ac and dc motor
DESCRIPTION
ac and dc motorTRANSCRIPT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors
operate through interacting magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors to generate force,
although a few use electrostatic forces. The reverse process, producing electrical energy from
mechanical energy, is done by generators such as an alternator or a dynamo. Many types of
electric motors can be run as generators, and vice versa. For example a starter/generator for a gas
turbine, or traction motors used on vehicles, often perform both tasks.
Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps,
machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives. They may be powered by
direct current (e.g., a battery powered portable device or motor vehicle), or by alternating current
from a central electrical distribution grid. The smallest motors may be found in electric
wristwatches. Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide
convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. The very largest electric motors are used for
propulsion of large ships, and for such purposes as pipeline compressors, with ratings in the
millions of watts. Electric motors may be classified by the source of electric power, by their
internal construction, by their application, or by the type of motion they give.
The physical principle of production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current
and a magnetic field was known as early as 1821. Electric motors of increasing efficiency were
constructed throughout the 19th century, but commercial exploitation of electric motors on a
large scale required efficient electrical generators and electrical distribution networks.
Some devices, such as magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers, although they generate some
mechanical power, are not generally referred to as electric motors, and are usually termed
actuators and transducers, respectively.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
i. To identify AC and DC motor.
ii. To differentiate the components in AC and DC motor.
iii. To identify the advantages and disadvantages of both AC and DC motor.
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3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
There are lots of motor that use in electrical system but the most commonly motor that used in
electrical system are alternating current or AC and direct current or DC. Basically, the reference
of these two motor are refer to the how the electrical current transferred through and from the
motor. Based on the name, it is known that these two motor have different function and uses. As
for DC motors, it is come in two general types which are brushes and brushless while AC motors
also come in two different types. They can be a synchronous motor or induction motor. Below
are the details information regarding AC and DC motors.
3.1 ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) MOTORS
As mentioned above, AC motors come in two types which are synchronous motors and induction
motors. The AC motors are used differently based on what type of AC motor it is. There are two
types of AC motors, depending on the type of rotor used. The first is the synchronous motor,
which rotates exactly at the supply frequency or a submultiple of the supply frequency. The
magnetic field on the rotor is either generated by current delivered through slip rings or by a
permanent magnet. The second type is the induction motor, which runs slightly slower than the
supply frequency. The magnetic field on the rotor of this motor is created by an induced current.
The amount of power given off by an AC motor is determined by the amount of power needed to
operate the system.An AC motor has two parts. A stationary stator having coils supplied with
AC current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and a rotor attached to the output shaft that is
given a torque by the rotating field.
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An AC motor stator with preformed stator coils
3.1.1 INDUCTION MOTORS
One third of the world's electricity consumption is used for running induction motors driving
pumps, fans, compressors, elevators and machinery of various types. The AC induction motor is
a common form of asynchronous motor whose operation depends on three electromagnetic
phenomena:
Motor Action - When an iron rod (or other magnetic material) is suspended in a magnetic
field so that it is free to rotate, it will align itself with the field. If the magnetic field is
moving or rotating, the iron rod will move with the moving field so as to maintain alignment.
Rotating Field - A rotating magnetic field can be created from fixed stator poles by
driving each pole-pair from a different phase of the alternating current supply.
Transformer Action - The current in the rotor windings is induced from the current in the
stator windings, avoiding the need for a direct connection from the power source to the
rotating windings.
Induction motors have either wound rotors or squirrel cage rotors.
Wound Rotor. Wound rotors are constructed using the same principle as stator
construction.
Squirrel Cage Rotor. The SCIM rotor has conducting bars embedded in grooves that
are etched in the surface of the rotor along the direction of the rotor axis. The
conducting bars are placed around an iron core. To allow current flow in the bars, the
bars are shorted at either end of the rotor by large shorting rings. Squirrel cage rotor
construction is shown figure below. The rigid construction of this type of rotor
contributes significantly to the robustness of the SCIM.
Characteristics
One of the major advantages of the induction motor is that it does not need a commutator.
Induction motors are therefore simple, robust, reliable, maintenance free and relatively low
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Squirrel cage rotor construction
cost. They are normally constant speed devices whose speed is proportional to the mains
frequency. Variable speed motors are also possible by using motor controllers which provide
a variable frequency output.
Applications
Three phase induction motors are used wherever the application depends on AC power from
the national grid. Because they don't need commutators they are particularly suitable for high
power applications. They are also available with power handling capacities ranging from a
few Watts to more than 10 MegaWatts. They are mainly used for heavy industrial
applications and for machine tools. Other than that, the availability of solid state inverters in
recent years means that induction motors can now be run from a DC source. They are now
finding use in automotive applications for electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Nevertheless,
the induction motor is ill-suited for most automotive applications because of the difficulties
associated with extracting heat from the rotor, efficiency problems over wide speed and
power ranges, and a more expensive manufacturing process due to distributed
windings. Permanent magnet and reluctance motors offer better solutions for these
applications.
3.1.2 SYNCHRONOUS AC MOTORS
The synchronous motor is similar to the induction motor in that it is a polyphase machine
in which the stator produces a rotating field, however the rotor is constructed from either
permanent magnets or electromagnets energised by direct current supplied through slip rings.
Another way of saying this is that it has zero slip under usual operating conditions. Synchronous
motors are available in sub-fractional self-excited sizes to high-horsepower direct-current
excited industrial sizes. In the fractional horsepower range, most synchronous motors are used
where precise constant speed is required. The synchronous motor provides two important
functions. First, it is a highly efficient means of converting ac energy to work. Second, it can
operate at leading or unity power factor and thereby provide power-factor correction.
Synchronous motors have either wound rotors or permanent magnet rotors. Figure below
compares the two types.
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Field Wound Rotor. Field wound rotors are of the salient pole type. Salient pole rotors
are constructed of protruding pole assemblies bolted or dovetailed to a magnetic rotor
hub. The rotor poles are wound with magnetic wire to produce a rotor magnetic field.
This type of construction requires an external circuit for field excitation. The FWSM is
appropriate for large vessels such as icebreakers and auxiliary ships but its large size and
weight make it unacceptable for use in surface combatants.
Permanent Magnet Rotor. Permanent magnet rotors receive their field excitation from
permanent magnets mounted around the surface of the rotor instead of from field
windings. A major advantage of PM synchronous motors is that slip ring or brushless
exciter assemblies are not required. This eliminates excitation losses, which are a major
power loss component in field wound motors.
Characteristics
Synchronous motors show some interesting properties, which finds applications in power
factor correction. The synchronous motor can be run at lagging, unity or leading power
factor.
Applications
Synchronous motors find applications in all industrial applications where constant speed is
necessary. It is also use to Improving the power factor as Synchronous condensers. Beside
that, it is used in low power applications include positioning machines, where high precision
is required, and robot actuators. But majorly, mains synchronous motors are used for electric
clocks.
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Structure of synchronous motors: (a) permanent magnet rotor (two- pole); (b) salient-pole rotor (two-pole)
3.2 DIRECT CURRENT (DC) MOTORS
As stated earlier, the most common DC motor types are the brushed and brushless types,
which use internal and external commutation respectively to periodically reverse the current in
the rotor windings. A direct current (DC) motor is a fairly simple electric motor that uses
electricity and a magnetic field to produce torque, which turns the motor. At its most simple, a
DC motor requires two magnets of opposite polarity and an electric coil, which acts as
an electromagnet. The repellent and attractive electromagnetic forces of the magnets provide the
torque that causes the DC motor to turn. The attraction between opposite poles and the repulsion
of similar poles can easily be felt, even with relatively weak magnets. A DC motor uses these
properties to convert electricity into motion. As the magnets within the DC motor attract and
repel one another, the motor turns. A DC motor requires at least one electromagnet. This
electromagnet switches the current flow as the motor turns, changing its polarity to keep the
motor running. The other magnet or magnets can either be permanent magnets or
other electromagnets. Often, the electromagnet is located in the center of the motor and turns
within the permanent magnets, but this arrangement is not necessary. DC motors are generally
used for more precision and power than AC motors, as they tend to me more controllable.
3.2.1 BRUSHED DC MOTORS
Brushed DC Motors are the classic DC motors, which include a split ring commutator,
and can be powered by any kind of DC battery. These motors are often considered to be limited,
due to the need that brushes will always be in contact with the commutator ring, hence creating
friction. Brushes also scratch the surface of the ring, which eventually will lead to replacement of
the brushes and ring.
Although the brushes in these motors were originally made from copper wire (now obsolete),
they are now made from carbon, which is a longer-lasting material, gives less friction, and is
cheaper. The advantages of Brushed DC motors are that their initial cost is extremely low, and
that they have an extremely simple speed control system (Dynamo). However, it is the brushless
DC motor which is recommended by most.
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3.2.2 BRUSHLESS DC MOTORS
Brushless DC motors are extremely desireably as they completely eliminate the need for
brushes. This increases their life, survival without maintainance, power output and efficiency
dramatically.
Their basic working principle is to facilitate an external commutator, which will reverse the
direction of the current depending on the position of the rotor.
As there are no brushes, maintainence levels are lowered dramatically, and as there is no friction
caused by brushes, the efficiency of a brushless motor is typically between 85 and 90 percent (a
brushed motor's efficiency is usually about 75 to 80 %). This makes them ideal for heavy duty
use, and cost efficiency in the long term. They also run much cooler than AC and brushed
motors, which greatly increases the life of the motors in context.
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An exploded view of a DC motor. This diagram shows the relationship of all of the components
The four poles on the stator of a two-phase BLDC motor.
3.2.3 APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS
The DC Motors are used a lot in consumer electronics. BLDC motors fulfill functions
originally performed by brushed DC motors, but cost and control complexity prevents BLDC
motors from replacing brushed motors completely in lowest cost areas. The uses of DC such as
in computer hard drives and CD/DVD players. Small cooling fans in electronics equipment are
powered also by BLDC motors. Other than that, the DC motors also found in transport, for
example in electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles. These motors are essentially AC synchronous
motors with permanent magnet rotors. Beside that, the DC motors are currently the most popular
motor choice for aircraft model including helicopters. Nowadays, the DC motors also used in
electrical bicycles that are sometimes build into the wheel hub itself, with the stator fixed solidly
to the azle and the magnets attached to and rotating with the wheel. The bicycle wheel hub is the
motors. This type of bicycle also has a standard bicycle transmission.
3.3 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF DG & AC MOTORS
Advantages of AC motor Advantages of DC motor
1) They use conventional, low cost, 3-phase
AC induction motors for
most applications.
2) AC motors require virtually no
maintenance and are preferred for
applications where the motor is mounted
in an area not easily reached for servicing
or replacement.
3) AC motors are smaller, lighter, more
commonly available, and less expensive
4) AC motors are better suited for high
speed operation (over 2500 rpm) since
1) DC drives are less complex with a single
power conversion from AC to DC.
2) DC drives are normally less expensive for
most horsepower ratings.
3) Usually DC drives is use as adjustable
speed machines and a wide range of
options have evolved for this purpose
4) DC regenerative drives are available for
applications requiring continuous
regeneration for overhauling loads. AC
drives with this capability would be more
complex and expensive.
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there are no brushes, and commutation is
not a problem
5) It is desirable to use an existing constant
speed AC motor already mounted and
wired on a machine.
5) DC motors are capable of providing
starting and accelerating torques in excess
of 400% of rated.
6) Some AC drives may produce audible
motor noise which is undesirable in some
applications.
Disadvantages of AC motor Disadvantages of DC motor
1) Expensive speed control
-Speed control is expensive. The electronics
required to handle an AC inverter drive are
considerably more expensive than those
required to handle a DC motor.
-However, if performance requirements can
be met -- meaning that the required speed
range is over 1/3rd of base speed -- AC
inverters and AC motors are usually more
cost-effective than DC motors and DC drives
for applications larger than about 10
horsepower, because of cost savings in the
AC motor.
2) Inability to operate at low speeds
-We know that standard AC motors should
not be operated at speeds less than about
1/3rd of base speed. This is due to thermal
considerations. In fact a DC motor should be
considered for these applications.
1) less efficient and remain at the same
voltage and current, so we will lose a lot
of energy and therefore money from
energy lost to heat at high currents.
2) Although you can use a DC generator to
power smaller systems efficiently, the
wiring required to run a larger system can
become a fire hazard. This happens when
the correct wiring is not used to run the
current from the generator. Wiring a DC
generator can be quite a hassle for larger
jobs, and it is difficult to run the wire
according to code
3) Motor operation requires the purchase of
a complicated electronic motor driver.
4) The largest disadvantge of a direct current
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3) Poor positioning control
-Positioning control is also expensive and
crude. Even a vector drive is very crude when
controlling a standard AC motor. Servo
motors are more appropriate for these
applications.
machine is the care required to maintain
the mechanical interface used to get
current to the rotating field
5) The critical nature of the interface is due
in large part to the high currents required
by the DC machine.
6) Typically cost-effective because the
manufacturers of large heavy-duty DC
equipment have been building them for
several decades.
4.0 CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, there are many types of motor that used in electrical system but the most
common motor that used in electrical system are direct current or DC and alternating current or
AC motors. The reference of DC or AC refers to how the electrical current is transferred through
and from the motor. Both types of motors have different functions and uses. Dc motors come in
two general types. They can have brushes or be brushless. There are lots of motor that use in
electrical system but the most commonly motor that used in electrical system are alternating
current or AC and direct current or DC. Basically, the reference of these two motor are refer to
the how the electrical current transferred through and from the motor. Based on the name, it is
known that these two motor have different function and uses. As for DC motors, it is come in
two general types which are brushes and brushless while AC motors also come in two different
types. They can be a synchronous motor or induction motor. DC and AC motors are sometimes
subtle, but these differences are what make one types better for a certain use. Direct current or
DC electric motors work for situations where speed needs to be controlled. DC motors have a
stable and continuous current. DC motors were the first and earliest motors used. They were
found, however, to not be as good at producing power over long lengths. Electric companies
found using DC motors to generate electric did not work because the power was lost as the
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electric was transmitted. Brush DC motors use rings that conduct the current and form the
magnetic drive that powers the rotor. Brushless DC motors use a switch to produce the magnetic
drive that powers the rotor. Direct current motors are often found in appliances around the home.
Alternating current or AC electric motors are used differently based on what type of AC motor it
is. Single phase AC motors are known as general purpose motors. They work well in many
different situations. These AC motors work great for systems that are hard to start because they
need a lot of power up front. Three phase, also called polyphase, AC motors are usually found in
industrial settings. These motors also have high starting power build transmits lower levels of
overall power. AC power gets its name from the fact that it alternates in power. The amount of
power given off by an AC motor is determined by the amount of power needed to operate the
system. DC and AC electric motors are found everywhere from the home to the car to industrial
plants. Motors are important to everyday life. Dc motors were introduced and caused a great
revolution in the way many things are done. When AC motors came on the market the way
motors were looked at changed because of their amazing starting power potential. DC motors
and AC motors are different in many ways, but they still both are used to power the world.
4.1 RECOMMENDATIONS
As a recommendations, we know that AC and DC motors are commonly motors that used
in most of our electrical components, from our transport, fridge, clock, instrial machines, to
our household items. Therefore the technologies of these motors have to be improve and the
unused of its component have to be minimize to controls the pollutions of its components.
Placing the motor into overload conditions is one cause of over-temperature. High
ambient temperatures and dirty or clogged air filters on the machine or motor blowers also
contribute to over-temperature failures. High temperature inside the motor cause expansion
stress in the wire insulation, resulting in cracks, which in turn can cause contamination and
eventual wire failure. Therefore, it is recommended that the motor ambient conditions not to
exceed 40oC (104oF). Most motors are designed for continuous operation at this ambient
temperature. However, motors that will continuously be used in higher temperatures will
typically be designed with a lower temperature rise class of insulation. DC motor insulation
must have mechanical and dielectric strength. It must withstand the normal handling
necessary in the assembly of the motor, as well as operation thereafter
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5.0 REFERENCES
J.G. Ciezki and R.W. Ashton, “A Survey of AC Drive Propulsion Options,” presented at the 3rd
Naval Symposium on Electric Machines, December 4-7, 2000.
Stephen J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, pp. 359-373 and pp. 482-501, McGraw
Hill, New York, 1985.
Raymond Ramshaw and R.G. van Heeswijk, Energy Conversion: Electric Motors and
Generators, pp. 255-265, Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, 1990.
Clive Lewis, “The advanced induction motor,” Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting,
Vol. 1, pp. 250-253, IEEE, 2002.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor, 21 January 2011 at 1.42 am.
http://highperformancehvac.com/hvac-ecm-blower-motors-hvac.html, 20 January 2011 at
10.32pm
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-dc-motor.htm, 19 January 2011 at 2.45pm.
http://www.globalspec.com/reference/10788/179909/chapter-3-ac-and-dc-motors-dc-motors-
over-temperature-conditions, 20 January at 2.04am.
http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA417341.
20 January 2011 at 10.30pm.
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6.0 APPENDICES
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Basic commutator for DC motor. AC & DC Gear Motor
Motor Construction synchronous motor diagram
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Tesla’s DC Motor Plan
AC motorTesla’s DC Motor Plan