ac sinusoids lecture 6 (i). scope explain the difference between ac and dc express angular measure...

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AC SINUSOIDS AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I)

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Page 1: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

AC SINUSOIDSAC SINUSOIDS

Lecture 6 (I)

Page 2: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

SCOPESCOPE

Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and

radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak, and

instantaneous values of a waveform. Define and solve for the RMS value Define cycle, period, and frequency Given the analytical expression, sketch and

explain the graph of a sinusoid. Determine the relative phase of a sinusoidal

waveform.

Page 3: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES (cont) (cont)

Determine the total voltages and currents that have DC and AC components.

Apply Ohm’s Law, KCL, and KVL to analyze a simple AC circuit.

Write the time domain equation for any sinusoidal waveform with a DC component.

Page 4: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

SINE WAVESSINE WAVES

Voltage can be produced such that, over time, it follows the shape of a sine wave

The magnitude of the voltage continually changes.

Polarity may or may not change. When it does not change, the current does not

change direction. When polarity does change, the current changes

direction. When graphing a sinusoidal voltage, the polarity

changes only when the magnitude alternates between “+” and “-” values.

Page 5: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

AC SINEWAVEAC SINEWAVE

1 cycle1 cycle

Voltage is positive

Voltage is negative

Polarity change

t

voltage

+

-

0

voltage

+

-

0

Voltage is

Polarity change

t

voltage

+

-

0

voltage

+

-

0

Page 6: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

OTHER ACsOTHER ACs

SINE WAVE

TRIANGLE WAVE

SQUARE WAVE

Page 7: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

HOW IS A SINE WAVE HOW IS A SINE WAVE GENERATED ?GENERATED ?

Electromagnetic Induction. (Ship AC generators produce sine wave voltages through electromagnetic induction): magnetic field conductor relative motion between the two.

Electronic Signal Generators Function Generators: multi-waveforms.

Page 8: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

GENERATING AC GENERATING AC VOLTAGESVOLTAGES

One way to generate ac voltage is to rotate a coil of wire at constant angular velocity in a fixed magnetic field

Page 9: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

FARADAY’S LAWFARADAY’S LAW

“ “ Voltage is induced in a circuit Voltage is induced in a circuit whenever the flux linking (i.e. whenever the flux linking (i.e. passing through) the circuit is passing through) the circuit is changing.. and that the magnitude changing.. and that the magnitude of the voltage is proportional to the of the voltage is proportional to the rate of change of the flux linkages”rate of change of the flux linkages”

Page 10: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

DC vs ACDC vs AC

DC Source: voltage POLARITY of the source and current DIRECTION do not change over time.

V1 ohm

I

Voltage

time

Page 11: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

AC SOURCEAC SOURCEAC source: Voltage polarity changes

therefore the current changes direction.

V(1.25s)= +2v

1 ohm

I

0 time(sec)

2v

-2v

1 2 3 4

V(3.75s)= -2v

1 ohmI

Page 12: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

PERIOD AND FREQUENCYPERIOD AND FREQUENCYPeriod: Time to complete one

complete cycleSymbol: T

Frequency: Number of cycles in one secondSymbol: fMeasured in hertz (Hz)

Tf

1

t

V

Page 13: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

FREQUENCYFREQUENCY

Definition: the number of cycles per second of a waveform

Denoted by the lower case letter f Its unit is the hertz (Hz)

secondper cycle 1 hertz 1

Page 14: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

1 cycle

1 second

f=1 Hz

Ex. Ex.

Page 15: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

f=2 Hz

Ex. Ex.

1 cycle

1 second

1 cycle

Page 16: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

60 cycles1 cycle

1 second

?

Ex. Ex.

Page 17: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

PERIODPERIOD

Definition: the duration of one cycle.

It is the inverse of frequency. Denoted by the upper case

letter TMeasured in second, s

Hz)(T

1 f and )s(

f

1T

Page 18: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

The period of a waveform can be measured between any two corresponding point.

Often it is measured between zero points because they are easy to establish on an oscilloscope trace

Page 19: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

T(between peaks)

T (between zero points)

T (Any two identical points)

t

Page 20: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

Ex. Ex.

Figure shows an oscilloscope trace of a square wave. Each horizontal division represents 50 μs. Determine the frequency.

Page 21: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

SolutionSolution

Since the wave repeats itself every 200 μs, its period (T) is 200 μs and,

kHz 510200

16

sf

Page 22: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

Ex. Ex.

Determine the period and frequency of the waveform of the figure above.

T2 = 10 ms

T1 = 8 ms

Page 23: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

SolutionSolution

Time interval T1 does not represent a period as it is not measured between corresponding points. Interval T2, however, is. Thus, T = 10 ms and,

Hz1001010

13

sf

Page 24: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

PEAK VALUES (VPEAK VALUES (VPP, I, IPP))

Max Voltage (Current)Symbol VM ( IM )The maximum value of V (I)

measured from the point of inflection (“baseline or DC offset”)

From the graph: VM - VDC

Also called “Amplitude”

Page 25: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

baselinebaseline

VVMM oror Amplitude Amplitude

VVDCDC

t

V

Page 26: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

PEAK TO PEAK VALUES PEAK TO PEAK VALUES (V(VPP, PP, IIPPPP))

Peak to Peak Voltage (Current)Symbol VPP ( IPP )The difference between the maximum

value of V (I) and the minimum value of V (I)

From the graph: VMAX – VMIN

Equals twice peak value VPP = 2VP

Page 27: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

VVPPPP

VVMINMIN

VVMAXMAX

t

V

Page 28: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE (VROOT-MEAN-SQUARE (VRMSRMS, , IIRMS RMS ))

Named for the mathematical process by which the value is calculated. “Effective Voltage (VEFF)”

PPRMS V0.707V2

2V

Page 29: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

COMPATIBILITY OF VALUESCOMPATIBILITY OF VALUES

When Peak voltages are used as source values, current calculations will also be in Peak values.

Likewise, an RMS source produces answers in RMS.

When solving a problem make sure all values are expressed ONE way (peak, peak to peak, or RMS)!

VVMMVVrmsrms

Vpp

Page 30: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

VOLTAGE & CURRENT VOLTAGE & CURRENT VALUESVALUES

Ohm’s Law still applies: V=IRIf current changes with time and R is a

constant, voltage will also change with time

Voltage will be proportional to current

Page 31: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

VOLTAGE & CURRENT VOLTAGE & CURRENT VALUESVALUES

A graph of current and voltage in a resistor produces identical waveforms:Peak at the same timeCross the same baseline, at the same time

Differ only in amplitude:IP is 1/R of VP

Page 32: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

INSTANTANEOUS INSTANTANEOUS VALUESVALUES

Instantaneous Values ( v, i )value of voltage and current at any:

instant in time or at at any angle

Mathematically expressed 2 ways:

sin 2

sin

M

M

v(t) V ( ft )

v( ) V ( )

Page 33: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

ANGULAR DOMAINANGULAR DOMAIN

We can identify points on the sine wave in terms of an angular measurement (degrees or radians). The instantaneous value of the sine wave can

be related to the angular rotation of the generator, (1 rotation = 1 rotation = 360°=2360°=2 radians radians)

deg180

rad rad

180

deg

Page 34: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

Sine Wave Angles: Degrees & Radians2 radians = 360o 1 radian =

57.3o

Page 35: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

TIME DOMAINTIME DOMAIN

Because the time to complete a cycle is frequency dependent, we can also identify points on the sine wave in terms of time.

To convert between the time domain and angular domain remember:

sin 2Mv(t) V ( ft )

2 ft t

Page 36: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

PHASE ANGLEPHASE ANGLE

Symbol is (theta). It is expressed as an angle

Phase angle specifies the lateral shift in the position of a sine wave from a reference wave.

Examine the same event, on each wave: Two events occurring at the same angle or

at the same time are in phase. Events occurring at different angles or at

different times are out of phase.

Page 37: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

PHASE ANGLE (angular PHASE ANGLE (angular domain)domain)

Wave A is the reference wave:Wave B is 90° out of phase.

Page 38: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

PHASE ANGLE (Time domain)PHASE ANGLE (Time domain)

Wave A is the reference wave. Compare the positive peak events: Wave A peaks at 30ms; Wave B at 60ms T=120ms /360º = t/T = (60ms-30ms)/120ms. = 90º

Page 39: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

LEADING & LAGGINGLEADING & LAGGING

Since wave B peaked after the reference wave peaked, we say it LAGS the reference wave by 90º ; = - 90º

If wave B was the reference, wave A would peak before the reference wave (B). We would say it LEADS the reference wave;

= + 90º Note: Because it is the reference wave, for ANY reference wave is 0 º

Page 40: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

Ex:Ex:Compute the phase angle if:

V1(t) is the reference wave

V2 (t) is the reference wave

V 1(t)

V 2(t)

t = 1 ms/divt = 1 ms/div

Page 41: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

Ex:Ex:

V 1(t)

V 2(t)

t = 1 ms/divt = 1 ms/div

V2 is the reference. Write the equations.

Page 42: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

sin 2

sin

dc M

dc M

v(t) V V ( ft )

v( ) V V ( )

SUPERIMPOSED DC & ACSUPERIMPOSED DC & AC

A circuit can have both a DC voltage source and an AC

We say that the “AC rides on the DC” The graph of the voltage is displaced

vertically from 0, to the DC voltage level. Algebraically:

Page 43: AC SINUSOIDS Lecture 6 (I). SCOPE Explain the difference between AC and DC Express angular measure in both degrees and radians. Compute the peak, peak-peak,

REVIEW QUIZREVIEW QUIZ

The difference between DC and AC ? 3 items required for electromagnetic induction. Frequency is equal to ? Name 3 different Sine wave values. How many radians in 360 degrees ? If the peak value is 170 V, the RMS value =? What type of shift does a phase angle

represent?