psychoactive.

 Acacia sassa Psychoactive[41]

 Acacia

schaffneri

β-methyl-phenethylamine, Phenethylamine[4] Amphetamines and mescaline

also found.[11]

 Acacia schottii β-methyl-phenethylamine[25]

 Acacia senegal

Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[22] NMT, other tryptamines. DMT in plant,[43]

DMT in bark.[28]

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 Acacia seyal

DMT, in the leaf.[22] Ether extracts about 1-7% of the dried leaf mass.[24]

 Acacia

sieberiana

DMT, in the leaf [22]

 Acacia simplex

DMT and NMT, in the leaf, stem and trunk bark, 0.81% DMT in bark,

MMT[22][59]

 Acacia taxensis β-methyl-phenethylamine[25]

 Acacia tortilis

DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines[53]

 Acacia vestita Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem,[22] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[31]

 Acacia victoriae Tryptamines,[47] 5-MeO-alkyltryptamine[28]

any other tree. The tree was knocked down

by a truck driver in 1973.

Identification gallery

Flowers

 Acacia

aneura

 Acacia catechu

 Acacia

baileyana

 Acacia

berlandieri

 Acacia

confusa Acacia con-

stricta, Las Ve-

gas, Nevada,

USA 

 Acacia

covenyi

 Acacia

dealbata

 Acaciadenticulosa

 Acaciadrummodii

 Acacia erio-

loba Sossus-

 vlei,

Namibia

 Acacia fim-

briata Aus-tralian Na-

tional

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Botanic

Gardens,

Canberra

 Acacia

heterophyllaAcacia

longifolia

 Acacia

melanoxylon

Nazaré,

Portugal Acacia

saligna

Side,

Turkey

 Acacia

schinoides

 Australian

National

Botanic

Gardens

 Acacia tetra-

gonophylla

Geelong Botan-

ic Gardens,

 Victoria,

 Australia

 Acacia pen-

nata in

Talakona

forest, in

Chittoor

District of 

 Andhra

Pradesh,

India

 Acacia pen-nata at An-

anthagiri

Hills, in

Rangareddy

district of 

 Andhra

Pradesh,

India.

Bark 

 Acacia an-

eura Bark 

 Acacia

auriculiformis

Bark 

 Acacia ber-

landieri

Bark 

 Acacia

collinsii

Bark 

 Acacia con-

 fusa Bark,

Hawaii, USA 

 Acacia

dealbata

 Acacia

decurrens

 Acacia

erioloba

 Acacia

estrophiolata

Bark 

 Acacia greg-

gii Bark 

 Acacia

heterophylla

Bark 

 Acacia

pennata

trunk in

Talakona

forest, in

Chittoor

District

of 

 Andhra

Pradesh,

India.

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Foliage

 Acaciacatechu

 Acacia

collinsii

Foliage

 Acacia con-

cinna

Foliage

 Acaciadenticulosa

Foliage

 Acacia

karroo

Foliage

 Acacia

leprosa

FoliageAcacia pen-

nata inTalakona

forest, in

Chittoor

District of 

 Andhra

Pradesh,

India.

 Acacia pen-

nata at An-

anthagiri

Hills, in

Rangareddy

district of 

 Andhra

Pradesh,

India.

Seed pods

 Acacia

aneura

 Acacia

catechu

 Acacia

confusa

 Acacia

constricta

 Acaciadealbata

 Acacia

heterophylla

 Acacia

melanoxylon

Seeds

 Acacia

baileyana Acacia

berlandieri

 Acacia

confusa Acacia

constricta

 Acacia

dealbata

 Acacia

 farnesiana

 Acacia

cyclops

 Acacia

decurrens

 Acacia

greggii Acacia

longifolia

 Acacia

mearnsii Acacia

melanoxylon

 Acacia

pycnantha Acacia

rigidula

 Acacia

tortuosa

Thorns

 Acacia

catechu Acacia

collinsii

 Acacia

cornigera Acacia

horrida

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 Acacia

 farnesiana

var.

 farnesiana

 Acacia pen-

nata in

Talakona

forest, in

Chittoor Dis-

trict of 

 Andhra

Pradesh,

India.

Tree

 Acacia

aneura

 Acacia

berlandieri Acacia

confusa  Acaciaconstricta

 Acacia

dealbata Acacia

heterophylla Acacia

koa Acacia

leprosa

Wood

 Acacia

koa

 Acacia

heterophylla

 Acacia

schaffneri

See also• List of Acacia species

• Plant defense against herbivory

• Psychedelic plants

Notes

[1] http://allafrica.com/stories/200712130315.html. Accessed 9/16/2008

[2] Singh, Gurcharan (2004). Plant

Systematics: An Integrated Approach.

Science Publishers. pp. 445. ISBN 

1578083516. http://books.google.com/ 

books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C.

[3] "Evolutionary change from induced to

constitutive expression of an indirect

plant resistance : Abstract : Nature".

www.nature.com.

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/ 

v430/n6996/abs/nature02703.html.

 Retrieved on 2008-04-20.

[4] ^ Chemistry of Acacias from South Texas

[5] "Seggiano Honeys".

www.seggiano.co.uk.

http://seggiano.co.uk/products/10honey/ 

honey.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-05.

[6] [1]

[7] Richard Pankhurst, An Introduction tothe Medical History of Ethiopia (Trenton:

Red Sea Press, 1990), p. 97

[8] An OCR’d version of the US Dispensatory

by Remington and Wood, 1918.

[9] World Wide Wattle

[10] Excerpt from A Consumer’s Dictionary of 

Cosmetic Ingredients: Fifth Edition

(Paperback) Amazon.com

[11]^ Naturheilpraxis Fachforum (German)

[12] Easton’s Bible Dictionary: Bush

[13]^ Purdue University[14]^ Google Books Select Extra-tropical

 Plants Readily Eligible for Industrial

Culture Or Naturalization By Ferdinand

 von Mueller

[15]^ Plants for a Future Database

[16] Maugh, T.H.II. (2009-04-24). "New

species of tree identified in Ethiopia".

 Los Angeles Times.

http://www.latimes.com/news/ 

nationworld/nation/la-sci-

tree25-2009apr25,0,402549.story .

 Retrieved on 2008-04-24.[17] Aussie Fantom

[18]^ The timber properties of Acacia

species and their uses

[19]^ FAO

[20] Lycaeum

[21]^ Fitzgerald, J.S. Alkaloids of the

 Australian Legumuminosae -- The

Occurrence of Phenylethylame

Derivatives in Acacia Species, Aust. J .

Chem., 1964, 17, 160-2.

[22]^ Shaman Australis[23]^ Duboisia hopwoodii - Pituri Bush -

Solanaceae - Central America

  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Acacia

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[24]^ Wattle Seed Workshop Proceedings 12

March 2002, Canberra March 2003

RIRDC Publication No 03/024, RIRDC

Project No WS012-06

[25]^ Glasby, John Stephen (1991).

 Dictionary of Plants Containing

Secondary Metabolites. CRC Press.

pp. 2. ISBN 0850664233.

http://books.google.com/ 

books?id=te53VV5u8YMC&pg=RA1-PA2&ots=e5Swnj0FN9&dq=acacia+alkaloids&sig=ph1WfGlPn

[26] English Title: Nutritive value assessment

of the tropical shrub legume Acacia

angustissima: anti-nutritional compounds

and in vitro digestibility. Personal

 Authors: McSweeney, C. S., Krause, D.

O., Palmer, B., Gough, J., Conlan, L. L.,

Hegarty, M. P. Author Affiliation: CSIRO

Livestock Industries, Long Pocket

Laboratories, 120 Meiers Road,Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia.

Document Title: Animal Feed Science

and Technology, 2005 (Vol. 121) (No.

1/2) 175-190

[27] Maya Ethnobotanicals

[28]^ Acacia (Polish)

[29] Lycaeum

[30]^ www.serendipity.com

[31]^ Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen By

Robert Hegnauer

[32]^ www.bushfood.net[33] Ask Dr. Shulgin Online: Acacias and

Natural Amphetamine

[34] Sacred Elixirs

[35] www.abc.net.au

[36] Acacia Complanata Phytochemical

Studies

[37] Lycaeum -- Acacias and Entheogens

[38] Lycaeum

[39] SBEPL

[40] NMR spectral assignments of a new

chlorotryptamine alkaloid and its

analogues from Acacia confusa MalcolmS. Buchanan, Anthony R. Carroll, David

Pass, Ronald J. Quinn Magnetic

Resonance in Chemistry Volume 45,

Issue 4 , Pages359 - 361. John Wiley &

Sons, Ltd.

[41]^ Index of Rätsch, Christian.

Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven

Pflanzen, Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie

und Anwendungen, 7. Auflage. AT

 Verlag, 2004, 941 Seiten. ISBN

3855025703 at [2][42] Lycaeum

[43]^ Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and

Ethnobotanical Databases

[44] www.bpi.da.gov.ph

[45] Purdue University

[46]^ Hegnauer, Robert (1994).

Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Springer.

pp. 500. ISBN 3764329793.

http://books.google.com/ 

books?id=9fDv1RYqIRkC&dq=chemotaxonomie+de

[47]^ www.bluelight.ru

[48] Lycaeum (Acacia floribunda)

[49] wiki.magiskamolekyler.org (Swedish)

[50] Acacia kettlewelliae

[51] Lycaeum Acacia longifolia

[52] extentech.sheetster.com

[53]^ wiki.magiskamolekyler.org (Swedish)

[54] Acacia obtusifolia Phytochemical Studies

[55] Plants Containing DMT (German)

[56] Hortipedia

[57] Pflanzentabelle APB (German)

[58] Magiska Molekylers wiki[59] Arbeitsstelle für praktische Biologie

(APB)

[60] Cyanogenic Glycosides in Ant-Acacias of 

Mexico and Central America David S.

Seigler, John E. Ebinger The

Southwestern Naturalist, Vol. 32, No. 4

(December 9, 1987), pp. 499-503

doi:10.2307/3671484

[61] FAO Kamal M. Ibrahim, The current

state of knowledge on Prosopis juliflora...

General references• Clement, B.A., Goff, C.M., Forbes, T.D.A.

Toxic Amines and Alkaloids from Acacia

rigidula, Phytochem. 1998, 49(5), 1377.

• Shulgin, Alexander and Ann, TiHKAL the

Continuation. Transform Press, 1997.

ISBN 0-9630096-9-9

External links• World Wide Wattle• Acacia-world

• Wayne’s Word on "The Unforgettable

 Acacias"

• The genus Acacia and Entheogenic

Tryptamines, with reference to Australian

and related species, by mulga

• A description of Acacia from Pomet’s 1709

reference book, History of Druggs

• www.serendipity.com

• Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and

Ethnobotanical Databases

• Flora identification tools from the State

Herbarium of South Australia

• Tannins in Some Interrelated Wattles

  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Acacia

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• List of Acacia Species in the U.S.

• FAO Timber Properties of Various Acacia

Species

• FAO Comparison of Various Acacia

Species as Forage

• Long-term effects of roller chopping on

antiherbivore defenses in three shrub

species, Jason R. Schindlera, Timothy E.

Fulbright

• Vet. Path. ResultsAFIP Wednesday Slide

Conference - No. 21 February 24, 1999

• Acacia cyanophylla lindl as supplementary

feed/for small stock in Libya

• Description of Acacia Morphology

• Nitrogen Fixaton in Acacias

• Acacias with Cyagenic Compounds

• Acacia Alarm System

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia"

Categories: Acacia, Excipients

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