abstrak rural poultry keeping to household food security

8/14/2019 Abstrak Rural Poultry Keeping to Household Food Security

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Rural Poultry Keeping to Household Food Securityand Poverty Reduction in West Sumatra, Indonesia 1)

DR. Rusfidra, S.Pt 2) Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University

Kampus UNAND Limau Manis, Padang, Indonesia, 25163Blog: http://rusfidra.multiply.come-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Indonesia is an agricultural country with a larger number of indigenous domesticfowl. In Indonesia, indigenous poultry have been kept by rural communities for manygenerations. This custom is likely to continue and remain popular in rural areas. The rural

poultry sistem relies on minimal input of resources. Although secondary to otheragricultural activities, rural poultry rearing plays an important role in providing the

population with substantial income and high quality protein. Egg are a source of highquality protein for sick and malnourished children under the age of live. Almost everyrural family keep small flock of indigenous domestic fowl under backyard farmingsystem. Although indigenous poultry are poor producers of eggs and meat, they are hardand thrive well in the harsh rural environment and some varieties have a superior geneticconstitution which has not been fully explored. There is no systematic breeding

programme and closed breeding occurs among indigenous stock. Chicken are probablethe most universal and important of all domesticated animal species as producers of foodhuman consumption. Village chickens play a significant role in household food securityand poverty alleviation. This paper will be elaborating the role rural poultry keeping tohouse hold food security and poverty reduction in West Sumatra, Indonesia.

Key word: rural poultry, food security, poverty alleviation, West Sumatra .

1). Paper presented on Agricultural Congress 2009 in Fakulti Pertanian, UniversitiPertanian Malaysia, 27-29 October 2009.

2). Animal Scientist in Departement of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, AndalasUniversity, West Sumatera Indonesia, 25163.


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Introduction

Indonesian is an agricultural country with a large of number of indigenous

domestic chicken and duck. The livestock subsector in Indonesia has played a significant

role in agricultural development, since it has contributed 11% to the agricultural sector

and 1.9 % to the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2001 (Utoyo, 2002).

Although there are a substantial number of poultry farms with exotic breeds, poultry

keeping in Indonesian is still predominantly a rural household activity. In 1996,

population of village chickens in Indonesian is 260 million head and increase become

270 million in 1997 (BPS 1997). Village chicken in particular fulfill a wide range

function e.g. the provision of meat and eggs, food for special festivals, chicken for

traditional cerimonies, pest control and petty cash while requiring minimal externalinputs, minimal human attention and causing minimal disruption to the environtment

(Alders et al 1997).

Village chicken also fulfill a range of other function for which it is difficult to assign a

monetary value. They are active in pest, provide manure for biogass, are required for

special festivals and to meet social obligations, they are essenstial for many traditional

ceremonies and traditional treatment of illness control (Alders and Spradbrow 2001).

Indonesian has several breed of native chicken such as Kampung chicken, Pelung,

Kedu, Bangkok, Bekisar, Balenggek chickens, etc. Kampung chicken is the most popular

native chicken kept under traditional conditions for egg and meat production (Yamamoto

et. 1996) and as called indigenous chicken in Indonesian (Mansjoer 1985). Bangkok is

fighting type chicken. Pelung, Bekisar and Balenggek chickens are song fowl type

because they have beautiful song for hobbies. Although a number of improved have been

introduced from foreign countries to improve the economic performance of these native

chickens, the native breeds still account for 62 percent of population of all chickens

reared in Indonesia (Yamamoto et al 1996).Information on the performances of these indigenous poultry would be beneficial

to rural households as well as conservation of indigenous genetic material. This paper

reviews the information available on the village chicken production system In Indonesian

under free range system.


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Table 1 Poultry and poultry products in Indonesian 1997-2000 (DGLS 2001)

1997 1998 1999 2000Village chicken (x10 6) 260 253 252 259

Layer Chicken (x10 6) 70.6 38.9 45.5 69.4Broiler chicken (x10 ) 641 354 324 530

Duck (x10 ) 30.3 25.9 27.5 29.0

Native chicken meat (10 3 tonnes)

314 294 285 265

Layer chicken meat (10 3 tonnes)

48.9 26.2 23.7 25.5

Broiler meat (10 3 tonnes) 512 285 293 515

Native eggs (10 3 tonnes) 123 126 166 139

Layer eggs (10 3 tonnes) 483 266 357 502Duck eggs (10 3 tonnes) 158 136 115 141

Method

This paper reviews the information available on the village chicken production system in

Indonesian under free range system with the refer of develop village chicken in other

developing countries. The management systems of family poultry in Indonesia are

presented with emphasis on bird types, housing, feeding, health and disease control,

marketing and use of poultry products as well as socio-economic aspects.

The Objectives

1. To information about production system village chicken in Indonesian.

2. To describe the main problem at develop of village chicken in Indonesian.

3. To explain that native chicken can be component on integrated farming system

in rural area.

The Ancestor of Kampung Chicken

There are two theories as to whether the jungle fowl is the ancestor of the domestic fowl,

namely the monophyletic origin theory which suggest the red jungle fowl ( Gallus gallus )

as the ancestor, and the polyphyletic origin theory regarding the grey jungle fowl ( Gallus


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sonneratii ), the Ceylonese jungle fowl ( Gallus lavayetti ) and the green jungle fowl

(Gallus varius ) other than the red jungle fowl as the ancestor (Hutt 1949). Two species,

the red and green jungle fowls, still occur in the wild throughout Indonesia. The habitat

of the red jungle fowl is limited to the deep forest, while the green jungle fowl even lives

in bush near cultivated fields as well as in the forest (Nishida et al 1980).

Native chicken breed in Indonesian of probably as fancy fowl such as Kedu

chicken, Pelung chicken, Bekisar chicken, Nunukan chicken, Balenggek chicken and

Kate chicken (Utoyo et a . 1996). Pelung chicken, Balenggek chicken and Bekisar

chicken famous as song fowl because has a beautiful song (crow). Figure 1a and 1b are

Balenggek chicken from West Sumatera, Indonesian.

Figure 1a. Red Balenggek chicken in West Sumatera (Foto Rusfidra 2001)

Figure 1b. White Balenggek chicken in West Sumatera (Foto Rusfidra 2001)


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Current status of village chicken in Indonesian

The growth of the poultry population in Indonesian is shown in Table 2. During period

1969-1997 Indonesia registered the high growth rate in poultry population. In 1997

Indonesian in economic crisis so that alotof poultry farming is collapse.

Table 2 Poultry population in Indonesian 1969-2000 (x 000) (DGLS 2001)

Year Nativechicken

Layer Broiler Duck

1969 61.8 68.8 - 7.3

1974 98.6 3.5 - 13.6

1979 114 7.0 - 18.7

1984 166 29.6 110 24.7

1989 191 40.5 262 24.1

1994 243 63.3 622 27.5

1995 250 68.9 689 29.6

1996 260 78.7 755 29.9

1997 260 70.6 641 30.3

1998 253 38.9 354 25.9

1999 252 45.5 324 27.6

2000 259 69.7 530 29.0

Economic importance of village chicken

The traditional system of poultry keeping is still considered quite efficient in the

rural areas of Indonesia. Capital and labour inputs are extremely low and the cost of

production per eggs or per kg of bird are very small. Indigenous domestic fowl fetch a

price two to three times more than that of commercial broilers (Barua and Yoshimura

1997). As well as providing a side income for the farmer from the sale of eggs and bird

there are also other indirect benefits. An average of 10-15 layers per household can

supplay cheaps eggs and meat to provide an adequate level of animal protein in the

familys diet. Domestic fowl and duck also serve as an efficient waste disposal system

converting every left over grain into valuable protein for the owner. Kitchen scraps such


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as rice, bread and other feedstuffs can be utilized to produce eggs and meat instead of

being wasted. At the same time, 15 adult fowl produce about 1.0-1.2 kg of manure per

day (Aini 1990) which is a valuable fertilizer for the friut trees and vegetable in

homestead areas, and encourages the development of earth worms in the soil. When

poultry are allowed to range freely, these owrms, together with termites and other insects,

form an additional source of feed for the poultry. By grazing young grasses and other

vegetation, they are also useful in the control of weed (Barua and Yoshimura 1997).

Poultry are an important component in an integrated farming system in rural areas. In

Table 3 shown comparative rearing village chicken and commercial chicken.

The village chicken have unique position in the rural household economy, as

supplier of high quality protein to the family food security, in addition to their social and

cultural roles in the daily life of the society. The objectives keeping village chicken werereported as being for sale (26.6 percent), sacrifice (healing cerimonies) (25.0 percent),

reproduction (20.3 percent) and home comsumption (19.5 percent) (Dessie 1999).

Management systems

Rural family chicken or village chicken or indigenous chickens are always associated

with free range backyard or at most semi intensive system of management (Aini 1999).

Generally, poultry are kept by the farmer in the rural areas under a free range and backyard system. The free range system, which in some cases is known as traditional

or village system is most popular in rural areas. During the day time, fowl and duck are

let out to scavenging freely and at night the usually return to their sheds. The sheds are

usually constructed of materials that are easily available in the area, walls are made of

bamboo, wooden planks or earth, and roof of palm. Indigenous domestic chicken is

usually fed once or twice aday in the morning and evening with kitchen waste such as

rice, vegetables waste, leftover raw fish, rice husk, rice brand, etc.

The backyard farming system, which is called the family or subsistence is

practised by some farmers. In the backyard system bird spend the night in constructed

shelters with water and supplementary grain generally being provided. Rural poultry

rearing extremely cost effective enterprise for the farm because there is little or no

financial input.


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In Indonesian, village chickens is rearing on backyard farming system in Indonesia rural

areas, because this system most popular in rural areas (Gueye 1998).

Tabel 3. Comparison of village and commercial chicken(Alders and Spradbrow 2001)

Feature Village Chickens Commercial chickens

Labour inputs Minimal ConsiderableHousing Trees: chicken house of

local material; inexpensiveChicken unit using conventionalmaterials; expensive

Nutrition Scavenging feed resources base, left over food, cereals,no supplement; inexpensive

Balanced commercial ration;expensive

Water Well water; used water,natural sources

Clean water supply essential

Production Low; could improve with better nutrition, diseasecontrol and shelter from

predators

High; but require a high level ofinputs

Meat quality Little fat; pleasant flavour; preferred texture

More fat; less flavour; poorertexture

Adaptability Good: good flight skills,more likely to escape

predators, can scavenge forown food

Limited: poor flight skills, easilycaught by predators, less skilledas scavenging

Veterinary Input None, occasionalvaccinations

Control of many viral, bacterialand parasitic desease essentialfor efficient production

Environtmentalimpact

Minimal: can be positivethrough provision oforganic fertiliser and pestcontrol

Negative: intensive productionof cereals for rations; occasionalimproper use of antibiotics,excess ammonia production

Farming system Complex: integrated systeminvolving enxtensive cropand livestock production

Usually single enterprise,intensive

Genetic diversity Ekstensive Limited


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Figure 2 Village chicken production system: factors affecting system output atdifferent levels (Kitalyi 1998).

ND : Main Constraint in Development of Village Chicken

In free range poultry keeping disease is the main constraint in the production of

indigenous fowl (Aini 1990); however, its control is very difficult. The commonly

observed disease are New Castel Disease, coccidiosis, fowl cholera. ND Virus can be

mortality until 100 % in unprotected flocks. Outbreaks of ND unpredictable and

discourage villagers from paying proper attention to the husbandry and welfare of their

chickens (Alders and Spradbrown 2001). In Indonesian, ND is called Tetelo desease

(Javanese) and Akuak desease (Minangnese). The problem of disease in village chickenis compounded by the interactions of different entities that are of significant importance

to disease epidemiology (Figure 2) (Kitalyi 1998).


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Figure 3 Village chicken production system: entities of importance in diseaseepidemiology (Kitalyi 1998)

ND has been labelled as the most important viral desease of poultry in the world

and is particularly serious in the South-east Asian countries. This is due to the presence of

velogenic strain of the virus in the region. The effect is devastating in village chickenwhere vaccination is rarely practised, often destroying the entire chicken population.

Appropriate vaccination programme, suitable vaccine strains, interval between

vaccination and efficient route of vaccination should be established to ensure the success

of village chicken production (Aini 1999).


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Gender aspect of village chicken production

Gender is defined as the socially determined differences between women asn men, as

opposed to word sex which denotes phisycal. Gender differences are historically

determined, cultural spesific and dynamic.

In traditional village poultry production system, we need to learn who does what and then

help them do it better (Alders and Spradbrow 2001). Women and children play a key

role important in their management (Kitalyi 1998). Until now, not yet data about gender

aspect in management village chickens in Indonesia. Table 4 shows disaggregation of

tasks associated with village poultry production in Cambodia.

Tabel 4. Disaggregation by gender and age of task associated with villagechicken production in Cambodia (Alders dan Spradbrow 2001)

Task Man Woman Boy GirlFeeding in chickens X X XConstruction of chicken house XCatching chickens X XWho should be informed about theneed to catch chicken

X

Selling chickens XDeciding when to sell chickens X X

Deciding whether to vaccinatechickens X X

Deciding when to eat chickens X XEating chicken X XEating eggs X (rarely) X (rarely)

Conclusion

In Indonesia, the village chicken rearing plays an important role in providing the

rural population with a substantial income and high quality protein. However, the

production of these birds is characterized by many advantages such as good egg and meat

flavour, hard egg shells, high dressing percentages, and especially low cost with little

special care required for production. However, efforts to increase productivity through


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improvement in health, feeding, housing, genetic and daily management should be

encouraged as they will.

Improvements in areas of breeding, feeding, housing, health and disease control

as well as in marketing and processing of poultry products have been introduced in

Indonesia. However, currently more than 62% of the family poultry population are the

village chicken types kept on low-input low-output production system.

References

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Aini I 1999 . Desease in rural family chickens in South-east Asia. In Proceeding The First

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Alders R G, Fringe R and Mata B 1997 . Village chicken production in Bilene Distric,Mozambigue: Current practises and problems. In Proceeding IFPD Workshop, MBour,Senegal, December, 9-13, 1997.

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Badan Pusat Statistik. 1997 . Statistik Indonesia 1997. Jakarta: BPS 1997.

Barua A and Yoshimura Y 1997 . Poultry keeping in Bangladesh. World PoultrySciences Journal 53: 387-394.

Dessie T 1999 . Studies on village poultry production systems in the highland of Ethiopia.In Proceeding The First INFPD / FAO Electronic Conference on Family Poultry.http://www.fao.org.WAICENT/ FAO/AGRICULT/AGA/ AGAP/lps/fampo.htm.

Directorate General of Livestock Services 2001 . Statistical Book of Animal.Department of Agricultural. Jakarta.

Gueye E H F 1998 . Village egg and fowl meat production in Africa. World SciencesJournal. 54: 73-86

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abstrak rural poultry keeping to household food security

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