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Capstone Project D/HD Presentation Day Draft Only

1

Faculty of Engineering

And Information Technology

ABSTRACTS

CAPSTONE PROJECT PRESENTATIONS

Spring Semester 2013

Broadway Campus

28th

& 29th

November 2013


2

Numerical Investigation of Evolving Synthetic Jets in Laminar Separating Boundary -

(12cp)

Nigel Abernethy - A13-296

Supervisor: Guang Hong

Assessor: Phuoc Huynh

Major: Mechanical Engineering Major BE and BEDipEngPrac

Prior work has developed a three dimensional computational model of a flow field interacting

with a micro synthetic jet actuator (SJA) and laminar separation bubble. The large eddy

simulation (LES) reduction of the Navier-Stokes equations was adopted to model the fluid flow.

The LSB was invoked with the use of an adverse pressure gradient downstream of the SJA. The

model was developed to reflect prior experimental work conducted in a wind tunnel and shows

results that are consistent.

A study was conducted to examine the development of the vortices induced in the flow field by

the SJA in the region between the SJA and the onset of the LSB region. Previous work has

shown the effectiveness of the SJA is largely dependent on the forcing frequency of the SJA. In

this study various forcing frequencies where examined the area of LSB that remained intact

downstream of the LSB was measured and used to determine the most effective frequency.

Once the most effective forcing frequencies where identified the vortex growth was examined

via a number of methods. Vortex centerlines have been extracted from the fluid flow, along

with vector maps of the fluid flow and plots of boundary layer momentum and displacement

thickness.

Results show that vortices induced immediately downstream of the SJA are quickly damped,

however these early vortices induce secondary vortices in the fluid flow which interfere with the

development of the LSB. Quantitative analysis of the induced vortice strength and development

has been challenging.


3

Blind Spot Detection System for the Application in Motorcycles Using Ultrasonic

Technology - (12cp)

Lukas Affolter - A13-100

Supervisor: Zenon Chaczko

Assessor: John Dartnall

Major: Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering Major BE and BEDipEngPrac

As fuel costs continue to rise more people are moving towards using motorbikes and bicycles

due to their fuel efficiency. This demands that more technology be developed to aid riders, as

has occurred in motor vehicles. This helps reduce deaths and serious injury making it safer for

the public to ride.

This project presents a simple solution to aid riders with the supervision of their blind spots,

without the need to take their eyes off the road to glance down at mirrors. The system works by

polling a range of sensors, primarily an ultrasonic rangefinder. The rangefinder works by

producing a high frequency sound wave that is echoed back to the device to detect and monitor

distances to other vehicles encroaching into the rider‟s lane.

The data received from the sensors by the device provides extra information that increases

awareness of the environment and surroundings, providing a safer journey. This data is analysed

by a microprocessor, which in turn acts upon algorithms, to determine what information is to be

displayed and in what manner. Finally the microprocessor communicates with the rider in the

form of lights, vibrating motors and also sounds to warn of changes in the rider‟s immediate

environment.

The device was tested and showed that the extra information received improved the rider‟s

awareness to the surrounding environment, overall improving the safety of the ride. The data

provided from the sensors successfully aided the rider without too much hindrance and in a non-

intrusive fashion, allowing the data to be absorbed.

Future development focuses on the full rider experience, with an emphasis on the Rider Body

Area Network (RBAN), that will store and record all information gathered. The RBAN will

assist in decisions made by the microprocessor, increasing the data gathered to make a more

informed decision.


4

Control of a Grid-Connected Micro-Grid to Maintain Local Power Quality and Reduce

Effects of Renewable Generation Intermittency - (12cp)

Oscar Aitchison - A13-157

Supervisor: Jianguo Zhu

Assessor: Li Li

Major: Electrical Engineering Major BE and BEDipEngPrac

As the viability of distributed, renewable generation grows, we begin to see on the horizon a

significant change in the way we get our electrical energy. Rather than energy being generated

in large quantities from fossil fuel power plants and from there flowing down to the consumer,

in recent years a new model has been proposed where energy is both generated and used locally.

This concept is called the micro-grid. A micro-grid can be defined as a grouping of related loads

and sources (usually with some energy storage capability) that can be either wholly independent

of or supported by the larger distribution grid. The advantages of using this distributed approach

are many, however there is still far from a consensus as to the most efficient and viable way to

implement such a system.

This project proposes a model for the simulation and control of a “typical” grid-connected

micro-grid using PID control in a MATLAB/Simulink environment. The aim of this control is

to locally maintain power quality as well as optimise the interplay of renewable generation (PV,

wind) and energy storage modules. The project shows how this optimisation can result in a less

volatile load profile for the micro-grid as seen by the larger grid, which has many potential

benefits including increased stability and efficiency, possibly leading to a deferral or reduced

need for investment in distribution infrastructure in that area.

The project investigates a number of different electrical topologies and assesses their impacts on

efficiency and controllability. The viability of the proposed micro-grid (with control) in

currently existing NSW distribution infrastructure is also investigated. Finally the project

verifies the real world validity of the control algorithms developed in a simulation environment

by implementation in a micro-grid test bed facility run by the CSIRO Energy Centre in

Newcastle, NSW.


5

Effect of Carbon Content, Strain and Heat Treatments on Corrosion Resistance of Steel in

Concrete (12cp)

Nicholas James Allan - A13-315

Supervisor: Kirk Vessalas

Assessor: Robert McLaughlan

Major: Civil Engineering

Steel is widely used in the construction industry as a reinforcing component in concrete to

provide enhanced tensile and flexural strength. Corrosion of steel continues to be a major

problem for industry with the CSIRO indicating the cost of corrosion in Australia lies

somewhere between 2 and 5% of GDP annually. To date most research in the area has assessed

the effects of external factors such as environmental conditions and how they influence the

corrosion of steel embedded in concrete. This report reviews the effects of carbon content in

composition, forming processes during manufacture and heat treatments to ascertain the effects

of internal factors on the rate of corrosion initiation and propagation.

Extensive literature review investigating the effects of carbon content, elasto-plastic strain and

heat treatments found that all three have a significant impact on the observed rates of corrosion.

The results of strain hardening processes were particularly compelling, finding that strain

induced martensite formation was a major factor influencing the rate of corrosion. As an

extension to this it was also found that various heat treatments which produced different

microstructures also had a noticeable effect on corrosion. Different morphologies were found to

produce varying numbers of anodic zones on the surface which further contributed to the rate of

corrosion.


6

Renewable Energy - (12cp)

Mohammed Alotaishan - S13-060

Supervisor: Jafar Madadnia

Assessor: Khaled Chahine


This thesis investigates the planned 12kW Straight Bladed Vertical Axis wind turbine for

Broadway Building (Building 11) that is still under construction. UTS purpose of installing this

wind turbine is to reduce the greenhouse emissions produced from the use of non-renewable

source of energy such as the grid. The greenhouse gases are harmful to our environment and

UTS is planning to reduce its grid use for electricity. Moreover, UTS target for Broadway

Building is to have a green star rating of at least 5 stars.

The wind turbine works on generating electricity from wind energy by converting wind energy

to Kinetic energy, which is absolutely environmentally friendly. In this thesis the VAWT is

analyzed in terms of its performance associated with Sydney wind speeds. The shortcomings of

this wind turbine are assessed and alternative design is proposed. However, there are some

concerns regarding the wind speeds in Sydney that are not sufficient for this VAWT to reach its

optimum electricity generation. As compared to horizontal axis wind turbines, the traditional

Straight Bladed Vertical Wind Turbine has shortcomings, which include poor start-up

performance, complex pitch control system and high cost. In addition, they have low utilization

of wind power due to their incapability to adjust the blade pitch angle for optimal operation.

These drawbacks limit their use in the wind power generation. To solve this shortcoming, this

thesis has proposed working solutions, specifically a magnetically suspended self-pitch SB-

VAWT. Compared to other wind turbines, the magnetic suspended self-pitch SB-VAWT

improves the overall utilization of wind power, the overall efficiency, and reduces the

production and maintenance cost. This wind turbine can also start by itself. This thesis begins

by introducing wind turbines in the first section. The second section provides literature on the

SB-VAWT and discusses the basic principle involved in magnetic suspension and self-pitch in a

SB-VAWT. Lastly, the analysis of the planned SB-VAWT for Broadway Building Is discussed

and a different design SB-VAWT is proposed.


7

The Investigation of Passive Realkalisation of Carbonated Concrete in Reinforced

Concrete Bridge Structures - (12cp)

Dinith Amarasinghe - A13-172

Supervisor: Shami Nejadi

Assessor: Anne Gardner

Major: Civil Engineering Major BE and BEDipEngPrac

The corrosion of steel reinforcement due to carbonated concrete is a major issue that affects the

durability of a reinforced concrete bridge structure. It is a major concern to asset managers since

this form of premature deterioration can lead to major consequences such as severe structure

failure. This results in expensive repairs or premature decommissioning of the bridge structural.

Because of the severe implications that arise from this common form of premature deterioration,

solutions to mitigate corrosion damage must be found and implemented.

Once corrosion attack has started, it is imperative to apply preventative maintenance by using

available technology to mitigate the effect of corrosion attack so that it prevents further

deterioration of a bridge structure. Such technologies include migratory corrosion inhibiters,

cathodic protecting, protective coatings, chloride extraction and realkalisation. Of all the

available options available for the discontinuing of corrosion attack, passive realkalisation is the

most cost-effective solution, as it is cheap to produce and easy to apply. If proven effective,

passive realkalisation can be used on a much larger scale.

This project investigates and examines the performance of passive realkalisation used to inhibit

further deterioration from corrosion attack. Products have failed in the past due to its inability to

penetrate the concrete surface and reach the steel reinforcement. Two different passive

realkalisation products have been trialed: Xypex, and Penkal. Penkal uses a different approach

to other available coatings by incorporating hygroscopic materials to help the penetration of the

product. These two products have been applied on a reinforced bridge culvert located in

Sydney, New South Wales. The results from the first trial showed that there were no substantial

increases in the alkalinity of the carbonated concrete using the Xypex material. However the

Penkal paints were able to penetrate the full depth of the carbonated concrete. Two further trials

were completed testing the Penkal product. Promising results were obtained, indicating the

potential in restoring the alkalinity of reinforced concrete bridges and preventing further

corrosion damage. Therefore, there is a potential and promise to use passive realkalisation as a

lost-cost, yet very effective solution for combating carbonated induced corrosion.


8

Development of Engineered Bamboo Methods and the Long Term Effect of Humidity -

(12cp)

Steven Anboussi - A13-173

Supervisor: Rijun Shrestha

Assessor: Emre Erkmen


Extensive of natural resources from the industrial revolution and expanding populous had led to

the growing emphasis of the construction industry to incorporate sustainable materials. The „hot

topic‟ of sustainability drives construction industry to move towards a more environmentally

sustainable practice. The environmental impact that the construction life cycle generates from

the consumption of resources and energy, construction, operation and demolition is significant.

Selection of sustainable source of construction material such as timber is highly considered

within the industry due to its environmental beneficial properties. It possesses low embodied

energy in comparison to other construction materials, renewable and effective for carbon

storage, however, the major concern is that the supply is dwindling.

Considering these issues has led the industry leaders and researchers to embark and research

into use of new materials. Bamboo is one such material that could resolve these issues facing

the construction industry. Its properties are comparable to that of timber, and a tensile strength

which is similar to mild steel. The period of time for bamboo to reach maturity is approximately

eight times faster than that of timber and can act as a carbon sink. However, its current position

is that it is only used in minor construction and properties can be highly irregular from species

to species.

This paper explores a low cost production method of „engineered bamboo‟ that can be

implemented for structural use and tested so that it can be analogized between other

construction materials. The aim of the engineered bamboo beam is to overcome the

unfavourable characteristics of bamboo and reduce the variability in its structural properties.

Moreover, the paper examines the long term effects of humidity on engineered bamboo.


9

Musculoskeletal Model for Seated Position - (12cp)

Marcelo Araya - A13-276

Supervisor: Jin Chen Ji

Assessor: Terry Brown


This was an industry based project presented to the University of Technology Sydney by Futuris

which is a leading automotive interior manufacture and design company for many well known

worldwide companies such as GM Holden, Ford, Toyota, Tesla and Chery.

Futuris was looking to develop a musculoskeletal model to quantitatively evaluate interaction of

a given seat geometry and the virtual passenger for a number of dynamic seating scenarios in a

passenger car, which should also be used to calculate the optimum seating position of the user.

As the company does not have any model to analyse the musculoskeletal system at present, it

was advised that the project be approached with a clean slate and an open mind. This document

takes a practical and theoretical approach and is written for someone that has little or close to no

experience with digital human models and analysing seating positions. It is written to simulate a

process flow, starting off with basic information about human modeling and the components

that make human digital simulation such a viable technology to gain the information needed for

the project. Then continuing into more specific and detailed instructions on how the software

has been used in conjunction with theoretical science to gain accurate results.

One of the main goals of this project was to build towards developing a practical product that

could one day be used by customers to customize their personal optimum seating position for

their specific body dimensions and automotive type. The way this was approached was to show

how a mobile phone application could be developed from the model to find the users optimum

seating position.


10

Low Cost Actively Controlled Passive Exoskeleton – Feasibility and Control - (12cp)

Mark Armin-Grimm - A13-241

Supervisor: Dikai Liu

Assessor: TBA (Kenneth Waldron not avail)


Worldwide, millions of people suffer strokes every year and hundreds of thousands of people

live with neuromuscular conditions. Treatment of these conditions relies heavily on physical

therapy. There is a very real need in society to supplement the work of physical therapists while

maintaining the exactness of their prescription in and away from the clinic or hospital.

Rehabilitation robotics is an emerging technology the addresses this problem, exploiting

technology from a variety of other fields such as industrial robotics and aeronautical

engineering. Robotic exoskeletons are becoming very popular as a tool for rehabilitation by

providing assistance to weakened muscles or path guidance for daily tasks. Resistance training

is also prevalent in successful treatment of stroke patients and its suitability for treatment of

neuromuscular disorders is being researched extensively, which provides an alternate approach

to assistive rehabilitation. However, placing the human directly in contact with the robot poses

significant risk, which along with the high costs associated, inhibits the adoption and access to

these devices.

Traditionally robotic exoskeletons have been passive, mechanical with no control, or active,

using motors to apply torque at the joints. Development of an actively controlled passive

exoskeleton, with brakes to apply a resistive torque, addresses a divide between the two

traditional approaches. Implementing a braking system on the joints enables a resistance as

needed paradigm and, without powered mechanisms that may cause injury, it would be

inherently safe. Also, using low cost components would make the exoskeleton more accessible

however, generally denotes poor functionality that needs to be addressed.

This thesis aims to investigate the feasibility of a low cost, actively controlled passive

exoskeleton through development and testing of a control system applied to an existing

exoskeleton. Filtering tools and kinematic relationships are examined and a system model is

produced to describe both the control and the exoskeleton. Robot visualisation is established in

a Robot Operating System (ROS) framework. A prototype system that communicates with a

musculoskeletal model, and uses only two Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors, is

developed. And finally through testing and experiments, recommendations for future

embodiments of the exoskeleton are presented


11

Development of a Sustainable Wastewater Treatment Plant System Using Microbial Fuel

Cell Technology to Produce Green Energy Hydrogen from Wastewater - (12cp)

Gerald Atanacio - S13-017

Supervisor: Huu Hao Ngo

Assessor: Wenshan Guo


The depletion of non-renewable resources is a growing concern due to its contribution to

climate change and global warming. To meet global energy requirements, sustainable

technologies and practices must supplement energy demand.

Sensible water usage, and diversification of sources, is instrumental in managing and securing

adequate water supplies. Wastewater treatment is one method of alleviating the pressure placed

on these supplies. Achieving sustainability maintains treatment productivity without consuming

non-renewable resources.

The purpose of this project is to demonstrate that municipal wastewater can be a renewable

resource for the production of electricity via biohydrogen. The main objective is to recycle

biologically-produced hydrogen, and electricity, to supplement the electrical energy

requirements of a wastewater treatment plant. The aim will be to develop a successful system

design based on a theoretical Australian community of 10,000, with an annual plant demand of

50kWh/person. The results indicate the resource-potential of waste biomass to act as the

resource which fuels a sustainable wastewater treatment system. In doing so, promotes the

viability of the technology for the Australian Government to enact policies for the regulation of

hydrogen technologies. Design success will stimulate investment in hydrogen technologies, as a

renewable clean energy source, for advancement and implementation into additional sectors.

This project makes recommendation to water utilities for the adoption of a sustainable

wastewater treatment system through a five-stage transition to full sustainability. The transition

will investigate the feasibility of progressing from partial energy dependence on a single

technology, to the subsequent long-term upgrade to multiple technologies for complete

sustenance. These technologies include Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC), Microbial Electrolysis

Cells (MEC), Hydrogen Fuel Cells, and Two-Stage Fermentation.

The system design was analysed with respect to environmental and economic factors, in line

with sustainability objectives, while also evaluating the efficiency and communal acceptance of

the implemented design.


12

Developing a Computer Program for Design of Anchored Walls Incorporating the Global

Factor of Safety and the Partial Factors of Safety Abiding the Australian Standards –

(12cp)

Ye Aung - A13-294

Supervisor: Hadi Khabbaz

Assessor: Behzad Fatahi


The major intention of this research is to develop a computer program using MATLAB software

to continue working on the design of Anchored Sheet-Pile structures, by incorporating both

Global Factor of Safety (GFS) method and Partial Factor of Safety (PFS) method, abiding AS

4678-2002.

Nowadays, Anchored structures are becoming more and more popular in the construction of the

foundations of earth-supported and earth-retaining structures. The major reason for employing

anchors in construction is to transmit the outwardly-directed load to the soil at a greater depth

and/or farther away from the structure. Due to its increase in application in recent years, it

would be useful to develop a versatile MATLAB model for the evaluation of the factor of safety

of the Anchored Sheet-pile structures.

The developed MATLAB model is aimed to determine the following features:

➢ Depth of embedment

➢ Total wall height for the determination of amount of material required

➢ The length of Anchor

➢ The Anchor force

➢ Maximum moment acting on the sheet-pile wall

The two most popular methods, i.e. GFS and PFS methods, are used to determine the factor of

safety of the Anchored structures. Moreover, comparisons are also made between these two

methods to ensure the optimum solution depending on the designer‟s interest and the design

requirements.

The accuracy, speed and versatility are the major priorities associated with the MATLAB

model. Several design scenarios are available in order to increase the usefulness and enhance

the versatility of the model. The design outcomes generated by the MATLAB model are also

validated by the hand-written calculations and other engineering software, named PLAXIS.

This developed MATLAB model will also provide a strong framework for further

developments.


13

High Percent Cement Replacement in High Strength Concrete - (12cp)

Gavin Baracz - A13-175

Supervisor: Ravi Ravindrarajah

Assessor: Vute Sirivivatnanon


The construction industry is always looking for new and innovative ways to reduce the costs of

construction materials. In a world where the most used construction material is concrete, it is

only logical to investigate new types of concrete in the attempt to reduce costs. In recent years

supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) have been introduced to reduce the amount of

cement in each concrete mix which has two main benefits to the mix design. The first is that

SCM‟s are from industrial waste materials and thus cost less than cement, the second is that

cement has a harsh impact on the environment, and by using SCM‟s the impact of the

environment is reduced.

The two most popular SCM‟s are Fly Ash and Silica Fume. Fly Ash has been introduced into

most concrete mixtures, in order to fulfill the two major benefits noted previously and Silica

Fume is an admixture which is used in high strength concrete to boost the strength. However

Silica Fume has to be imported to NSW, which significantly increases the price. Thus the aim of

this project is to investigate the effect of silica fume and hydrated lime addition on the

engineering properties of concrete containing high-fineness fly ash.

Through a series of standard tests for the hardened concrete, the effects of these two materials

were quantitatively assessed and compared. The results showed that the Hydrated Lime did not

have as strong of an influence on the strength of concrete, as Silica Fume, although it did

increase the strength of concrete mix with Fly Ash. Thus depending on the desired strength of

concrete required, hydrated lime could be used as a cheaper alternative to Silica Fume.


14

Detection and Monitoring of Events in Remote Areas via an Easily Deployed Ad Hoc

Wireless Network (12cp)

Mark Best - A13-087



Major: Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering

Objective: To monitor a remote area, that lacks commercial network and communication

services, using easily deployed, low power, self-healing, mesh nodes and present the

information at a control position that can log, monitor and display activity and also forward on

any activity that falls within a pre-defined „alarm‟ condition. To achieve this project in the

timeframe an additional requirement is to identify and use, where appropriate, suitable

Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) items.

Existing systems are not directly suitable for the required task. Current commercial „burglar‟

style systems are targeted toward small residential/business installations. They have proprietary

communications protocols, are not suitable for modification/customization and they forward

alarms onto contracted monitoring groups via conventional network/communication services.

This project looks at creating a small wireless mesh system with low power requirements and is

able to „self heal‟ any failed link paths as well as to forward information to a central monitoring

point. That monitoring point can log, filter and display events to determine if an alarm condition

exists and then forward valid alarms via SMS or email.

The project contains a number of major subcomponents. Some of these are COTS and

integrated into the desired solution, or developed as a unique and integral part of the project.

Additionally, open source applications are used in the normal operation of the Project. The

COTS components include a reliable long range wireless mesh system, Battery Charging

Circuit, Wireless Charging circuit, RFID tag, IP68 connectors, model micro-servos, Lithium

Polymer batteries, Beagle Bone Black Linux embedded controller, Netgear wireless router and

ADSL modem and RFID card reader. Unique developed components include Microcontroller

for Node device using a PIC 18F67K22, Custom enclosures to house the Node device items,

sensor enclosures, Web based display of event data and custom storage for the system in a

Pelican Case.


15

Composite Action and Fire Performance of Bondek Slabs (12cp)

Ryan Bonakey - A13-167


Assessor: Anne Gardener


The project focuses on the behavior of composite slabs consisting of concrete and structural

steel sheeting. The nominated steel sheeting product to be analysed in this thesis is Bondek®, a

commercial permanent ribbed formwork system manufactured by Lysaght. The ultimate aim of

the project is to investigate how these structures perform as a single composite element under

applied loading and elevated temperatures (similar to that expected in a fire).

The literature review is largely composed of publications on Bondek formwork which have

been released by Lysaght, as well as Australian and European standards necessary for the

design of these structures. The background information provided includes; an introduction to

Lysaght Bondek, the construction process for Bondek slabs, and the design procedure for the

ultimate strength (bending and shear), serviceability (deflection and crack control) and fire limit

states. Ultimately, this thesis compiles all relevant information for design and construction, and

can be used as a guide for those working in the industry.

The research component of the project primarily involves finite element modeling of

cantilevered and simply supported composite structures under a variety of different loading

scenarios. The most significant data extrapolated from these models include deflections,

bending and shear stresses, and thermal stresses. In many of the case studies, the model is

duplicated and one variable is changed (e.g. Bondek sheeting thickness, applied load, applied

temperature), to allow for a comparison between the models and plot relationships between

these variables. The finite element software used for this project is ANSYS Mechanical APDL

14.5, and Lysaght Bondek Software is used to compute the design of the slabs.


16

Investigation of a Design Connection for a Novel Timber Grid Shell - (12cp)

Stephanie Borgonia - A13-176


Assessor: Ali Saleh

Major: Civil and Environmental Engineering Major BE and BEDipEngPrac

Grid shells structures are increasingly being adopted due to the structural capabilities of the

individualized designed connections to serve both as a structural component and aesthetic

façade. The dissimilar nature of these connections stresses the need to conduct structural

analysis and experimental testing in order to investigate capacity of any newly designed

connections.

The form finding processes discussed in the paper aims to investigate the capacity of the design

connection by examining the structural behaviour of the elements and connections as well as its

geometry through validations of the results obtained from the theoretical analysis, finite element

analysis and joint failure mode testing.

The project solitary investigate the „non flared‟ geometry of the end drill connection, where the

outcome of this simplified connection can be extrapolated to develop an understanding of the

capacity of the more complex, flared connection with more confidence than transferring results

from one test of a specific node to another. The connection failure modes were determined

through theoretical computation in accordance to the Australian Standard 1649 and 1720 and

British Standard EN 26891, which yielded the magnitude of forces the connection could

transmit. Evaluation of these results requires estimations of various load cases, which was then

applied in the finite element model of the structure, and results were compared with the outputs

of shear and withdrawal joint testing.


17

Investigation on the Performance of Web Stiffeners in Portal Frame - (12cp)

Matthew Broom - A13-136

Supervisor: Emre Erkmen

Assessor: Ali Saleh


As part of this capstone report, various models are produced and analysed using finite element

analysis software in order to investigate the effect and relationship that web stiffeners placed

around joints possess in relation to the critical buckling load capacity of those portal frame

structures. The models that will be tested in this report will include both stand-alone portal

frames with various web stiffener setups along with multiple portal frames braced together in

various styles using basic bracing members.

This thesis will also include some research on web stiffeners placed elsewhere in portal frames,

such as intermediately spaced, so as to determine other optimal positions for their placement

and the possible improvements that can be gained through their use. Some investigation of

frame efficiency and performance will also be carried out based on a specific method.

Based on the results obtained in this report, a list of recommendations has been made in regards

to the use of web stiffeners and some recommendations on bracing of portal frames.


18

Feasibility Study on BIPV System at UTS Building 11 - (12cp)

Abdulrahman Bugshan - S13-058

Supervisor: Jafar Madadnia

Assessor: Khaled Chahine


This project presents a feasibility study on a planned Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system that will

be installed at University of Technology, Sydney newest building (Building 11) and its

improvements. A solar photovoltaic system is a renewable source of electricity generation done

in an environmentally sustainable manner that reduces the carbon dioxide emissions, which will

have negative impacts in the environment future. Due to its nature this electricity not only can

be used for building‟s own consumption, but also for the purpose of feeding in to the electricity

grid and aiding in reduction of the dependence on the classical/non-renewable energy source(s)

for the local electrical consumers.

Firstly, this project first analyzes the proposed Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system for various

parameters such as System configuration, Optimum tilt angle of the PV modules, Energy yield

per year, Annual energy generation and the economic benefits such as the cost savings and

return on investment (ROI) that the system will provide.

Furthermore, the goal changes to identification of the shortcomings and suggest improvements

that can potentially be implemented in this system. The improvement areas include substituting

the Solar cell material (Polycrystalline to Monocrystalline), altering the PV modules tilt angle,

introduction of a different racking system with tracking options (with horizontal axis rotation

i.e. daily N-S tracking) and change in the generator type (PVT instead of typical Polycrystalline

to Monocrystalline modules) to utilize the heat generated for heating purposes.

Lastly and summarization, the report examines the solar photovoltaic systems - the planned and

proposed - from a technological, economical, sustainability, and social point of views and

provides pathways for its improvement via efficiency, energy and financially wise.


19

Modeling the Unique Qualities of the Valve Amplifier (6cp)

Sam Bucca - S13-135

Supervisor: Ben Rodanski

Assessor: TBA

Major: Electrical Engineering

Being an enthusiast of both music and electronics, I have decided to explore an area where the

two overlap – sound effects and audio manipulation. A range of sound effect applications can be

found commercially as „guitar effects pedals‟ or „stompboxes‟; i.e. signal circuitry that can alter

the electronic signal of an electric guitar to produce different sounds. I have a collection of

many different guitar pedals, each of which, designed to create a unique effect. The question

that I have then asked myself is – How does one design a guitar pedal to model a specific

desired effect?

The specific effect I aim to model is the effect of a signal played through an „over-driven‟ valve

amplifier. The unique sound of the valve amplifier is desirable to guitarists, as it provides a

form of „distortion‟ that many people debate to be more „pleasant‟ than distortion provided from

other sources. The challenge presented is to characterize the non-linearity of the valve amplifier,

i.e. the harmonic content, frequency response, delay characteristics, distortion etc. and to model

this „tube amplifier sound‟ using wave shaping techniques and/or signal processing.

In order to achieve this, a reference valve amplifier is constructed. The frequency and harmonic

analysis of the valve amplifier will be conducted under various test conditions including

variances in input levels and DC biasing in order to push into different regions of operation,

namely, its non-linearity. Given the characteristics of the valve amplifier found, circuitry will be

designed to match this effect and constructed into the standard guitar effect „stompbox‟ fashion.


20

An Investigation into Testing Methods for a Reconfigurable Semi-Active Hydraulically

Interconnected Suspension System (6cp)

Tamás Bykerk - S13-016

Supervisor: Holger Roser

Assessor: Paul Walker

Major: Mechanical

In recent years there has been an increase in developing both fully and semi-active suspension

systems, mainly due to their ability to increase comfort and improve road handling when

compared to a traditional passive suspension. While they seem to be the way of the future, their

complex nature means that they have large power consumptions and high costs associated with

their implementation, making them unviable as a suspension option for the average vehicle.

The reconfigurable semi-active hydraulically interconnected suspension system on which this

project was based has the benefits of these systems, while cutting costs and power usage. This is

achieved through the use of a single motor/pump unit connected to a hydraulic circuit that can

be configured for all road conditions by a central control unit.

Previous work on this project has seen the concept of the reconfigurable hydraulic circuits

validated, but not extensively tested due to time constraints. The goal of this capstone was to

investigate a combination of full and small scale methods for testing the suspension system

while undergoing vehicle body roll, pitch and bounce as well as articulation of the wheels.

Recommendations were made for the most effective method of testing this new system based on

accuracy, time, money and practicality of the proposed solutions. The knowledge gained from

this project will allow the system to be comprehensively tested and prove that it is a viable

alternative to other active and semi-active systems.


21

An Investigation on the Varied Elasticity of the Fluid Chamber Wall and/or Turbine to

Minimise Stresses Exerted on the Blood within an LVAD Pump - (12cp)

Edward Chan - A13-070

Supervisor: Phuoc Huynh

Assessor: Tien Thanh Nguyen

Major: Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering Major BEBBus and BEBSc

There are several Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs) available on the market that varies

in design and surfacing materials. Different manufacturers have their own philosophy on the

surface materials used, but there has always been a general focus on closely mimic the surface

conditions of the natural human blood vessels, and thus limiting the occurrence of haemolysis

(breakdown of blood cells).

This report documents an investigation on the effect of a variety of surface elasticity exhibited

by common surface materials used in contemporary LVADs. The study uses a Fluid-Solid

Interface (FSI) simulation software suite to couple Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFX) with

Mechanical simulation (ANSYS), providing a transient simulation to aid in the understanding of

how wall deformation due to elasticity will have on the Turbulence of the system and Wall

Shear of the pump chamber surface.

The test system is a centrifugal pump design based of a 2012 Jarvik Patent (with a reasonable

estimation made for dimensions). The flow through the pump is driven by an impeller, rotating

at a set rotation per minute, and a pre-set inlet flow to simulate blood circulation. Surface

Coating Materials selected are polished titanium, diamond-like carbon, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl

phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer and polyurethane textured surface.


22

Automation Platform Development for Advanced Manufacturing Students - (12cp)

Andrew Charalambous - A13-178

Supervisor: Sarath Kodagoda

Assessor: Dikai Liu


Rising costs of labour, advancing technologies and increased competitiveness are leading to

increased automation in the manufacturing industry. Hence it is important engineering graduates

are educated in the area of process automation.

The aim of this project is to develop a pick and place automated conveyor platform consisting

of a number of electromechanical and pneumatic devices. The current platform has no

implemented means of control. The client (Carlo Giampietro) requires the system‟s components

to be fully automated to use the platform to educate students at the University of Technology

Sydney studying the subject “Advanced Manufacturing”.

Upon receiving the hardware and software, the appropriate documentation was thoroughly

examined so the control equipment could be integrated with the current system. Then, ladder

logic was developed to automate the components in a particular sequence of operation. Custom

graphics were animated using Visual Basic code to represent the system and enable the operator

to issue commands to the automated sequence.

As a result of the project work, a fully automated system was developed to the satisfaction of

the client. A Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) screen was successfully

linked to the controller to provide an accurate real-time representation of the system. An

effective method of storing characteristics of products that had been processed by the system

was established. The resultant system is flexible enough to allow the future addition of a robotic

arm to sort products processed by the system.

The platform will allow the university to educate its students and demonstrate the significance

of automation in the manufacturing industry over the next several years. The skills developed

by students through working with the platform will provide the fundamental knowledge

required to excel in the process automation industry.


23

Numerical Simulation of Concrete Injected Columns Using Finite Element Considering

Effects of Column Spacing - (12cp)

Raymond Chu - S13-027

Supervisor: Behzad Fatahi

Assessor: Hadi Khabbaz


The need for soil reinforcement in modern construction applications cannot be understated.

Structures with relatively moderate loads typically require improvements to the subgrade. A

considerable amount of research has been invested on the subject of ground improvement, more

recently; research has turned its focus in providing more economical techniques for ground

improvement.

Concrete Injected Columns (CIC) is a cost effective and time efficient technique that replaces

traditional piling methods and is a fairly recent innovation having only been patented in 1990 by

Menard. It is constructed by laterally displacing soil using a rotating hollow auger bit and filling

the cavity with compacted concrete through the hollow section.

The purpose of this capstone is to model a CIC-embedded foundation using finite element

software and to investigate the effects of column spacing within a foundation subgrade. The

objective of this dissertation is to experiment with various column distributions and discuss the

effects it has on bearing capacity and soil stability.

The simulation for this topic will be based on a case study involving the construction of an

approach embankment with CIC installed within the soft soil subgrade. The output from the

simulation indicates that an increase in column spacing results in an increase in both lateral soil

displacement and vertical settlement. A phenomenon occurs where the simulated embankment

experiences rapidly increasing settlement beyond a certain CIC spacing-to-column diameter

ratio. The report will focus particularly on the interaction between the column exterior and the

intermediate soil between columns.

This project provides an understanding of the relationship between column spacing and soil

behavior. In addition, the project opens up the opportunity for further research into developing

an optimal ground improvement solution using CIC-embedded foundations.


24

Utilisation of Fibres in Deep Soil Mixing to Stabilise Soft Soils - (12cp)

Owen Cooke - A13-133




Australia is experiencing a growing population which is placing greater demand for land that is

suitable to be constructed upon. With almost 90% of Australia‟s population residing within

50km from the coastline, this represents a limitation in the availability of suitable land where

coastal regions are prone to problematic conditions, such as soft soils, that are unsuitable and

require ground improvement for future use. In addition to this, the growing population of

Australia also shows a trend in a growing demand for limited resources and the resulting need to

improve efficiency while minimising waste and maximising re-use of resources. One method of

ground improvement common in Australia is Deep Soil Mixing, a means of mixing a

cementitious binder from hollow shafts with paddles, blades and/or augers which is particularly

suitable for clay soils such as those commonly found in coastal regions.

Within this research polypropylene fibres were used in cemented kaolinite soil and tested within

a triaxial machine at effective pressures of 50kPa, 100kPa, 200kPa, 400kPa and 800kPa. The

purpose of this research was to investigate the strength changes of fibre reinforced cemented

kaolinite under confining pressures to represent realistically the scenario of in-situ soil confined

under several metres of earth. In comparison, previous work conducted in this area of study has

predominately been uniaxial testing which does not give a realistic representation.

The results of this project demonstrate that soil strength increases with increases in both fibre

content and confining pressure. The use of fibres when mixing soil at some depth can then

result in requiring less cement, which has significant environmental impacts during production.

Following from this research, the recommendation is that engineers practicing in the field of

ground improvement use polypropylene fibres with Deep Soil Mixing for achieving greater

bearing capacity while also being more environmentally friendly.


25

Hybridisation of Existing Internal Combustion Engines - (12cp)

Edward Cox - A13-164




Pollutant emissions caused by the combustion of fossil based fuels pose significant

environmental challenges for the modern world. A large part of this is attributed to the

manufacture and use of personal transport vehicles. Most vehicles in use around the world are

currently powered by an internal combustion engine (ICE).

Our reliance on ICE technology, and thus the carbon based fuel it requires is substantial. When

a replacement technology is developed, it is not feasible to simply assign existing vehicles to

scrap, as the total energy consumed in a shift to a more efficient car could outweigh the overall

environmental benefits.

This Capstone project focused on investigating the feasibility of repurposing a vehicle‟s ICE for

use in a series hybrid conversion. Rather than scrapping operational vehicles, a conversion kit

has been developed to allow the vehicle to run in full electric mode, with the ICE acting as a

range extender.

A converted vehicle will be driven by an electric motor, primarily supplied with power from

existing electricity grids. The ICE and a newly installed generator will then be able to charge

the batteries when away from a suitable grid connection. The conversion kit was developed to

make use of a redundant Ford Inline 6, 4.0L ICE at UTS. A generating system was designed,

and an electronic throttle body kit developed to aid unattended operation of the ICE

Initial theoretical analysis identified that oil based fuel consumption could be lowered by as

much as 60%, whilst overall emissions could be 3% lower. A cost benefit analysis was also

conducted, and found that if individual component prices fell, a system such as that designed

could be affordably implemented.

The results of this project provide strong evidence to support the re-use of existing internal

combustion engines.


26

Investigation of the Stall Resistance of a RG-15 Aerofoil Section with a KFm-2 Step to

Determine its Suitability for use as a Wing Section for Small UAVs - (12cp)

Matthew Cox - A13-216


Assessor: Vahik Avakian


With the continual development of software and electronics, small UAVs are becoming more

viable replacements for manned flights on dangerous, tedious and expensive missions. Small

UAVs provide a complex aerodynamic problem. Their small size and relatively slower flight

speeds, compared to manned aircraft, combined with the turbulent nature of the air flow close to

the ground, increases the likelihood of the aircraft stalling. As such, the development of new

and innovative means of generating lift, which are less susceptible to stalling, would be

extremely beneficial to small UAV design.

One potential solution is the stepped series of aerofoils designed by Kline and Fogleman. These

aerofoils, popular with some RC model pilots, are claimed to be very stall resistant. Stall

resistance is a desirable property for aircraft operating close to maximum lift, or maximum

angle of attack, as would be expected of a small UAV carrying sensory and communication

equipment.

This thesis aims to determine the validity of these claims by testing a RG-15 aerofoil section

with a KFm-2 step in the low turbulence, closed-loop wind tunnel at UTS. The tests have been

conducted at 4 different Reynolds numbers between Re 28 000 and Re 100 000, which are the

expected operating conditions of a small UAV. A load cell test rig has been used to determine

the maximum angle of attack before the aerofoil stalls as well as the efficiency of the aerofoil.

An unmodified RG-15 aerofoil has been also tested as a control.


27

Embedded Corrosion Monitoring Systems in Reinforced Concrete - 12cp

Jacob Craig - A13-134



Major: Civil Engineering Major BE and BE DipEngPrac

The corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete structures is a major issue facing civil engineers

worldwide. With ageing infrastructure and marine structures highly susceptible to corrosion, the

damage and economic loss that it causes is a huge problem in the modern society. Engineers

and asset owners are in need of an efficient way of monitoring corrosion in their structures so

that preventative measures can be put in place, chloride extractors implemented and minor

repairs be made when necessary before the damage done to a structure causes decommissioning

or even total replacement.

This project involves thorough theoretical research of existing corrosion monitoring systems

with selection of the most beneficial and viable systems for implementation in marine

environments due to my collaboration with the Roads and Maritime Services (RMS) Bridge and

Structural Engineering group as a cadet within their organization. Suitable systems were cast

into two identical concrete blocks and installed in the tidal zone at Ryde Bridge. The systems

were regularly monitored for over a year with measurements analyzed to determine the most

effective system for monitoring steel reinforcement corrosion in concrete. These results and

recommendations were given to Senior RMS Engineers for incorporation into their new and

existing bridges right across New South Wales who have already begun installation of the

suggested system on a number of other bridges.

The outcomes of this study shall be beneficial to the engineering community and building

industry. It will provide asset owners with an early warning system, allowing for intervention to

take place before corrosion of the steel reinforcement occurs and the structural integrity of the

steel is compromised. In turn the service life of the structure shall be prolonged and expensive

rehabilitation efforts will be avoided. Subsequently users will also be provided with structures

that are functional, reliable, cost effective and safe.


28

An Engineering Solution for Effective Water Management in Irrigated Agriculture

through Seepage Reduction - (12cp)

Nathan Crowley - A13-184

Supervisor: Prasanthi Hagare

Assessor: Huu Hao Ngo


Water security is one of the biggest issues facing our nation in the twenty first century.

Australia‟s recent drought from 2002 to 2010 coupled with strong political focus has heightened

society‟s emphasis on water conservation. This report addresses the importance of improved

water management strategies in irrigated agriculture through seepage mitigation.

Canal lining is one way of reducing water loss in irrigation areas and is the focus of this report.

The main benefits that seepage reduction through canal lining provides are; lower water table

preventing waterlogging and salinisation, more water reaching the farm and increased water

availability for environmental flows. The report contains a critical literature review on problems

faced in irrigation districts, management strategies and seepage reduction techniques.

The extent of seepage in Australia is analysed through a case study of one of Australia‟s largest

irrigation areas, the MIA. The report presents the framework used to assess the extent of

seepage in the study area which is undertaken using Geographic Information Systems. This

framework sets the basis for future work in this field and offers a broad scale approach to

seepage assessment. Data available from the Australian Soil Resource Information System used

in the case study is assessed for its suitability in regional scale analysis of seepage.

Seepage mitigation options have been proposed and an investigation into the application of

geosynthetic clay lining in the case study area is detailed in the report.

The report offers final recommendations on seepage management in irrigation areas through

proposed methods outlining the environmental, social and economic benefits.


29

Development and Commercialisation of Passive and Semi-Active Hydraulically

Interconnected Suspension - (12cp)

Adam Davies - A13-093

Supervisor: Nong Zhang



In recent years, the sales of so-called Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs) have risen dramatically.

However, with their higher centre of gravity, these vehicles are more susceptible to roll-over

incidents then regular cars. Hydraulically Interconnected Suspension (HIS) offers a superior

way to tackle body roll without affecting wheel articulation. As well, it offers other potential

applications to improve on current dynamic and comfort characteristics in automotive vehicles.

UTS is currently in possession of a validated HIS system. As well, HIS has been variously

implemented in isolated instances by Toyota, Nissan and Audi. This project aims to progress

the system possessed by UTS toward mainstream implementation by clearing the various

roadblocks preventing the system being fitted to vehicles on a commercial scale.

This involved investigations into Australian Design Rules (ADR) requirements, separating

design responsibilities and product range rationalisation. After the commercially viable product

ideas were identified, the HIS systems themselves were designed and their components

specified as required.

The ADR investigation determined that the most critical requirement for sale in Australia is that

minimum ground clearance standards be met. The design responsibility study determined the

differing demands of Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and aftermarket distribution

channels. The variety of HIS products under development at UTS has been rationalised to

three products, each accompanied by a business case. Additionally, a passive Roll/Pitch system

has been developed and a pressure module and directional control module have been designed

for Semi-Active HIS systems.

The specifications for the HIS system components will allow UTS to assemble and optimise

various HIS systems with commercial potential when resources allow. Additionally, the results

of the investigations in this report will allow UTS to ensure the results of all future work is

saleable in Australia and to focus effort on projects that will yield maximum benefit.


30

An Assessment into Sydney's Transportation System with a Comparison into a Selection

of World Cities - (6cp)

Amanda De Silva - S13-008

Supervisor: Ken Halstead

Assessor: Ali Saleh


In 1987, the Brundtland Report defined sustainable development as “development that meets

the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their

own needs”. The importance of sustainable development surfaced through the realisation that

environmental limits existed alongside economic growth in industrialised societies and

measures needed to be taken to secure the resources to sustain the current and future

generations.

Sydney‟s population is predicted to “grow by an expected 1.3 million more people, taking our

total population from 4.3 million to 5.6 million people by 2030” (NSW Government, 2013),

indicating a greater demand for transport infrastructure. Thus, it is imperative that Sydney takes

a proactive approach in formulating plans to address this increase in demand.

This purpose of this report is to shed light on how effective the NSW Government‟s 2013

Metropolitan Strategy for Sydney‟s proposed plans are in promoting a sustainable transportation

system. In order to measure the effectiveness of how sustainable transportation is promoted, this

report establishes a model to gauge a city with a well-defined scale of sustainable transport

practices. The effectiveness of the Metropolitan Strategy is then compared against suitable

proactive measures discussed in the model.

It is also important to approach the issue of promoting sustainability in ways that the

Metropolitan Strategy may have not considered. These approaches can be found by examining

foreign cities with similar characteristics to Sydney, with an out-of-the-box approach to

promote sustainable development.

While there are reports analysing the effectiveness of the plans already implemented in the past

as a reflective stance, this project aims to encourage the importance of a proactive approach to

better shape the direction of sustainable development for the future.


31

Developing a Computer Program for Shallow Foundation Design Based on a Limit State

Approach - (12cp)

Daniel Dhiacou - A13-179




Geotechnical engineering in Australia has been moving from a global factor of safety design

approach to a limit state design approach, using partial factors of safety for many applications;

however, a method for designing shallow foundations based on a limit state approach is yet to

be introduced. The current Australian Standard for shallow foundation design has a number of

limitations, and geotechnical engineers are under increasing pressure to adopt a limit state

approach.

In order to introduce a limit state approach to shallow foundation design, a computer model was

developed to design and compare the results of the two design approaches. This involved

establishing the framework of an appropriate calculation method; identifying input parameters;

and applying a limit state design approach to each stage of the calculation process. A number of

test cases were modelled to iteratively apply the limit state design approaches as well as ensure

the accuracy of the program.

The resulting model is an interactive graphical user interface program written in the MATLAB

programming language, enabling a quick and easy design of shallow foundations. A number of

options including load, soil and foundation properties, as well as different analysis options,

allow for the design of a variety of foundations. Other features include instantaneous input

validation, graphical representation of results, and a help menu including detailed input

parameter advice and images. The program allows the two design approaches to be compared

side-by-side in a simple and comprehensive manner.

The significance of this study is twofold. Firstly, the program provides geotechnical engineers

with a powerful, easy-to-use and versatile shallow foundation design tool. Secondly, it

represents a functional application of a limit state approach to shallow foundation design, and

can act as a starting point for geotechnical designers to optimise and experiment with limit state

factors.


32

Effect of Cement Content on the Creep Rate of Cement Treated Clays - (12cp)

Rowan Doggett - A13-220




Problematic soils such as soft clays are often encountered in coastal areas. When encountered

on a construction site these soils pose a problem to engineers as they are highly unsuitable as

foundation materials. As a result many different techniques have been developed to remediate

such soils in economically and environmentally suitable ways.

One particular technique, called deep soil mixing involves injecting and mechanically mixing

cement with the in-situ soil to form cement soil columns. When designing such a system it

would be appropriate to know the likely behaviour of the soil cement structures formed. Many

previous experimental studies have been carried out on the mechanical properties of the

material, but little research has been performed on the long term consolidation behaviour of the

material.

This experimental report will investigate the creep behaviour of cemented soils by testing

samples of kaolinite, a common clay mineral, with 10%, 15%, and 20% of the mass as cement.

The samples were cured for 8 weeks to ensure strength gain through hydration reactions would

be very minimal and then tested using an Oedometer. The incremental loads were each in place

for 2 weeks, to be able to observe the creep behaviour, and a total of 8 loads were used.

The experiment aimed to observe a relationship between cement content and secondary

consolidation rate. The observable results indicate that increasing the cement content lowers the

secondary consolidation rate. The report has provided values for the secondary consolidation

rate, Cα, giving more information about the behaviour of the material to engineers who may

wish to use deep soil mixing as a ground improvement technique and added to the research

conducted on cemented soils.


33

The Retrofit of Roundabouts to Existing Intersections within the Local Road Network: A

Design Guide (12cp)

Bernard Gerard Drum – A13-058


Assessor: Ali Saleh


Local government road design engineers regularly design and construct roundabouts at existing

intersections within the local road network. Many of these intersections have existed for a long

time, often prior to the advent of the modern roundabout, which results in some difficulties

when designing to match the existing infrastructure. However, roundabouts are still typically the

most effective means of improving safety and traffic flow at these intersections.

The modern roundabout became a standardised traffic device in the 1960‟s, with the

development of the now universally accepted rule of entry at roundabouts, and has been

included in various road design standards and guides issued by the respective authorities in

many countries.

In Australia, the 2009 Austroads document „Guide to Road Design‟ has been accepted as the

definitive guide for the design of roads and intersections, including its section „4B –

Roundabouts‟ as the corresponding guide when designing roundabouts. In 2011, the Roads and

Maritime Services (RMS) issued a supplement to the Austroads document, which added the

1997 RTA document „Roundabouts – Geometric Design Method‟ to the directives to be adhered

to in NSW. These two are to be used in conjunction with each other when designing for

intersections within NSW.

Local government engineers designing roundabouts for the existing urban local road network

can find this difficult to adhere to at points, as some design procedures and requirements

outlined in the RMS design method and Austroads Guide are not always suited to designing for

smaller intersections. As a result, it has become necessary to develop a document that more

adequately addresses the design of roundabouts for existing intersections within the urban local

road network. This should be of assistance to engineers across all local government

organisations.


34

Visitor Monitoring System (VMS) for National Parks - (12cp)

Andrew Edwards - A13-080

Supervisor: David Davis

Assessor: Stephen Murray

Major: ICT Engineering Major BE and BEDipEngPrac

Last year, there were almost 20 million visitors to Sydney-based National Parks (particularly the

Blue Mountains and Royal National Park). Increasing visitation corresponded in a rise in

emergency and rescue services, with some documented deaths, in spite of most visitors having a

working mobile phone within GSM range. In the same timespan Australian adult smartphone

users has doubled, stimulating an associated rise in GSM network coverage.

This presented an opportunity to develop a system that can be implemented on widely

accessible smartphone platforms (Android/IOS), available to the average visitor, having the

potential to modernise existing paper-based visitor tracking systems, and to compliment

emergency responses.

This VMS provides an interface between visitors and park officials, allowing visitors to

automatically record entry and departure date/times, activate “distress beacons” in an

emergency, digitally maintain contact details, and view local park information such as track

closures and impending weather warnings. Data gathered from visitations may be accessed by

rescue services in the case of an emergency and provide broader, long-term collation data to

identify usage trends for the purposes of park services.

This VMS employs various smartphone technologies, GPS positioning and GSM triangulation,

wireless peer-to-peer networking, and mobile application development frameworks. The

methodology followed the rapid-prototyping, incremental software development process with a

view to providing flexible integration of the candidate system with current National Park and

government computer systems.

This Capstone is validated by the completion and demonstration of a working prototype which

includes a smartphone app and allied services for the visitor and park based, web clients which

utilises SCADA technologies, including: history databases, displays of current and historical

visits (Alarms), event display and record (e.g. GPS based beacon messages) and a display of

activated beacon locations. The VMS design is “open-ended” and could be used in a variety of

other circumstances.


35

The Performance of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Joints under Cyclic Loads - (12cp)

Raymond Frangi - A13-185

Supervisor: Bijan Samali

Assessor: Kirk Vessalas


It is widely known that reinforced concrete is the largest construction composite material used

in Australia, and even worldwide. However, the amount of energy used in the process of

production of steel reinforcement is significantly larger than that of the production of steel

fibres. With the introduction of steel fibres in reinforced concrete, the need of such heavy

reinforcement at concrete joints can be reduced.

The proposed is a sub section of a current PhD project and will look at testing and numerical

modelling of the performance of beam-column concrete joints The concrete chosen is steel fibre

reinforced concrete with superior performance including more ductility, better strength and

durability. The use of such fibres is expected to reduce the need for traditional reinforcing

techniques such as providing heavy shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups. The load

deflection of a number of beam-column joints will be recorded under cyclic tests in the

laboratory and a numerical model will developed to predict the structural behaviour for other

connection types. The numerical model will be calibrated against the test results.

As of recent times, earthquakes and wind have placed a higher risk and threat on structures,

especially those of significant height, within Australia and New Zealand. Thus, I believe that

the proposed project will be able to contribute in the research and understanding of how steel

fibre reinforced concrete can help increase the ductility and durability of concrete joints under

cyclic loads, and by reducing the need for traditional reinforcement.


36

Agile Project Management: Innovation or Modernisation? - (12cp)

Christine Freeburn - A13-059

Supervisor: Alan Sixsmith

Assessor: Grant Mooney


The growth of information technologies has been phenomenal over the past two decades, and

the introduction of new ways of problem solving, performing of work and developing new

systems has expanded at an exponential rate. In the software development industry in particular,

alternate ways of developing solutions have forged their right to be observed due to the

availability of new resources and tools. In light of an overwhelming understanding that

customers require flexibility in designing of solutions in order to successfully and efficiently

meet their needs, Agile Principles have emerged to embrace this demand for changing

requirements throughout the lifecycle of a project.

Traditional Project Management has been proven successful in its ability to drive software

development through traditional methods, such as the Waterfall Model, and deliver working

software to customers. It would be premature to presume that completely changing the process

for development of software would not induce a change in project management processes.

However it has been unclear what and how project management tasks, tools or techniques have

changed or in fact adapted to meet the needs of undertaking a successful agile project.

Thus the purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate whether agile project management

is in fact a new innovation in the project management domain, or whether agile development

has merely been the catalyst for modernisation of traditional project management methods.

A study was conducted in the form of an online survey that was distributed via email to

practitioner organisations including ThoughtWorks, HP, Origin Energy and UTS. It was also

distributed electronically via a LinkedIn group to UTS Alumni, in the UTS Master Business IT

Management (MBITM) Community. This being an exploratory study, we targeted a smaller

sample of individuals with quite specific professional roles to ensure the results from the study

were both representative of our target population, as well as being highly precise. The study

gained over 30 respondents with experience in both traditional and agile project management.

Responses from the survey show that 50% of our sample has had 10-20 years‟ experience in the

software development/IT sector with the majority being project managers; others were a

mixture of both project managers and development team members. Preliminary findings show

that more than half our respondents believe that agile methodologies produce higher quality

products with higher levels of customer satisfaction, and additionally more than half our

respondents believe that they employ agile project management techniques that are completely

dissimilar from traditional project management methods.


37

Resource Provisioning – A New Approach for Competitive Aircraft Maintenance

Operations - (12cp)

James Frost - A13-084




Qantas Engineering (QE) is a leading aircraft Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul business

within Australia. This industry is currently in decline due to high wages, increased offshore

competition and outdated work practices.

There is a need to lower costs and increase efficiency whilst still maintaining exceptional

standards of quality and safety. Combining new technology with Lean and Six Sigma

methodologies, traditionally used within the manufacturing industry, is an ideal strategy to

make QE more competitive.

The current process for supplying hangar production staff with parts and tooling is outdated –

slow, unreliable and labour intensive. As Qantas‟ Hangar 2 in Brisbane is currently undergoing

a retrofit into a 737 Heavy maintenance facility it is an ideal time to customize the facility and

to design and implement a new and improved process for supplying production staff with the

parts and tools required for routine tasks. This new approach is called Resource Provisioning.

This report uses the Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve and Control (DMAIC) methodology to

identify the problems, to measure and analyse the non-value-added activities and their effect, to

determine innovative solutions to reduce and eliminate these activities and to develop

procedures to monitor and control these processes post-implementation.

This includes a „how-to‟ guide for implementing Resource Provisioning with: recommendations

on which technology to procure; staffing requirements; the changes to planning and

documentation that will be necessary; a full set of process maps; time/financial benefits and

facility layouts for the new technique. The solution will be faster, more reliable, safer and

therefore more globally competitive than the current system.

The following methods were employed: Researching the industry and technologies available,

stakeholder engagement, discussion with management and consultants, data collecting &

analysis, process mapping and by prototyping various solutions.


38

Design & Stress Analysis of a Fatigue Testing Rig (12cp)

Christopher J. Gad - A13-126

Supervisor: Terry Brown

Assessor: Christopher Chapman

Major: Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering

Empirical testing of materials for fatigue is currently the only method of determining how

materials will behave when undergoing cyclic fatigue. There is a need in the university, for a

testing rig to conduct bending fatigue tests on small beam specimens. The testing rig will also

be used to aid in the teaching of fatigue, as it will provide the ability to demonstrate fatigue

failure in testing specimens to observe the process of how materials fail in practice.

This project details, how a fatigue testing rig was designed to use an electromechanical shaker

to provide the cyclic loading. To make the test rig more generally useable, its support structure

was designed to allow variations to tests and specimens.

Design of the testing rig involved the application of good structural engineering design practice

in order to ensure sound design.

The project also involved actual testing, to commission the testing rig and apply commonly

taught fatigue theory to identify and validate the correct application of the theory. This testing

involved the use of computational tools and researched data, to hypothesise the behaviour of

testing specimens.


39

Control of a Quad Rotor Using an EEG Brain-Machine Interface - (12cp)

Adam Gaffoor - A13-191


Assessor: Alen Alempijevic


Human machine interfaces have become commonplace in many aspects of society and we

encounter and use them in an ever expanding number of situations. The most prevalent method

of achieving this is via tactile inputs including rubber switch membranes and touch screens.

Tactile input methods become problematic to use if the user has a significant degree of mobility

impairment resulting in arduous efforts to interact with the system, or in situations where the

limbs are pre-occupied with other activities. The use of brain machine interfaces (BMI) has the

potential to efficiently control computer systems to circumvent the problem of lack of mobility

and to be implemented to control robotic devices.

The aim of this project is to effectively implement the control of a quad-rotor using only an

EEG headset to demonstrate the feasibility of BMI control for widespread robotics applications.

The project report will detail and compare brainwave analysis techniques including

mathematical transforms between the time domain and frequency domain used to differentiate

between contrasting user thoughts/actions. It will also outline the machine learning algorithm

implemented with a graphical user interface to calibrate and train the control software enabling

quick training for flight control with new operators. Once the pilot's control intentions have

been determined by the software, the quad rotor flight maneuvers will be tested in a safety test

rig to familiarize the user before open flight testing.

The results of the project demonstrate that EEG robotic control is not only feasible but an

effective method of control which could be directly transferable to the control of other systems

beyond a quad rotor.


40

Facilities Management BIM: Challenges in Adopting BIM for Existing Structures- (12cp)

Sean Gilchrist - A13-150

Supervisor: Chris Wilkinson

Assessor: John Mitchell


Despite a vast amount of research being carried out into the benefits that Building Information

Modeling (BIM) can provide to the Architectural, Engineering, Construction and Operations

(AECO) industry, little has been conducted to address what Facilities Managers (FM) require

from the technology and processes involved. BIM has the potential to save up to 30% on FM

costs. This has enormous implications for the AECO industry considering up to 85% of the total

costs of ownership are spent on FM. These savings can be realized through improvements in

space management, predictive maintenance and energy efficiency. This project identifies what

Australian FM teams require when asking for BIM through an extensive literature review and

qualitative interviews with industry professionals working in the Sydney region. An analysis of

these interviews reveals the need for open standard software, increased control of assets for

operators, and a secure, centralized database used for managing digital data. There is also a

general consensus amongst industry professionals that a large effort must be put into training

existing Facilities Managers to increase their technical capabilities before they can successfully

manage BIM tasks. The interviews have also revealed that there is demand for BIM software,

purpose built for FM. Further research into FM requirements is recommended with a larger and

more geographically diverse sample size. The author also recommends the use of case studies,

in future research, to develop the best methods of capturing existing building information and

transforming this into virtual models.


41

A Review of the Use of Lean Six Sigma Approach in the General Civil Sector

And a Case Study of the Transport Access Program – (12cp)

Wajid Ghafoor - S13-044

Supervisor: Anne Gardner

Assessor: TBA


The progression in quality engineering and management systems in recent times has contributed

increased value of goods and services by enhancing production, providing economic benefits,

and achieving sustained growth in commerce in many industries and business sectors. This

report aims to demonstrate the key successes from manufacturing and how it can be employed

in the services sector, with a particular focus in the Civil Engineering sector.

In order to achieve this, an analysis of key contributing quality practices has been made for

which the Lean and Six Sigma philosophies have achieved much popularity and in recent years,

both philosophies have synergised to what is known to be Lean Six Sigma. What are these

philosophies and how do they deliver enhanced benefits? To answer these simple questions

requires the detailed understanding of such concepts and how they operate within the business

environment - which will be discussed in this report.

History tells of the success of Henry Ford's T-model Ford, with their production line and

initiating the first Lean manufacturing process; a model he termed Flow Production. Toyota

then took over the market for renowned quality for which they further developed Ford's original

model to make their own Just-In-Time model which later labelled as Lean Production or Lean

Manufacturing. On the other hand, Motorola introduced a statistical concept for quantifying

quality processes and striving for near perfection with their benchmarked Six Sigma

methodology. The success of Lean along with Six Sigma have both qualitatively and

quantitatively benchmarked quality practices, and are recognised as the most effective

techniques available for business improvements. In recent times, a review of these two

methodologies has considered the integration of both philosophies to become Lean Six Sigma; a

tool to eliminate identified problems aligned with delays, defects, and variations.

There are many facets where Lean Six Sigma provides benefits to the civil engineering sector,

especially to enhance delivery within design, construction and overall management; being the

key research topic for this report. Construction delays, design quality issues, over processing,

and contractual disputes are some identified impediments causing much conflict in the civil

sector. A systems and Lean Six Sigma approach are used to identify relationships and common

solutions for identified discrepancies. Such approaches are also applied to a case study into the

Transport Access Program - cash flow assessment, for potential process improvements.


42

Investigation on Hybrid Electric Vehicles - (12cp)

Mohamed Hafez - A13-272




The hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that combines two sources of energy diesel/electric,

gasoline/flywheel and fuel cell/battery. Currently, the main goal of manufacturing hybrid cars is

to reduce greenhouse gasses. Greenhouse gasses have been on the increase because of the use of

fossil fuels, and scientists have highlighted vehicles that use gasoline and diesel as the main

contributors to these gasses. Therefore, this report intends to prove that hybrid vehicles can

improve on the environment through a detailed review based investigation. The investigation of

such hybrid vehicles starts by looking at the history of cars. The existence of hybrid vehicles

has been known for over a century. At the end of 19th century, three types of cars were

available in the market: electric vehicles, steam vehicles and gasoline vehicles. In the early 20th

century, the three types of vehicles raced for supremacy in the market. The report notes that the

gasoline vehicle won because race to supremacy was evaluated in term of performance rather

that cleanliness, and the car gained a monopoly of the market. However, this concept has

changed with the discovery of greenhouse gasses and their adverse effect on the environment.

Various governments and policy makers around the world have come up with laws, protocols,

and educational programs to reduce greenhouse gasses. In response to such efforts, the vehicle

manufacturers are investigating on and selling hybrid vehicles. This report investigates how

hybrids work, and an additional function that adds to its performance, so that is can race with

the gasoline vehicle in the market. The investigation of the sales of hybrid vehicles shows that

the market has opened up for these vehicles. The report also looks at how the hybrid vehicle

solves the greenhouse gasses problems. It concludes that the hybrid vehicles could minimize the

greenhouse gasses‟ problem. Nevertheless, the vehicle‟s battery energy capacity should improve

to increase the hybrid‟s performance and this would increase its market share against the

gasoline vehicles.


43

Factor Affecting the Stability of Retaining Walls - (12cp)

Ou Han - A13-129




Slope stability of retaining walls is a continuing practice in geotechnical engineering, as failure

of retaining walls cause public safety and economic issue. Since the application of retaining

wall is increasing, therefore it is important to know the most critical factors affecting the design

in different cases.

In order to find out these critical factors, the analysis software SLOPE/W is applied in this

research. SLOPE/W is one of the useful design and analysis software developed by GeoStudio

to analyse the stability of slopes. The analysis is based on using the Limit Equilibrium method,

which is common method of analyses in computer software. SLOPE/W is also able to analyse

various types of retaining walls in different scenarios.

The research involves inputting the properties of slope geometry, pore water pressures, external

acting force and types of retaining walls. The Morgenstern-Price method is applied in the

analysis because it can satisfy both forces and moments equilibrium. The process of analysis is

based on changing one parameter in each time to obtain the corresponding factor of safety

(FOS), then the results of FOS are analyse and compared to find out the critical factor in each

design scenario. In this research, the ground is assumed in two soil layers. The analysis includes

both drained and undrained conditions and comparison assessments are provided for both

condition.

The detailed discussion and valuable results of this project are provided to assist practicing civil

and geotechnical engineers in selecting the most critical factors affecting the design of slope

stability of retaining walls in their design.


44

Analysis of Air Pollution Reduction Methods in Urban Area - (12cp)

Soe Htet Han - A13-290

Supervisor: Peter Tawadros

Assessor: TBA


The Industrial Revolution of the mid-19th century coincided with poor air quality in large cities

around the world. This was a direct result of technological advances, particularly new sources of

fuel, factories and urban areas. Humans and the surrounding environments are affected by

exhaust fumes from automobiles and emission from manufacturing factories, the primary

sources of outdoor air pollution.

The Blue Sky project aims to design a cleaner urban environment by researching and

commenting on various air pollution reduction technologies, and their feasibility from a number

of different perspectives. Recommendations on which technologies would be best applied are

made.

Solutions currently available are investigated and discussed to evaluate their merit. An in-depth

engineering and financial analysis is conducted on those solutions which appear most likely to

succeed from the above investigation. This analysis is conducted particularly with a view to

implementation in urban centres of developing nations for the purpose of reducing particulate

matter and carbon dioxide. A survey on the best chosen methods from analysis is completed to

gauge public opinion on technologies that can be implemented. The survey uses a model as a

teaching and demonstration device to educate laypeople on the engineering merits of each

technology, but is used to complete a social study.

The project offers comment on the most beneficial solution for the subsection of population in

most need thereof. It does so by engaging engineering and non-engineering communities to

conduct an engineering feasibility study, in correspondence with a financial feasibility and

social impact study. It is shown that „Green Building‟ is the social preferred solution in reducing

air pollution. From the engineering perspective view, „Direct air capture Technology using

Chemicals‟ (mostly sodium hydroxide) is found as the most beneficial method as capturing

carbon from air can be achieved by using the existing commercial technology.


45

How well do Different Conceptualisations of the Runoff Concentration Phase Reproduce

Flood Behaviour? (12cp)

Naomi Harris – A12-059

Supervisor: Professor James Ball

Assessor: Mark Babister

Major: Civil Engineering (Water)

Rainfall and flooding are phenomenon whose effects are difficult to calculate precisely. This is

due to a forced reliance on limited data and the variables associated with it. Computer models of

floods are created in order to gain an understanding about how floods behave and how they will

affect people. These models are used to estimate how precipitation travels overland into creeks

and rivers and how a flood may move across floodplains. They can predict the extent of a flood,

the depth that the flood reaches, and how fast the water moves.

There are different ways of modelling floods, and different modelling methods make different

assumptions that affect how they reproduce a flood. Each of these assumptions can be valid in

some circumstances, but not in others. I have compared two different ways of reproducing

floods on a catchment in Wollongong: a rainfall on grid model and a linked hydrological and

hydraulic model. I have focused particularly on assessing the differences in lag and attenuation

in these two models.

Lag and attenuation have a larger impact on the upper reaches of a catchment, particularly in the

initial stages, when rainfall is collecting and not yet in formal flow paths. This is known as the

concentration phase. The results from this project will provide insight into the ability of

different methods to accurately represent the concentration phase. This will allow modellers to

make better decisions about which modelling method they will use to represent a catchment.


46

Dynamic Recoil Absorption for Bolt Action Rifles - (12cp)

Bradley Hickin - A13-104

Supervisor: Jin Chen Ji

Assessor: Dongbin Wei


Recoil is the rearward momentum of a firearm when it is discharged. Newton‟s 3rd law states

that all actions must have an equal and opposite reaction. As all explosive gases are forced

forwards out of the muzzle of a bolt action firearm, all recoil forces are sent directly backwards,

and into the operator‟s torso. This recoil provides a „kick‟ into the torso, which over extended

periods of time, can create bruising, and severe discomfort.

This project encapsulates the measurement of recoil forces produced by a number of bolt action

firearms, of varying caliber, weight and intended function, and how various butt-mounted and

muzzle-mounted devices can be used to effectively reduce this perceived force. Whether it be a

civilian target shooting competition, or a military combat scenario, sustained exposure to these

recoil forces can have a negative effect on the operator‟s health and accuracy, and thus dynamic

recoil absorption is a growing field of interest.

For the measurement and recording of recoil forces, a test rig was designed and manufactured.

The rig, comprised of a combination of timber and steel, houses a firearm on a semi-frictionless

rolling base, with the butt stock positioned against a rigid steel framework. For the data

acquisition, a Kistler 9102A 50kN Load Cell was positioned on the frame, and on the firearms

neutral axis. The firearm was then fired multiple times, using ammunition hand loaded to ensure

consistent muzzle energy, with the resulting recoil forces measured in Newton‟s on a laptop,

using LabView software, and associated conversion hardware.

Methods of damping or reducing this recoil force were then explored. By placing differing

materials of varying thicknesses and densities onto the butt stock, and repeating the experiment,

any variances in felt recoil were observed. Similarly, the efficiency of commercial muzzle-

mounted recoil reducers such as muzzle brakes were subsequently tested and compared.

The project provides a detailed written report presenting the information obtained, and further

explores other options for recoil absorption on bolt action rifles.


47

Investigations on the Dual Reticulation System for Recycled Water in Australia - (12cp)

Bo Huang - S13-054




This project is aiming to investigate the dual reticulation system for recycled water in Australia.

The distribution of water resources in Australia is going to be researched and recorded firstly.

The differences of using recycled water in different area of Australia also will be researched and

listed to give a comparison. Furthermore, the project will address on the trend of recycled water

use in Australia and explores a range of water recycling policy issues which include the impact

of recycled water on society; the need for the continued assurance of public and environmental

health; current regulatory processes and their accessibility to public scrutiny in Australia; the

impact and potential impact of the greater substitution of recycled effluent water, storm water

and rainwater for drinking water throughout the community and the need for continued

investment in innovative research and developmental projects.

Relay on the researches, records and discussions on current recycled water in Australia, the

project continues with working on dual reticulation systems to provide a proper way to achieve

water saving. A clear layout of dual reticulation system is presented to illustrate the way of how

potable and recycled water be distributed and saved. The examples of the systems which are

currently used especially for urban area are also provided and discussed.

Moreover, the current developments and applications of dual reticulation systems for recycled

water are researched and illustrated in details, including the fresh water system for potable use

and another system conveying water for non-potable use.

This project concludes with a detailed discussion on the use of dual reticulation system in

Australia. The project provides the observations and recommendations from the issues explored

and look hopefully at the distance about the future development of dual reticulation system for

recycled water in Australia.


48

Design and Development of a Hydraulic Test Console for Functional Testing of Double

Acting Hydraulic Actuators - (12cp)

Timothy Hulme - A13-071




In late 2009 United Technologies Aerospace Systems (formerly Goodrich) was awarded the

contract to commence manufacture of 13 different types of hydraulic actuators for a build to

print manufacturing program. Successful compliance in achieving the program objectives were

pivotal in maintaining a positive reputation within the industry and positioned the company well

for consideration of other similar manufacturing contracts in the future.

The scope of this capstone project focuses on the design, development, manufacture and

refinement of a semi-automated functional test console to support the needs of the

manufacturing program. Initial design of the console commenced in September 2010, with

completion of the first prototype in early 2011. Over the past two years a number of

opportunities for improvement have been recognised which has permitted increased

performance, enhanced operator safety and improved system reliability. The project provides a

detailed summary of each stage of development of the console from initial design thorough to

final delivery and performance review.

The test console utilises electronic measuring equipment and a data acquisition system as a

means of capturing component performance parameters. The data acquisition operator interface

displays all instrumentation outputs and allows operator input for a variety of settings.

Each of the 13 actuator variants had not been manufactured previously and as such no baseline

design data was available to assist the design of the console or programming of the data

acquisition system. The test console and data acquisition system was designed to achieve each

of the performance characteristics and provide the best compromise of the project constraints.

Application of appropriate project management techniques permitted completion of the console

within the allocated timeframe and budget. The console has adequately achieved all functional

requirements and continues to meet the increasing demands of the manufacturing program.


49

Advantages and Limitations of Lime Stabilisation for Local Roads (12cp)

Robert W Hutchinson - A13-208




Housing shortages fuelled by the continued trend of population growth has led to the

construction of large scale greenfield residential developments, which are serviced by a network

of new local roads. Often, these roads are constructed over soft subgrades which require costly

pavement designs, slow construction methods and demands excessive usage of finite resources.

Lime stabilisation can be used for clay subgrade materials to permanently stabilise the soil to

form a layer with increased structural properties, thereby reducing overlying pavement depths

and increasing construction expediency. This method has had a long and successful past,

however it still remains as one of the least understood techniques which is evident by the wide

variation of mix design methods and structural design methods for the use of lime-stabilised

subgrades, both in Australia and internationally.

The main aim of this project is to investigate the advantages of lime stabilised subgrades and

identify its limitations with a focus on local roads. An insight into the use of lime stabilisation is

provided through case studies and findings from liaising with key Council representatives and

Contractors. A series of comparative pavement models is developed to illustrate the influence a

lime-stabilised subgrade layer has on the overlying pavement depth for typical local roads.

Additionally, a cost estimate is developed for the modelled pavements to examine the cost

effectiveness of using lime stabilisation for local roads.

This report provides an in depth discussion for the use of lime stabilisation and assists in

identifying why this technique has such mixed perceptions within the engineering community.

The comparative pavement models and cost estimates are used to identify the suitability of lime

stabilisation for local roads with respect to its ability to reduce the overlying pavement depth to

preserve pavement materials and cost effectiveness for varying subgrades strengths and project

size.


50

New Advances in Dewatering Systems – (12cp)

Bo Jiang - A13-305




This project begins with the introduction to dewatering system, which includes dewatering

history and methods. Following that the project continues with challenges involves in

dewatering systems. This part includes the issues, where engineers have to meet and how

engineers solve them. It involves advances in materials of well screen and pipes as well as

pump development and dewatering modelling. Some experiences in Britain, United State of

America and China are used to compare in order to analysis viability of these new advances in

Australia. In addition, the development trend is plotted at the end of this section.

The Project concludes with a detailed discussion on the application of deep well dewatering

methods. An analysis about costs and efficiency are made to present the specific cases which is

good to apply deep well dewatering methods. Design aspects are provided in 3 parts: (i) The

basic introduction, which involves theories and formulas (ii) Design Methods comparisons

between Britain, United State and China (iii) Some evolutions in design method show the

further development in dewatering technologies. At the end, construction processes are

described. It includes installation of dewatering equipment and how dewatering programs run.

Two cases studies of typical deep well dewatering systems are provided to present the

application of new dewatering advances. This part provides evidence to support theoretical and

technology development, which presented in the previous part. Two comparisons are made to

summarize the concluding remarks. The first comparison is incorporated the application of

dewatering system theory for both case studies, while the second one is associated with

experiences observed in these case studies.


51

Application of Geofibres to Improve the Stiffness of Cement Treated Clays (12cp)

Brett Kennedy - A13-171




The improvement of poor soils is a field of growing importance as populations around the world

grow and cities expand, causing the available good bearing material for buildings and

infrastructure to become scarcer. Soft clays in particular are a major issue due to low bearing

capacities and excessive settlement.

Cement has long been used as a means to improve the properties of poor soils through the

process of deep soil mixing, in which the cement binder is mixed with the soil on site to form

reinforced columns. Various types of fibres have been utilized for the improvement of soils and

can be mixed into soil using similar methods. Polypropylene fibres in particular have had

promising results in research but there has been a notable lack of testing done under confined

conditions. This is a problem as the presence of confined conditions results in a more realistic

test as it more closely represents the situation on site.

This dissertation presents experimental results obtained in order to show how the stiffness

properties of a kaolin clay-cement mix are affected through the inclusion of polypropylene

fibres (0%, 0.1% and 0.5% content). The testing conducted involved the compression until

failure of specimens under confined conditions with a variety of confining pressures (0kPa,

50kPa, 100kPa, 200kPa, 400kPa and 800kPa).

It was found that stiffness tended to increase with both fibre content and confining pressures.

The improved properties provided by the polypropylene fibres make it an effective material for

the reinforcement of soil and allows for the use of lower cement contents in order to achieve the

same performance. The improvements seen with increasing confining pressure also suggest that

less cement could be used at depth. These savings in materials would help reduce the cost and

carbon footprint of a project.


52

Connection for CLT (Cross Laminated Timber) - (12cp)

Zahra Keshavarzi - A13-269


Assessor: Ali Saleh


Timber is one of the main materials used in buildings and structural works. Comparing timber

to concrete, timber is an environmentally sustainable material. When sourced from properly

managed forest or plantation, production of timber produces no environmental impact due to

less waste production process.

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), is an innovative engineered wood product which has been

developed and used in last 10 to 20 years. CLT panels are face-laminated in three, five, seven or

nine layers (total thickness of 114mm-342mm) and have excellent properties including very

well fire resistant, noise insulation and high in thermal performance, means having a lower

carbon footprint across its lifecycle. The connection of the timber parts is a significant issue in

structural stability. Therefore, the aim of this project is to understand the strength of connection

types in Cross Laminated Timber (CLT).

To perform this objective, an experimental study was carried out in the structural laboratory.

Two series of Cross Laminated Timber were used. The experimental test was conducted as a

push out test for two different screw sizes (8 and 12 mm diameter size screws). The specimens

were fabricated as per AS1649-2001. Alternative shear connector was used for determining the

failure mode of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) connection. The failure of CLT was tested

using Universal Testing Machine.

The load-slip results for two different sets of specimens showed that the load-slip behavior of

12 mm screw is less consistent when compared to the 8 mm screw size. The values of

connection stiffness at serviceability and ultimate limit state (Ks and Ku) for two different tests

were computed and reported for practical application.


53

The effects of Brackish Water on Soil Behaviour Incorporating Consolidation Properties -

(12cp)

Lauren Kokkotas - A13-188




The prevalent increase of salt concentration in the world‟s soils has become a significant land

degradation problem in many countries around the world. Studies have shown that increased

salt concentrations in soils are primarily caused by climate change, soil characteristics and

human intervention and can cause problems in erosion, agriculture, building foundations, road

foundations and water and soil quality.

Past research has also indicated that there have been inconsistencies on the effects of salt

solutions on the engineering behaviours of clays including the consistency limits, the maximum

dry density and the optimum moisture content, the consolidation properties and swelling

behaviours. To assist in clarifying this inconsistency, one-dimensional consolidation tests were

conducted on compacted soil samples to determine the effects of salinity on the compressibility

of clays.

For the scope of this project, the study was carried out using various mixtures of kaolin clay and

fine sand mixed with a number of different salt-water specimens at various concentrations. The

soil specimen was prepared by using two types of soil samples: 60% fine sand and 40% kaolin

clay and 40% fine sand and 60% kaolin clay. The pore water solution was prepared using three

types of specimens: fresh water (0.1% salinity), seawater taken from Brighton Le Sands beach

(3.5% salinity) and high salinity water (7% salinity) made in the laboratory. All tests including

the compaction testing and consolidation testing were conducted in accordance with the

Australian standards (AS 1289) specifically AS 1289.5.1.1 for Soil Compaction and Density

Tests and AS 1289.6.6.1 for Determination of One-dimensional Consolidation.

All reported data from the experiments was normalised and compared with the results obtained

from the literature review as well as previous capstone students.


54

Strengthening and Retrofitting of RC Beam-Column Connections with FRP - (12cp)

Omaira Kola - A13-198




Reinforced concrete beam-column connections designed prior to the implementation of the

earthquake code may be deemed inadequate to satisfy strength capacity requirements as per the

current code. This is generally due to poor design and lack of consideration of seismic loads,

which has resulted in insufficient transverse reinforcement in the joint region leading to a

deficiency of shear strength, insufficient anchorage of the longitudinal beam reinforcement

causing bar pull-out under load reversal and formation of the plastic hinge in the column or the

beam adjacent to the joint region. Under these circumstances a structure may be vulnerable to

failure and collapse when subjected to unexpected seismic excitations.

The strength of beam-column connections can be greatly improved with the application of

externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP), which is considered one of the most effective

techniques worldwide in rehabilitation and retrofitting of deficient RC beam-column joints. FRP

has proven to not only increase the strength capacity of the joint, but also the deformation and

energy dissipation capabilities.

Previous research of the influence of FRP on the strength capacity of RC beam-column joints

have been focused on testing new strengthening schemes and FRP application methods,

however, there is very little work done in gathering such information and providing

recommendations of what methods are more effective when using FRP. Currently there is a lack

of standards which provide guidance on the application of FRP for strengthening/repairing of

RC beam-column connections; hence, having a guide based on work which has already been

conducted can be beneficial for engineers facing the issue of repairing and retrofitting existing

structures today. This paper presents a concise summary of work performed by other researches

followed by guidelines and recommendations which can be used by those treating deficient

joints with FRP.


55

Electricity Generation from Food Waste - (12cp)

Daniel Kolimar - A13-074


Assessor: David Eager


Global Warming and Climate Change are increasingly becoming primary topics of discussion

by media organisations and global leaders. As a major contributor to greenhouse gasses,

building electricity requirements are being scrutinised and improved. A major method of

reducing greenhouse gasses from electricity production is the use of more sustainable fuel

sources and burning methods.

Many buildings have onsite electricity generation facilities; one of which is the University of

Technology, Sydney (UTS). Although much advancement in cogeneration and trigeneration has

made the process more environmentally friendly, the fuel source (Natural Gas) is commonly a

fossil fuel by-product. There is an opportunity to make this fuel source more environmentally

friendly and sustainable by using food waste to produce methane.

This project analyses the potential methane production from food outlets at UTS. The food

waste produced by the university has been analysed and an annual quantity calculated. A

theoretical analysis of the potential methane production is conducted and the results are verified

experimentally by building a prototype Anaerobic Digester. A sample of the expected food

waste is then partially processed through the prototype digester. The gas produced shall be

analysed and a potential stock for the boilers at UTS calculated.

Recommendations for future work will focus on improvements to the Anaerobic Digester and

collection methodology.


56

A Cloud-based Monitoring System for Healthcare Applications - (12cp)

Michael Koob - A13-137

Supervisor: Karla Felix Navarro

Assessor: Zenon Chaczko


Australia, along with most developed countries, faces a growing and ageing population, and a

major implication of this phenomenon is an increased expenditure on healthcare. Emerging

Cloud technologies can be utilised to deliver low-cost yet scalable Telehealth systems, with

applications from home-based health monitoring to personalised healthcare.

Serious games can provide techniques to monitor and evaluate patients‟ health, for them to

improve their wellbeing through the use of game technology and to monitor their progress

towards achieving this goal. In order to maximise this benefit, data collected for health purposes

should be made available to clinicians without further action from the patient other than their

consent. Other data, such as usage patterns, can also help to assess their willingness to play the

game and to monitor changes of this behaviour over time, providing feedback for game

developers to improve the quality of these games and increase their long-term usage.

This project aims to produce a secure and reliable system for the automated collection of data

from serious games for health, its analysis, and finally for making the results available to

patients and clinicians over a wide range of devices. As part of this project, a system of these

characteristics was designed and deployed within a cloud environment to provide high

scalability. While the long-term goal is to produce a generic system that can function with

almost any type of game generated data, such a system would be difficult to specify and test

exhaustively. Thus, this project focused on providing a solution that is tailored to the needs of

one game, namely a game for fall prevention, yet it was designed to easily be adaptable to other

game systems.

A rapid prototyping development framework based on the popular spiral model was used to

build up the system in stages. This approach was devised suitable from the literature as it aids to

the development of systems where the final requirements remain unclear. Rapid prototyping

allows for flexible system shaping through high user feedback. Additionally, by using only

open-source components, the system can be modified and deployed easily without licensing

restrictions.


57


Albern Ku - A13-284


Assessor: TBA


Growth of technology has contributed to our lifestyle positively however, it also has negative

side effects. Motorised machines produce atmospheric pollution as by-products of combustion.

This affects both humans and the surrounding environment, and the consequences range from

inconsequential to lethal. The problem of air pollution is exacerbated in urban areas of

developing nations, where controls are often neglected due to cost.

This project analyses the effectiveness of existing technology by utilising engineering approach

to reduce air pollution concerning with feasible location of application in urban area. The

possible technologies then narrowed down to five options by their adaptability evaluation to be

applied in the city. The selected technologies are then built into a model, used as an educational

device to enable people to understand the basic engineering principles behind each technology.

A survey accompanies the model to gauge social preferences of aesthetic, effectiveness, and

cost of implementation. The respondents are randomly picked from different geographical and

demographics backgrounds.

Majority of respondent choose their preferences in Green Building method due to the simple use

of natural resources (plants). Comments from respondent show the other technologies are hard

to understand, which therefore lowers the confidence level. Although Carbon Capture by using

liquid absorbent is found to be the most effective in the engineering point of view, it requires

extra land space that is not practically available to be applied in land-shortage cities (such as

Jakarta and Japan).

Greater understanding of other methods is required to familiarise society with available options.

Analysis and adaptation of land needed to implement engineering-preferred technologies also

are a major issue as shown from the respondents. However, the number of responses to the

survey proves that a high level of awareness of the issue is evident, and this may be used to

leverage quick action.


58

Cyberglove Regulated Deep Vein Thrombosis Prevention System for Electric Powered

Wheelchair (12cp)

Kent Lam - A13-069

Supervisor: Tuan Nghia Nguyen

Assessor: Steven Su

Major: Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is the aggregation of thrombin, coagulants and blood cells in the

femoral veins (deep veins) located in the lower limbs due to prolonged duration of immobility

in the sitting or lying position. DVT is a risk factor of Pulmonary Embolism (PE), a lethal

condition where a dislodged thrombus from the deep vein travels up to the narrow vessels in the

pulmonary system resulting with a clot. This clot can induce hypertension, reverse blood flow to

the heart, and reduce gas exchange in the lungs. The combined effect is death, which can onset

in 1 hour. Government health bodies estimates that deaths by PE each year reach up to 400 in

Australia, 25,000 in UK, and 60,000-100,000 in America.

Existing prevention treatments apply compressive forces or electrical stimulation to the lower

limb muscles through the use of cuffs, or inflatable belts. However, it is inconvenient for

paraplegics and less mobile users to constantly equip and remove such belts from their legs.

Additionally, prolonged use can cause irritations and discomfort to the skin and tissue due to the

repetitive stresses applied.

This capstone project has explored an improved method of delivering DVT prevention therapy

for electric wheelchair users through a vibration pad, controlled by a wireless CyberGlove.

Without damaging tissue, the vibration serves to resonate the femoral veins to prevent thrombus

formation. A neural network has been developed to interpret different hand gestures into

commands that control the electric wheelchair and the DVT prevention system mounted

onboard. The network has been trained with 210,000 data points to achieve an accuracy above

90%.

This solution mitigates the issue of fumbling with belts and the side-effects stated above

because users can simply rest their legs onto the vibration pads to receive the therapy. The use

of a CyberGlove for gestures‟ recognition will benefit those who have limited mobility with

their arms and hands, and avoid the need to press buttons or move a joystick


59

2008 Wenchuan Earthquake - Lessons Learnt - (12cp)

Xiaoke Li - A13-287




The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was one of the most widespread catastrophe happened in the

mainland of China. It also influenced the widest region and led to the most severe direct disaster

loss since the founding of China in 1949. The magnitude of the Wenchuan earthquake was

measured at Ms 8.0, correlated to the XI grade of disaster of the Modified Mercalli Intensity

(MMI). Furthermore, the earthquake caused a large amount of secondary disaster, such as

aftershocks and landslides which occurred due to the combination of huge surface rupture and

fierce ground movement. For instance, Beichuan County was suffered with numerous destroys,

more than 85% of buildings collapsed, due to the secondary disaster.

Wenchuan County, with a total area of 4084 kilometer squares, is the major disaster region

which is located in the mountainous belt between Western Sichuan Plateau and Sichuan Basin

and defined as rugged mountain region. Rocks around the Wenchuan County primarily contains

Cambrian sandstone, Cambrian siltstone, Sinian shale, Ordovician limestone, Silurian slate,

Silurian Phyllite, Devonian dolomite, Devonian limestone, Carboniferous shale, Carboniferous

limestone, Permian limestone, Triassic shale and Triassic sandstone. Along with the changes of

geology, alluvial and terraces fans are developed due to the loose quaternary deposit. Moreover,

according to the geological structures of earth, the strike of rock strata is defined from northeast

to southwest.

The aim of the project is to define what the earthquake is and to determine how to design anti-

seismic structures against various grades of earthquake with respect to the collapsing force

induced by the fierce underground movement. In addition, a particular case study about

Wenchuan earthquake will be analysed, from which lessons learnt will be reported. To achieve

the goals, a field trip was carried out on Wednesday 20th February in 2013. Moreover, valuable

materials and photos had been collected from local earthquake memorial hall. Besides, several

local civil engineers were interviewed to confirm the types of soil, to discuss the design of anti-

seismic structures, and to analyse the reasons why quantities of structures collapsed

immediately when earthquake occurred. Based on those pieces of unique information, the

project will analyse and discuss further upon the design of anti-seismic structures from

engineering perspective.


60

A Technical, Environmental and Financial Analysis and Model of Australia’s Future

Electricity Generation Mix - (12cp)

Adam Linke - A13-089


Assessor: Guang Hong

Major: Mechanical Engineering Major BEBBus and BEBSc

The changing global climate and increasing concerns towards our impact on the environment

are influencing the way we view and achieve our energy needs, in particular with electricity

generation. Regardless of climate change, the need to reduce our carbon footprint and diversify

our energy mix is fundamental to achieving long term sustainability within the electricity

industry.

Future energy goals and projections have been outlined in the Energy White Paper 2012 (EWP)

as part of the (former) Australian government‟s Clean Energy Future Plan (CEFP).

Fundamental flaws with these goals and projections include; not all energy options are included

such as nuclear, limited analysis based only on fuel source rather than actual electricity

generation technologies, and also a limited analysis of the costs involved in reshaping the

electricity generation mix.

This paper aims to determine the optimal mix of electricity generation technologies up until

2050 that would best meet our electricity needs through minimising emissions and cost. This

was done by analysing industry data and aligning it to targets from the CEFP to generate a

model that optimises a combination of forty-three (43) electricity generation technologies that

are either current or likely to be commercially viable within the next two decades. The results of

this model were compared with other similar models from the CSIRO and Treasury over the

period until 2050, as well as analysis of factors not taken into account in the models.

The results of modelling were highly dependent on the constraints applied and are discussed in

depth in the report, however a general trend was apparent; emission targets after 2040 will be

difficult to achieve without the development of Carbon Capture & Storage and/or Nuclear as

baseload supplies, without which would increase the cost of electricity with a price on carbon

and plateau emissions relative to the installed fossil fuel baseload supply.


61

Design and Implementation of Auxiliary Equipment for Aurion Engine Test Cell - (12cp)

Mark Linke - A13-181




The UTS faculty of Engineering purchased a Toyota Aurion V6 Internal Combustion Engine in

2012 to set up as a test cell for teaching, research and experimentation in the UTS Engine Lab.

The engine test cell was not in operation and the university stakeholders required this engine to

be operational for teaching the subject Internal Combustion Engines in Spring Semester 2013.

The main objectives of this project was to design and implement a safe, reliable and adaptable

setup for this engine test cell and the laboratory in which it is located. Specific areas of concern

included in this project scope include the exhaust system, a centralised fuel system supplying

three test cells, the secure mounting of the engine and reliable and accurate forms of measuring

the engines performance and emissions.

Due to the time constraint in getting the engine safely operational, the project was completed in

two stages. The first stage involved implementing safe solutions using available materials for

the exhaust, fuel, mounting and testing systems. This was approached using engineering

initiative with limited time for planning and designing.

The second stage involved designing the centralised fuel system, accounting for safety,

compliance and compatibility with a variety of engines and green fuels including ethanol.

Research was conducted on the design elements and their relevant issues and justified

recommendations were made based on both economic and technical factors.

The project's stage one was successful in that the Aurion engine was ready on time, was safe to

operate and produced the expected results during the Internal Combustion Engines lab sessions.

The centralised fuel system designed in stage two is expected to be successful when the

recommended components are purchased and implemented as it meets the stakeholders

requirements.

This project will prove a useful reference to both academics and the automotive industry for the

design and implementation of safe fuel systems.


62

Vizy: Visualisation of Software for Novice Programmers - (12cp)

Royston Lobo - A13-235

Supervisor: John Leaney

Assessor: Raymond Lister


Novice programmers often face difficulty understanding many of the concepts taught within the

first few weeks of a programming course (Lister 2011). The lack of a strong foundation in

programming usually leads to poor performance in assessments and disengages the students

from the remainder of the programming course.

Lister (2011) has done extensive research into the pedagogical aspects of introductory

programming. His research indicates that there are four stages of cognitive development for the

novice programmer to become a competent programmer. The stages are: sensorimotor

(difficulty with tracing); pre-operational (cannot abstract from code), concrete operational

(cannot deal with unfamiliar code) and formal operational (abstract reasoning with unfamiliar

code). The research formed the basis for producing a tool to aid in the early stages of

development.

This capstone investigated tools, systems and architectures to aid novices in their understanding.

Using an Action Research approach, an analysis of these tools, systems and architectures was

undertaken and areas for improvements were identified to increase effectiveness. The

possibilities for implementing these improvements were also investigated, and code

visualisation was identified as an effective means to increase understanding. The result of this

investigation is a tool named Vizy. Vizy is an extension of Eclipse Tracer, an open-source

software tool that allows the user to trace the value of variables while debugging.

This tool aims to aid a student‟s transition from the sensorimotor to the pre-operational stage

and then onto the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. It does so by prompting

the user to predict multiple variable values and recording the predictions. The correctness of the

predictions can enable the user to gauge his or her understanding of the code. A small study

was also undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of Vizy in relation to current methods used in

introductory programming courses.


63

Failure Analysis of Regularly Failing Traction Winches - (12cp)

Tadeusz Lobocki - A13-142


Assessor: Jinchen Ji


Manufacturing within Australia is becoming ever more competitive with companies driven to

work more efficiently with lower costs to survive. Minimising machine „down-time‟ is vital for

such companies to operate at peak performance and survive. Failure of key machines leads to

loss of production and profits.

The regularly failing traction winch under analysis directly affects the throughput of a crucial

machine. High reliability of this machine is paramount to the success of the business. A Root

Cause Analysis (RCA) of the machine was therefore required.

Data was collected over an eight month period, with the study initially involving research into

wire rope, bearing failure modes and failure analysis methodologies. Interviews with

maintenance personnel, supervisors and management followed. A RCA was then conducted

which identified the physical, human and latent influences of the failing traction winch.

Leading physical root causes influencing the premature failure of the traction winch is bending

fatigue failure in the wire rope caused by an undersized drum. Bearing failures also contribute

and were found to be caused by axial loading, impact loading and bearing misalignment.

Omission error during winch design was identified as the main human root cause, with a

hypothesis that the design company worked outside their „adequate knowledge‟ as the latent

root cause. Following the RCA findings, a re-designed traction winch with an adequate drum

size and an alternative hydraulic system has been recommended. A recommendation for the

implementation of a formal RCA procedure has also been made.

The findings highlight the negative effects that can come about when design engineers work

outside of their competencies. The implementation of a proposed alternative system, when

resources permit, will allow the company to decrease „down-time‟ on the crucial machine,

improving competitiveness. The RCA procedure will allow repeatedly failing machines to be

formally analysed and fixed.


64

Effect of Vertical Stress on Creep Rate of Cement Treated Clay - (12cp)

Shirley Luong - A13-131




With the growth and expansion of the population in urban areas throughout the world, the

availability of adequate sites to construct new infrastructure on is declining. Hence sites with

more challenging soil conditions are becoming prevalent for new construction. Also, a

significant amount of the construction demand is near coastal regions, lakes and rivers, which is

where soft soil tends to be located. As the soil is not ideal for construction, it needs to be

improved and this can be carried out with the addition of cementitious material such as cement.

This report details the experimental investigation on the creep of cement treated soil with the

application of incremental vertical stresses. Cement treated soil can significantly improve the

properties of untreated soil. However, like other soils it still undergoes typical creep behavior.

Creep is the secondary compression that follows primary consolidation, where after the water

from the voids in the soil structure have been expelled, causing a change in volume, the

deformation further continues under a constant effective stress. As minimal research has been

completed on this area of cement treated soils, this capstone examines the rate of secondary

compression that occurs in soil stabilized with cement.

The investigation involved preparing cement treated soil samples Q38 kaolinite and 10%, 15%

and 20% cement content of the dry weight of the clay. One sample was prepared for each of the

cement content, and allowed to cure for 60 days in a limewater bath. Consolidation tests were

performed on the three samples with 8 different loads and the loads were incrementally

increased every 14 days. The results found that generally as the applied vertical stress increased,

the rate of secondary compression also increased. With this understanding, the long-term

uncertainty of settlement after an extended period of time can be minimized.


65

Finite Element Simulation of Accelerated Preloading using Vacuum to Improve Soft Clays

- (12cp)

Mark Maglalang - S13-024




Soft clay deposits such as estuarine clays can be found throughout Sydney‟s western and coastal

regions. These soils exhibit low bearing capacity and excessive settlement characteristics which

provide unfavourable conditions for the development of commercial and residential

infrastructure. Stabilisation of these soils is possible through the application of surcharge loads

in conjunction with prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) to consolidate soil before construction.

The addition of vacuum pressures can further accelerate the consolidation processes improving

on construction costs and efficiency.

Vacuum preloading is a technique used in ground improvement by generating negative pore

pressures, resulting in an increased effective stress and accelerated consolidation. Research

findings verify that the impact of an induced suction pressure can significantly affect soil

consolidation, requiring the need for simulation techniques for analytical purposes. Plaxis 2D is

a finite element software program capable of modeling various geotechnical applications.

However, there are currently no specific functions available within Plaxis 2D that enable users

to model vacuum preloading systems.

This thesis will describe the nature of soft soils and compare preloading techniques currently in

practice including conventional preloading and vacuum preloading. It also details a potential

modeling method for simulating vacuum preloading on soft clays through Plaxis 2D. This

method was applied by replicating the results of a previously conducted laboratory experiment.

This method may be utilised in practice for geotechnical applications concerning ground

improvement.


66

An Investigation into the Robustness of Design Flood Quantile Predictions (12cp)

Bethany Marson - A13-145

Supervisor: James Ball

Assessor: Mark Babister

Major: Civil Engineering Major BE and BE DipEngPrac

As flood engineers quantify and predict design flood events, it is vital to understand the

accuracy and reliability of these estimates. A number of techniques have been developed by

engineers to predict flows in ungauged catchments. This paper will investigate the reliability of

these predictions against estimates derived from historical gauged data. The aim of this

investigation is to provide engineers with an understanding of the differences in predicted flood

discharges.

The Australian Rainfall and Runoff (ARR) guidelines provide an Australian standard for design

flood estimation for engineers. These guidelines, originally published in 1987, are currently in

the process of being updated. As a part of this revision, methods used for quantile flood

predictions in ungauged catchments are also being reviewed. These methods include a Regional

Flood Frequency Analysis (RFFA). Project 5 (P5) of the ARR revision is reviewing current

RFFA techniques and recommending the use of the Parameter Regression Technique –

Generalised Least Squares (PRT-GLS) method in New South Wales. Along with this

recommendation, P5 software has been developed to conduct a RFFA using the PRT-GLS

method.

This paper will investigate the reliability of the P5 software against predictions from historical

data for 24 catchments across NSW. A Flood Frequency Analysis (FFA) was conducted using

historical data for various catchment sizes to determine the 10, 20, 50 and 100 year flood

quantiles. During the analysis, factors such as the geographical catchment distribution and the

catchment size are compared to the amount of error with the expectation that no trends will

occur. These results assess the robustness of the P5 flood predictions.


67

An Evaluation of H2S Abatement Methods in Geothermal Power Generation (12cp)

Matthew Martorana - A13-155



Major: Mechanical

The steam utilised in geothermal power generation contains a number of different non-

condensable gases. These gases need to be extracted and treated by geothermal plants to

improve performance and efficiency, ensure the safety of plant personnel, protect the

surrounding environment and residents, and to meet regulatory requirements.

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) is one such gas. It is colourless but toxic and has a foul, rotten egg-like

odour. In large enough concentrations it can be fatal. As a result, a growing number of nations

are developing strict regulatory requirements to limit its exhaust into the atmosphere. Both new

and existing geothermal power stations will need to meet these requirements through an

appropriate abatement system.

This project is intended to be a primer on H2S abatement in the geothermal industry, and to

assist the design engineer, engineering consultant and plant owner in the choice of an effective

abatement system for their new or existing plant.

This project gives an overview of the wide variety of H2S abatement methods available to the

engineer, conducts a preliminary evaluation and determines their suitability for use in

geothermal power. The advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed, and the key

areas of abatement efficiency, cost, steam and electrical loads are reviewed. Recommendations

are made on the appropriate system(s) to use for differing steam conditions, required abatement

efficiency and sulphur loading. Commercially available systems are discussed and

recommended where possible.

To further assist the engineer in the selection of an abatement system, additional technical

design considerations such as changing steam conditions, condenser choice, H2S partitioning

and retrofitting are discussed. Furthermore, a preliminary design procedure is suggested to

ensure that key technical issues are addressed in the preliminary design stage. Finally, emerging

technologies from around the world are identified and discussed, and the most promising

recommended for further research and field trials.


68


Andreas Maryanto - A13-288


Assessor: TBA


Air quality is of increasing interest to many governments and individuals. Air quality needs to

be sustained to maintain the sustainability of the whole environment. In the last 60 years, the

rate of air pollution is increasing at an alarming rate (currently at 6% per year), especially in

tropical areas and in developing countries. World Health Organization estimates that 3.3 million

deaths worldwide per year are caused by air pollution. Therefore, the air pollution problem

needs to be dealt with seriously.

This paper analyses current efforts in addressing air pollution problems, explores and examines

some of technological options to reduce air pollution in urban area, and analyses selected

technologies. This is accomplished through systematic analysis of all technologies available in

the literature to date, and selecting those which fit a set of financial, engineering, and social

criteria for further examination. A model of an urban environment with hybrid system of the

selected technologies is built as a representation to demonstrate and educate the public about

their function. Using this device as a moderating tool, public awareness of air pollution and

acceptance of the technologies is gauged, using a detailed survey.

It is found that currently, there are several prevention and control methods to deal with air

pollution problems. Effectively, both prevention and control must be applied together.

However, some of the solutions cannot be applied directly in urban areas, such as the emission

control used in power plants. Based on the analysis undertaken, the selected 5 technologies have

potentials to take part in addressing the air quality problem in urban areas. Of those

technologies, the survey shows that responds favour Green Building in general, although in

particular areas the others are more accepted, followed by Direct-Air-Capture with Chemicals,

Algae in Ponds, Air Capture by Carbon Engineering, and Algadisk respectively.


69

Sub-Sea Water Pipeline - (12cp)

Aleksandar Medojevic - A13-244


Assessor: Vahik Avakian


Mass distribution of water can be considered as one of the oldest engineering professions, as it

was practised by many civilisations throughout history. The advancements in theoretical

knowledge and technology regarding water distribution has allowed for it to become one of the

fundamental aspects of modern society, allowing for a high quality of life in many populated

areas around the world. However, areas such as isolated islands often do not enjoy the

advantages of modern water distribution systems. This is mainly caused by their isolation and

the costs involved with the manufacture and operation of large subsea piping systems.

This project deals with the development of a sustainable design of a pipeline capable of

efficiently delivering potable water at the rate of 100 litres per second to remote islands located

up to 600km from the mainland. This involves investigating topics related to underwater

conditions the pipeline would be exposed to, and using them as a guide to determine a safe and

feasible pipeline design. A number of sources dedicated to fluid mechanics and pipeline design

are used in order to determine the properties of the pipeline design that are best suitable for the

task at hand.

The results of the investigation are combined to form a general design that can be implemented

around the world in order to achieve the required performance goals. The pipeline is designed to

comply with widely accepted Det Norske Veritas (DNV) standards which are often referred to

for the design and construction of subsea pipelines. By complying with accepted standards, the

pipeline design outlined in this report can safely be implemented in many locations around the

world.


70

The Re-Design of a Mobile Hoist Device for the Purpose of Safely Lifting and

Manoeuvring Vehicles - (12cp)

Omar Merei - A13-160

Supervisor: Nong Zhang

Assessor: Holger Roser


The Engine lab at UTS is center to research concerning a Ford Territory. The particular research

being currently conducted regarding the aforementioned vehicle requires the lifting and

manoeuvring of the vehicle from any position outside the laboratory to rest atop four actuators

in a safe manner.

Previously, a device by the name of Cartar was used to lift and manoeuvre the vehicle to the

required position atop the four actuators. The use of Cartar however has given rise to safety

issues that saw the Ford Territory at risk of falling off the Cartar. Such a safety risk has the

potential to disrupt research activities as well as to lead the institution to endure financial losses.

Additionally, the Cartar is inconvenient to use. It demands relatively excessive time to prepare

the device to lift the vehicle from atop the four actuators and manoeuvre it to a position on the

ground just outside the engine laboratory.

As such, this project presents a solution to the problems experienced with the Cartar. The client

requirements were initially analysed resulting in the specifications which the solution is to

satisfy. Moreover, the problems experienced by the Cartar were analysed. Then, conceptual

design was carried out at the end of which a concept of operation was chosen. The chosen

concept of operation satisfied all of the specifications and hence the client‟s requirements were

satisfied. Detailed design was then begun but has not been entirely completed. The completed

detailed design of the conceptual solution did however meet the available time resources

allocated to this project. Furthermore, detailed kinematic and kinetic analysis of the mechanism

allowed us to find the precise reaction forces of the scissor links thereby allowing us to

appropriately size the scissor links and in turn minimize the cost of the scissor arms.


71

Investigation of Bond Strength in Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Concrete - (12cp)

Hafeezullah Misbah - A13-281




Importance of concrete technology is evident in today‟s world. It‟s essential to understand the

properties of concrete such as slump, compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, flexural

strength and bond strength. Conventional Concrete is brittle and its tensile strength is generally

only around one tenth of its compression strength. Conventional concrete is thus modified to

improve its mechanical properties such as bond strength and tensile strength. For numerous

applications, it is becoming progressively popular to reinforce the concrete with distributed

fibres such as polypropylene to improve its properties. There many applications of fibre

reinforced concrete such as, thin concrete sheets, construction of pipes, tiles for roofs,

prefabricated concrete shapes, concrete panels, etc.

The key purpose of the propylene fibres is to enhance the bond strength and tensile strength of

the concrete. Conventional concrete was reinforced with polypropylene fibre with volume

fractions of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% of the total volume of the concrete. Slump and mechanical

properties of both convention and polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete including

compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength and bond strength were tested.

The tests were conducted after different curing periods including 7, 14 and 28 days.

The aim of this capstone project is to investigate the effect of polypropylene fibres on bond

strength of concrete. The bond strength of polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete is compared

with conventional concrete in the event of both no corrosion and some corrosion of the steel

reinforcement. It was found from the experimental investigation that bond strength of non-

corroded fibre reinforced concrete is increased by increasing its polypropylene fibres contents.

As part of the project further experiments are yet to be conducted to find out the effect of the

fibres on the bond strength of concrete in the event of corrosion.


72

Conduct Life Cycle Analysis on the New 3D Knitted Composite Material Concept Applied

to 2nd Row 60/40 Split RSB. Compare to a Current Product in the VE Wagon - (12cp)

Nicolas Molina - A13-130


Assessor: Jin Chen Ji


Designing for sustainability within the automotive sector has become a crucial component of

the traditional design process in an effort to minimise environmental impact across a vehicle‟s

lifecycle. Vehicles present a unique opportunity for the development of environmentally

sustainable practices from a holistic perspective due to their demanding and expansive lifecycle

requirements and associated design considerations. In particular, recent advancements in

materials and material design have facilitated the introduction of significantly different

processes and methods from those traditionally employed in the manufacture of vehicle

components. Engineers are now able to select from a wider range of materials and choose those

that will minimise the overall environmental impact.

Futuris Automotive Pty Ltd has developed a novel 3D knitted composite material to replace the

existing steel components and assembly within the sixty (60) forty (40) split rear seat back

frame of common automotive vehicles, in particular the Holden VE Wagon. Although the

composite material has favourable functional properties, analysis and quantification of the

material‟s environmental impact is required to determine the environmental impact of the 3D

composite knit structure compared to the existing steel frame technologies.

The aim of this project is to perform an environmental sustainability lifecycle analysis for both

the 3D knitted composite and steel 60/40 rear seat backs using sustainability software. In order

to achieve this, each assembly must be accurately modelled using computer aided software and

appropriate sustainability data obtained. Valid assumptions for each material must be made

throughout the individual lifecycle stages, and correctly applied in the sustainability study.

This capstone presents and evaluates the results of the lifecycle sustainability analysis. Four key

environmental indicators (carbon footprint, water eutrophication, air acidification, energy

consumption), were considered in the direct comparative analysis of the two materials

presented. Current literature has been reviewed, and recommendations made for future

environmental considerations in the material‟s continued lifecycle development.


73

Application of Soil Water Balance Model (SWMOD) to Gauged Catchments in NSW -

(12cp)

Daniel Morgan - A13-117

Supervisor: James Ball

Assessor: TBA


Rainfall loss is precipitation that does not appear as runoff after a storm event. The loss is

mostly caused by:

• Interception by vegetation

• Infiltration into the soil

• Retention on the surface (depression storage)

• Loss through the stream bed and banks (transmission loss)

It is virtually impossible to model all these different infiltration parameters over a large

catchment therefore they are combined and treated in a simple fashion through lumped

conceptual loss models. Some of the more commonly used loss models are:

• Initial loss – constant continuing loss

• Initial loss – constant proportional loss

• Initial loss – variable continuing loss

• Probability distributed storage capacity loss model

SWMOD is a distributed storage capacity loss model and was developed in 1989 by the Water

Authority of Western Australia. It is an established method of rainfall loss estimation in south

western WA. It is also theoretically possible to characterise this type of model anywhere in

Australia using national soil maps. Today this type of model has extremely limited use in NSW

and its suitability remains unknown.

This project will test the SWMOD on several NSW gauged catchments where the conventional

Initial Loss Continuing Loss (ILCL) model has been applied. The selected catchments will

include some where the traditional ILCL model performed well and some where it has proved

problematic. The project will be testing:

• The ability to set up SWMOD

• The performance of SWMOD against historical events

• If depth of runoff is maintained when using SMWOD

• The ability to reproduce a recorded event using SWMOD

• The ability to predict a design flow using SWMOD

The flood hydrographs from each catchment that result from the use of the SWMOD will be

compared with the existing flood hydrographs for each catchment that have resulted from the

use of the ILCL model. The models will be compared and conclusions will be drawn based on

peak flow and four hydrograph characteristics:

• Shape

• Timing

• Peak

• Volume


74

Development of an Expert System to Assist in Resource Management - (12cp)

Mikayla Mu - A13-182


Assessor: Karla Felix Navarro

Major: ICT Engineering Major BEBBus BEBSc

It has become increasingly imperative in today‟s age of information technology for project

management to efficiently manage project resources. The error in not properly allocating

resources can potentially cause delays in the project schedule and can potentially cause an

increase in costs to source available resources in turn affecting the budget of a project. Labour

resources need to be effectively managed in order to be utilised efficiently. In order to do this a

resource management system that is user friendly and intuitive is required in order to minimise

redundant costs in training and enable users to use the system competently. The design and

development of a resource allocation system assists users in managing, controlling, and

allocating resources. The inclusion of a resource profile will display information including the

availability, role and cost for each resource. The resource profile containing the resource

information provides a linkage to the allocation and capacity of the resource.

The design of an expert system for resource allocation with the use of Kohonen Maps is a

different way to portray the demand and availability of resources. From research of other

available project management systems and resource allocation systems, this enables the

development of a prototype.

The research undertaken for this capstone analyses the current solutions available for resource

allocation and project management from the features offered to how the information is

presented. Based on this analysis, the design and development of a resource allocation system

covers common features required to be viewed when displaying a resource profile including a

screen for the resource information and for the resource allocation.


75

Finite Element Simulation of Concrete Injected Column (CIC) Highlighting Effects of

Column Depth (6cp)

Quan M. Nguyen - S13-010




Structures often need to be built over soil that cannot sustain the weight by itself, and short or

long-term failure may occur. This is where ground improvement techniques such as Concrete

Injected Columns (CIC) must be used. CIC is a relatively new method of ground stabilisation

where a drill is used to laterally displace soil while at the same time concrete is injected into the

vacated space.

It is an improvement over previous techniques such as pile driving while the installation is

faster and there is minimal ground disturbance as the columns can be made to be more a part of

the soil instead of a separate built entity. Traditional pile foundations are designed to take nearly

all vertical loads, which introduces design problems such as bending moment and shear forces

in the pile columns. Other problems such as differential settlement may also occur, which

require additional structures to counteract.

This project was conducted to determine the effects of changing the length of Concrete Injected

Columns above the bedrock. Simulations were run using finite element modelling software to

determine the stability of CICs. These simulations focus on the effect of the distance of the

column toe to bedrock.

It was found that the shorter the columns (greater distance between column toe and bedrock),

the more the settlement. Therefore generally stability increases as length of the columns

increase. Longer and deeper columns however may require more resources and may become

complex in terms of construction. The results of these simulations can be used as a reference

point for future research or industry applications to determine the optimal depth of CIC.


76

Consumer Neuroscience - Wireless EEG Headset with Eye Tracking - (12cp)

Abhishek Onawale - A13-149


Assessor: Nathan Kirchner


Discovering the factors that affect consumer choice has long been the goal of commercial

industries to further improve the development of products, services and marketing strategies.

Being able to explicitly define consumer groups and their needs is a key aspect of focus for

successful commercial marketing and product exposure through efficient resource allocation.

The relatively new field of consumer neuroscience has been making use of several existing

technologies to achieve this. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the more

notable methods with documented evidence showing differentiation between cognitive and

emotive processes including pleasure, crave and disgust. However, the equipment is not readily

accessible for use in areas of market research firstly due to the costs to build or operate and also

due to its size and lack of portability.

The objective of this project is to demonstrate the use of the EMOTIV EPOC Headset, Tobii

X60 Eye tracker and MATLAB software to successfully reveal the cognitive processes behind

consumer decision making. By minimizing the invasiveness of equipment and therefore the

subjects‟ awareness of their surroundings, this setup aims to provide a more consumer friendly

and commercially viable means of consumer neuromarketing.

In this capstone, the study will employ several analysis techniques on EEG and eye tracker data

These include synchronization data from both the eye tracker and EEG headset to isolate EEG

recordings for each image of a PowerPoint survey, artifact removal through Independent

Component Analysis (ICA), filtering of alpha, beta, gamma, delta and theta frequency bands

through Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), phase locking value (PLV) analysis, plotting of eye gaze

data to show areas of fixation on images and a user interface through MATLAB terminal.


77

Investigate and Address, Using a Novel Design Solution, a Common Issue That Affects

Aged and Disabled Persons on at Least a Weekly Basis - (12cp)

Jake Parker - A13-180

Supervisor: Catherine Killen

Assessor: Hiyam Al-Kilidar

Major: Innovation Engineering Major BE and BEDipEngPrac

This project follows a comprehensive innovation and product development process to identify a

need and design and test a solution to meet that need. The project focuses on the current trend in

the increasing average age of the global population, and employs a range of engineering

innovation and design methodologies to design and test a device to assist elderly and disabled

people with opening jars.

With the advancements in medical technologies, more people are living to a much older age.

This is consequently increasing the costs to society in accommodating the changing needs of the

ageing population, particularly in the loss of independence.

After conducting a questionnaire with a sample of elderly individuals, along with extensive

literature research, it was found that there is potential for innovation in providing assistance in

opening jars. Many elderly people lose much of their independence when ailments such as

arthritis reduce their dexterity.

To design a novel solution to assist in opening jars, current products on the market were

analysed and compared to determine their effective features. Concept designs were theorised

and key unknowns were tested through the use of a functional prototype. The results aided in

shaping the final design, along with a consideration of manufacturing techniques.

The project demonstrates the shear depth and complexity that a design project has the potential

to have. Tools such as Quality Function Deployment (QFD), morphological charts, Computer

Aided Design (CAD) and prototyping were applied to assist with the process.

The final design had been modelled and tested to evaluate performance with respect to design

objectives. Manufacturing planning has been initiated. Overall the project demonstrates

comprehensive application of the process of engineering design from the initial exploration

through to the production and testing of a viable prototype that is now ready for market review

and potentially commercialisation.


78

Stability Analysis of Truss Bridges (6cp)

Todd Parry-Jones - S13-009


Assessor: Ali Saleh


Truss bridges are typically made up of pin-connected straight steel elements, assembled into

triangulated shapes for effective structural performance. Trusses are assembled such that they

disperse significant live loads whilst requiring minimal steel. As pin-connected elements, forces

exist as axially transferred loads from the joints of the structure, leaving the straight elements

subject only to compression and tension loading cases.

Steel is arguably the greatest and most versatile engineering material known to mankind. One of

its many benefits as a structural material is its ability to behave extremely very well under both

compressive and tensile loadings. Under large loadings, steel is subject deformation. The

phenomenon known as „steel buckling‟ occurs when elements are too slender to carry

significant compressive loads and can cause structural instability and failure.

Due to the fact that truss bridges are made up of many structural components, the analysis in

design requires extensive computational analysis. The calculation steps involved are

complicated and tedious when calculated by hand. Thus the need for automated analysis tools in

the engineering of trusses is vital for economic and accurate design.

The purpose of this project is to develop an automated truss stability analysis using user given

information on structure geometry, support, element properties and loading information. The

automated program is designed to include an:

1. Initial static analysis – Using stiffness method of structural analysis and a

2. Stability analysis – Using Eigenvalue analysis by the Bifurcation method

The initial static analysis will return information on the nodal displacements due to loading as

well as the distribution of forces into individual members while the stability analysis will return

information on likely modes of buckling failure.


79

Design and Development of a Software Solution that Provides Graduate Structural

Engineers with Technical Assistance - (12cp)

Sean Pereira - A13-304


Assessor: Ali Saleh



Assessor: Ali Saleh

Major: Civil Engineering (Structures)

According to APEMSA (2011) approximately 78% of engineering graduates from 2011 were

employed as professional engineers, 15% continued into further study, and approximately 7%

were not seeking engineering work. As a significantly large number of students are entering the

engineering workforce straight from university, I feel that technical assistance must be provided

to ensure a smooth transition from university studies to real world applications.

This thesis provides a software-based program named „DesignAid‟ that assists recent graduate

civil and structural engineers entering the design aspect of the industry. Within this faculty of

engineering, both experienced „Senior‟ and „Principal‟ engineers often share in the analogy that

university gives students the tools to become engineers, but the workplace explains how to use

these tools. In addition to an understanding of structural analysis, recent graduates are often

expected to be competent in the design of concrete, steel and masonry structures. However,

commercial software programs, such as Microstran, Structural Toolkit and RAPT, can be

daunting to inexperienced engineers and often can be seen as „black boxes‟. At times these

programs can tempt graduates not to use the Building Code of Australia and Australian

Standard design codes. This leads to a limited understanding of design and marginal

development of their primary skills as civil and structural engineers.

My software program „DesignAid‟ does not aim to be a commercial program, but rather a proof

of concept. I aim to develop „DesignAid‟ as a „white-box‟ for graduate engineers, offering a

software package that combines the literary content of a textbook with the practicality of an

engineering calculator. As a student I do not have the skill-set or time to complete all aspects

relevant to design, such as concrete, masonry, wind and timber. Therefore, for this capstone I

aim to focus on AS4100-1998 – Steel Design to prove the validity of my idea. In addition to

testing „DesignAid‟ against existing software solutions, I aim to implement „DesignAid‟ into

the Robert Bird Group a Civil and Structural Engineering Consultancy. I have arranged a

Principal, Associate and two (2) Graduate Structural engineers to evaluate the effectiveness of

my program from an industry perspective and conclude it if satisfies the identified need.


80

Evaluation of Design and Analysis of Precats Concrete Wall Panels - (12cp)

Nadeesha Pinnaduwa - A13-250




Precast industry (which is also known as the “prefabricated” industry) has gained increasing

international acknowledgement over the past few decades due to its significantly ease of

application and sustainability advantages. The concept of precast concrete initially includes

casting the concrete in reusable molds or forms followed by curing in a controlled environment

using industrial methods. These panels are then transported to the building site when assembling

the structure. The precast industry provides the possibility to enhance the sustainability and the

quality of construction. However, as much as designers and other building industry participants

are well aware of benefits of utilizing precast concrete, some issues are present such as service

delivery issues, the appearance of precast concrete and inflexibility. These issues discourage its

full acceptance as a good sound building material.

This study is an investigation of precast concrete wall panels in terms of the design,

manufacture, transport and assembly. Furthermore, two adjacent wall panels have been

designed in compliance to the national and international standards. The Excel spread sheets for

the design of the wall panels have been included in the report for future design purposes.

The report in depth consists of details of Fundamentals and properties of precast wall panels are

detailed fundamental properties of precast wall panels, explicate the gradual manufacturing

process, summary of the design procedures. In addition the following body of work compares

and contrasts the design criteria of two national standards. Using these general spread sheets for

precast wall panels has been produced.

In conclusion the research report includes the discussion of the viability and the practicality of

using precast wall panels in the industry in both nationally and internationally.


81

Analysis of Tunnel Design and Construction Based on the New Austrian Tunnelling

Method (NATM) - (12cp)

Darren Platt - S13-031




As originally introduced by Rabcewicz in 1962, the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM)

may be viewed as an amalgamation of earlier developments in hard rock tunnelling. The

method offered substantially reduced lining loads resulting in minimised support requirements.

Extending to applications in soft soils and having established itself as a common term in

tunnelling vocabulary, the definition of NATM has blurred significantly with time. Several

major collapses associated with the method in the mid 90‟s saw worldwide review of the safety

and suitability of NATM in modern construction. It has here been distinguished from

generalised methods of Sprayed Concrete Linings (SCL) and Sequential Excavation Methods

(SEM) of which it may commonly be associated.

This project seeks firstly to highlight the advantages and limitations of NATM in its various

forms as compared with other commonly utilised methods in modern day tunnelling, primarily

tunnel boring machines (TBM). Adopting a systematic approach, attempt is made to illustrate

the various components of NATM and their interrelating effects on project, client and

community outcomes.

Additionally, the project reviews developments in computational numerical modelling of

NATM. Analyses of the present day use and the reliability of 2D plane strain models to deal

with the 3D effects of tunnel construction are presented. Several plane strain finite element

models have been created using PLAXIS software and compared with existing data from

modelled and constructed tunnels. Confidence levels are established to depict the effect of soil

and model parameter uncertainties on surface settlement predictions.

The project links these discussions to a case study of the design and construction of the

Dobrovského tunnels in Brno, Czech Republic. Finally, recommendations are provided for

future studies regarding NATM design and construction.


82

Appin Road MR177 - Road Corridor Safety Review - (12cp)

John Posthoorn - A13-203


Assessor: Ali Saleh


According to the Roads and Maritime Service‟s (RMS (formerly RTA)) Centre for Road

Safety‟s Monthly Bulletin of Preliminary Crash Data February 2013 , there were approximately

375 fatalities and 20,362 people injured on roads in New South Wales within a twelve month

period. The safety of the road user is a major component in any road design, however; not all

existing road designs have the high standard of safety that is required by current standards.

Appin Road is a two lane undivided rural Main road (MR 177). From October 2007 until

September 2012, there have been (76) road crashes, 4 fatalities and forty one (41) injuries

recorded on this road. The safety of road users on Appin Road has been questioned as a result

of the number of recent fatalities.

In 2004 the RMS developed the Accident Investigation and Prevention (AIP) Program, which

provides a framework for coordinating the investigation and treatment of road crash (accident),

sites (RMS, 2013).

The objective of this report is to demonstrate to the local community, council and relevant

authorities‟ the „prime‟ road safety deficiencies along Appin Road. A road corridor safety

review project has been undertaken along Appin Road MR177, between the Appin Town Centre

and Bulli Tops (approximately 15km) following the guidelines of the AIP. This report includes:

1. A literature review which provided a guideline for understanding key concepts,

problems, knowledge in the field, avoiding multiplication of documentation and establishing the

significance to the project;

2. A road crash history data analysis, which identifies sections of the road with common

hazardous locational features;

3. Development of road crash diagrams to enable identification of clusters of similar

accidents;

4. Field investigations to assess potential countermeasures; and

5. Economic evaluation of those potential countermeasures.

Finally the report correlates the analysis findings with field investigations and makes

recommendations for economically viable treatments.


83

Seismic Analysis of Steel Storage Racks with Geometric and Connection Non-Linearity -

(12cp)

Joaquin Rafael Araneta Reyes - A13-144

Supervisor: Ali Saleh



The global proliferation of pallet rack use in industrial and commercial warehouses accessible

to the public increases the risk of structural collapse during earthquakes, leading to economic

loss of stored goods and a potentially life-threatening hazard to employees and members of the

public within the facility.

The seemingly simple appearance of pallet racks belies a highly complex structural behaviour:

the slender racks rely on thin-walled perforated uprights to carry hefty pallet loads; and stability

in the down-aisle direction relies entirely on unconventional hooked semi-rigid beam-upright

connections.

The Equivalent Static Lateral Force method (ESLF) is the most widely used seismic analysis

method in industry. ESLF relies on several factors, most notably the force reduction, ductility

and overstrength factors, to calculate structural response. On the basis of incremental dynamic

analysis, non-linear static pushovers and a comparison between seismic response parameters

calculated via Non-Linear Time History (NLTH) and ESLF methods, this study challenges the

adequacy and limits of the ESLF method, both with respect to pallet racks and from a more

general perspective.

The seismic design factors for pallet racks proposed by most codes today are found to be

grossly unconservative, suggesting many current rack installations have been designed on an

unsafe basis, increasing the risk of collapse during an earthquake.

Comparing the structure‟s response to the 1940 El Centro, 1994 Northridge and 1995 Kobe

records additionally highlights the inadequacies of the ESLF method in accounting for near

fault (Northridge) and high frequency (Kobe) ground motions.

Issues regarding the accuracy of NLTH analysis are also investigated. To overcome the

inconvenience of conducting a cyclic test for every connection prior to computer modelling to

calibrate results, a method is proposed to derive an „equivalent cyclic‟ model of a connection‟s

hysteresis entirely from its monotonic test, thus potentially providing substantial cost savings to

rack manufacturers and designers.

Whilst the „equivalent cyclic‟ backbone and commonly available hysteresis models provide a

conservative estimate of the earthquake intensity leading to collapse, accurate calculation of

structural response parameters via NLTH analysis is shown to require careful modelling on the

part of the designer.


84

Design and Analysis of a Centripetally Activated Automotive Wheel Closer for

Aerodynamic Loss Compensation - (12cp)

Luke Rhodes - A13-230




Research into fuel efficiency technology has increased recently, owing to tightened legislative

requirements on environmental performance. One area of concern is the efficiency of vehicles

and associated components.

Significant aerodynamic and windage losses are caused by automotive wheel voids at speed;

these wheel voids are necessary at low velocities for brake system cooling and aesthetic

function. However, at higher velocity the turbulence generated by the wheel voids leads to

power losses and fluid inefficiencies.

Wheel closers operate to shutter wheel voids at speed, thereby reducing losses whilst

maintaining function. Currently, electronically deployed wheel closers are entering the market -

driven by motors powered by batteries charged by the motion of the wheel. This project

explores the possibility of a purely mechanically driven wheel closer, using centripetal force as

an actuation method.

A prototype wheel closer is developed for investigation and testing of fluid inefficiencies at

highway speeds. In parallel, a physical testing apparatus is developed to facilitate experimental

investigation. An off-the-shelf alloy wheel is used to calculate standard power absorption of the

wheel in motion. The unmodified wheel is compared against an ideal case, and finally, the

closer prototype is tested experimentally.

Concurrently, a computational investigation is undertaken to validate experimental results.

Using advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics software to model and simulate fluid

properties, the wheel is tested as built, in an ideal case, and with the implemented prototype.

Results indicate general agreement between experimental and computational analysis, showing

fluid efficiency savings which could translate into increased fuel economy and reduced

emissions. The mechanical prototype provides an advantage over the electronic counterpart as it

reduces system complexity and cost whilst achieving identical functionality.


85

Sand Dams, Their Applicability and Viability to Drought Prone Regions of Rural

Australia, as a Suitable Water Catchment and Storage Method - (12cp)

Jack Robertson - A13-077

Supervisor: Jaya Kandasamy

Assessor: Saravanamuth Vigneswaran

Major: Civil Engineering Major BBEBBus and BEBsc

Australia is the driest inhabited continent in the world with over 80% of its land mass made up

of desert and grassland regions. These arid regions provide an annual precipitation ranging from

less than 300mm in the central desert region of Australia to less than 500mm across the majority

of the grassland region. Annual pan evaporation rates on the other hand range from 2000mm –

4000mm per annum, resulting in water loss from farm dams in the order of 40% of total volume

per year in certain cases. Under these conditions water availability and storage methods for

pastoral farming is a continual issue in these regions.

This paper looks at the applicability and viability of filling farm dams in with sand and using

the sands natural properties to limit evaporation. Under these conditions a dam is expected to be

able to store 40% of its volume in water and yield on average 25% of this for daily use. The

advantage of a sand dam over a conventional open surface dam is that evaporation is confined

to the first 3ft, after which point evaporation loss is negligible. This paper has used past

precipitation and evaporation data over the last 20 years to create a daily time step model that

compares the water storing ability of sand dams to open surface dams with and without

currently available evaporation mitigation techniques. Under these conditions Sand Dams have

proven to be better suited than open surface dams to arid regions particularly those of seasonal

rainfall, although costs of such a technique are highly variable and seem to suggest that

currently available evaporation mitigation techniques are in fact the most appropriate method

for these regions.


86

Dynamic Analysis of Truss Bridges under Moving Loads - (12cp)

Jose Ronquillo - A13-162


Assessor: Rijun Shrestha


In the analysis of structural behaviour under different loading conditions, designers have always

used the assumption of a very slow load application back when the methods and/or technology

for dynamic analysis still did not exist. This assumption, however, is backed by very large

factors of safety due to the uncertainties designers faced. As time progressed, we have been able

to reduce that uncertainty by predicting the structure‟s dynamic behaviour (deflection over time,

frequency, etc.) with great accuracy, allowing us to build more economical structures while

maintaining safety.

This project discusses in detail the methods for calculating deflections at every specified time

interval, based on a load that changes over time. The project is specialised to analyse truss

bridges under traffic loads, which considers the configuration of the truss, joints, and degrees of

freedom.

The aim of this project is to investigate the vibration and deflection patterns of truss bridges

when subjected to vehicular loading at certain parameters such as the mass of the structure,

stiffness of the structure, damping effects, velocity and mass of vehicle. In the future, this

program can be further modified to analyse the effects of car crashes, sustained loads due to

traffic and other loads that were too complex to analyse without the aid of a computer.

Initial testing shows that a more massive bridge pushes for a more dominant dynamic loading

compared to its static counterpart, but greatly increases its natural frequency and it takes longer

for the bridge to return to its “at rest” state compared to a lighter one. The program and the

results described in this report will assist structural engineers in finding the optimum

configuration for a truss bridge and to allow for faster design processes for truss bridges.


87

Blind Spot Detection System for the Application in Motorcycles using Laser Technology -

(12cp)

Scott Roy - A13-068




"Motorcycles account for 4.5 per cent of all Australian passenger vehicle registrations and 0.9

per cent of vehicle-kilometers travelled. However, motorcycle riders account for approximately

15 per cent of all road crash deaths and an even higher proportion of serious injuries. Per

distance travelled, the Australian rate of motorcyclist deaths is approximately 30 times the rate

for car occupants. The corresponding rate for a serious injury is approximately 41 times higher”

1

The “size arrival effect”2 is the effect by which the approaching speed of a vehicle is relative to

its size, thus the driver of a vehicle may under-estimate the time of arrival of the motorcycle.

This project presents a technology that puts prevention back in the hands of the rider, thus not

relying on other driver‟s ability. The system is designed to help with the detection of vehicles in

the rider‟s blind spots though the use of a Laser Range Finder integrated into the rider‟s helmet

The Laser Range Finder is a distance-measuring instrument that uses laser light to calculate the

distance to a targeted object. The design integrates a processor, a Complementary Metal-Oxide-

Semiconductor (CMOS) camera, and laser diode. The distance to a targeted object is calculated

by optical triangulation using simple trigonometry between the centroid of laser light, camera,

and the object.

The environmental data gathered is synthesized and then relayed to the rider in a non-intrusive

fashion. The results of early physical testing have concluded that this technology, while only in

prototype form, is a feasible method for vehicular detection in a rider‟s blind spots.

Future development will see the integration of the Blind Spot Detection System into the Rider

Body Area Network (RBAN). The envisioned plan for the RBAN is a rider ecosystem of alert

or alarm structures that cover every aspect of a rider‟s journey which will be linked to a central

Cloud based server.


88

Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Vacuum- Preloading on Consolidation of Soft

Soil Considering Smear Zone Effects - (12cp)

Alvin Sadikin - S13-014




Soft soils have been a major problem for construction of structures on top of the ground.

Properties of the soft soil make it unsuitable to construct buildings since the soft soils tend to

expand and contract depending on the water content. The urban area of Sydney has been

growing and expanding and most likely to grow more in the future. As the dwellings expand

out, there will be more risk of areas that can‟t be developed if the soft soil layer is predominant

in the soil profile.

To combat this issue of construction of soft soils, preloading is commonly used to consolidate

the soft soil prior to construction. Preloading is done by placing materials on top of the ground

of where the structure was planned to be built, but it‟s very slow in consolidating and requires a

lot of materials. Vacuum preloading however, uses drains with vacuum pumps that suck the

water out, inducing a much faster consolidation and lesser need of materials. Plaxis is a finite

element modeling software but does not have the vacuum preloading feature, thus, this project

aims to identify and validate methods to simulate vacuum preloading using PLAXIS.

This project will describe how and why soft soils cause construction problems, comparison of

both traditional and vacuum preloading methods, the effects of smear zone on consolidation, an

overview of Plaxis and possible methods and/or recommendations of modeling the vacuum

preloading. A review of past experiments from literatures and its results will also be replicated.

Geotechnical engineers can adopt the proposed method using Plaxis as a tool for ground

improvement design.


89

Interactive Research Assistant Robot (IRAR) - (12cp)

Richesh Shah - A13-326

Supervisor: Stephen Murray

Assessor: Zenon Chaczko


Robotics and Automation have largely replaced repetitive, tedious and dangerous tasks for

humans over the past few decades. Robots of the modern age incorporate sensory and detection

systems, advanced mobilization and artificial intelligence. The nexus between mechatronics and

embedded systems has inspired the development of complex systems that are programmable

and upgradable through the use of simple computers. As such, human-machine interaction has

evolved at a high pace. However, these interactions are currently limited by hardware controls

and touch interfaces allowing provision for further advancement.

The aim of this project is to demonstrate, using a prototype, a feasible solution to better human-

machine interaction through speech synthesis, recognition and robotic human-like motion. The

prototype utilizes advanced mechatronic devices such as RC servos and controllers along with

plastic and metal crafted components to display human-like jaw and lip movements. A highly

configurable embedded servo controller coupled with application software system, specially

developed for this project, has been used to achieve speech processing and recognition

functionality. Microsoft Dot Net framework 4.0 libraries and device API libraries supplied by

the controller manufacturer Pololu Corporation have added to the simplicity and progressive

development of the software system.

Through the use of the threads, asynchronous programming and basic incremental learning

algorithms implemented using the object-oriented C# language, complex functionalities and

limited artificial intelligence has been achieved. Agile methodology has been a primary focus in

terms of progressive development, fine tuning and adaption between the mechanical

components and software modules, and has proven to be remarkably successful in this particular

case.

This project offers provision for the future development in the areas of progressive learning,

artificial intelligence and human-like artificial expressions that may be of great significance to

the entire engineering community, including computing and biomedical specialists.


90

Future Cars and the Environment - (12cp)

Khaled Shakhshir - A13-226




Due to the invention of the automobile, automotive technology has accelerated to the point that

it has become a channel where humanity can express its wide range of scientific achievements.

Almost every breakthroughs in the various disciplines found in the hard sciences can be utilized

to improve the performance, efficiency, and safety of modern cars. Through innovations

developed over time, automotive technology has gone a long way from its humble beginnings,

and even now continues to tap even more fields in the applied sciences in order to further

improve on its current standards. And yet at this phase of development, the technology is faced

with another challenge. As world car usage increases, the impact of the car industry on the

environment is significant. Light, sound, and air pollution brought by the consumer cars are

gradually becoming a global issue. Moreover, due to increasing public demand for cars, the raw

materials needed to implement the various technologies used within automotive systems can

prove to be taxing on the Earth's inherent resources. Pressing concerns on the welfare of our

planet necessitates the need for new inventions and designs that would usher a new generation

of automobiles – those that utilize cutting edge technologies which not only raise the

benchmarks of consumer standards in automobile design, but also exhibit the features for

environmentally sustainable transport. This paper presents a comprehensive report on the

hallmarks of today's technology in the car industry, and how the cars of the future can be further

enhanced in a way that promotes environmental sustainability.


91

Re-Design of Strathfield Town Centre for Improved Traffic Management and

Transportation Connections (12cp)

Emma Shore - A13-206


Assessor: Ali Saleh


Transport interchanges are fundamental pieces of infrastructure required for transportation

networks to function efficiently. The NSW Government has recognised this by initiating the

„Transport Access Program‟ and deploying the „Interchange Strategy‟. The „Eastern Sydney and

Inner West Regional Action Plan‟ along with Strathfield Council‟s „Community Strategic Plan‟

identify Strathfield Station as a priority interchange desperate for government funding.

Strathfield Station is the third largest station after Central and Redfern. Strathfield, the Local

Government Area, has experienced the highest average population growth rate in the Inner West

with predictions indicating a similar trend over the next 10 years. As a result, Strathfield Station

and the adjacent Town Centre are experiencing significant traffic congestion and poor

connections between transportation modes. This study aims to review the current layout and

conditions and make recommendations for an alternate interchange solution. Additionally,

Strathfield Council‟s proposed concept design will be reviewed.

Data was collected manually for pedestrians volumes and parking facilities, while further

information was collected for trains and buses from their respective agencies and the Bureau of

Transport Statistics. Vehicle flow volumes were counted manually with additional information

provided by RMS. A 1% annual growth rate factor was adopted to determine volumes for the

design year - 2046. Paramics Modelling software was used to analyse the traffic flow data,

simulate future traffic conditions and compare alternate layouts. Further consideration was

given to buses, taxis and parking facilities to ensure these modes of transportation were

prioritised and not conflicting with vehicular flows.

The results of this study confirm the worsening traffic conditions. It acknowledges that

Strathfield Council‟s plan improves conditions for commuters and buses but to the detriment of

through traffic. Findings indicate that an underground bus interchange combined with overpass

connections to off-street parking facilities will improve conditions for all users of the Town

Centre.


92

Viability of Aging Manufacturing Lines (12cp)

Jason Sim - A13-097

Supervisor: Stuart Nettleton

Assessor: Ravindra Bagia

Major: Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering Major BE, Finance Major BBus and

BEDipEngPrac

Determining the viability of capital investment is an important issue that all companies face.

This project unites analytical engineering techniques and financial analysis to develop a capital

expenditure recommendation for consideration by management.

The project focuses on the existing beer keg filling line, located at the Tooheys Brewery. This

filling line has not experienced any significant capital investment since its installation some 20

years ago. This paper explores the feasibility of upgrading major components of the filling line,

focusing on the associated cost, efficiency, quality of product, financial savings and investment

returns.

Analysis on Toohey‟s existing filling line was completed using IBM‟s process modeling

software WebSphere Business Modeler following a detailed literature review of filling line

practices. Data was manually collected on site for the analysis. This resulted in the creation of a

virtual model that was able to replicate the performance of the existing filling line.

Filling line inefficiencies and alternative capital investment options were explored using the

process model.

Research was conducted into determining a cost base for financial analysis. Through comparing

and contrasting the differences between the existing filling line model and the proposed model.

Savings were estimated, allowing for the calculation of a Net Present Value (NPV) and an

Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for the proposed project.

The findings presented in this paper demonstrate the interrelation between engineering and

financial knowledge when considering investment decisions in a manufacturing context and

provide a recommendation for the capital investment.


93

Insights into Water Shortages - (12cp)

Mandeep Singh - A13-238




One of the growing problems facing humanity today is the rising scarcity of water with the level

of unpolluted potable drinking water available for consumption and industry declining. It is

estimated by the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) of the United States that by 2025

almost two thirds of the world‟s population will be facing water stress conditions. Further

studies conducted by Malin Falkenmark from the Stockholm International Water Institute

further estimates that by 2050, there will not be enough water available on current croplands to

produce food for the expected 9 billion populations.

Critically, this project looks into the actual measurement of water scarcity. Literature review of

previous studies has uncovered many models that have been developed to measure water

shortages. Further, some models have become quite complex by measuring water scarcity in

terms of human demand as well as other factors including economics, political , population

growth, climate & environment, technological and socioeconomics.

Cause and effect relationships have been looked into. Global increases in population, increased

demand for food and agriculture, industry have all created further stresses on an already strained

system. The lack of drinking water thus has seen to create many social and socio-economic

problems resulting in lower standard of living, poverty and poor sanitation & hygiene.

The impact of climatic change has also been addressed as many regions of the world now face

greater volatility in rainfall, runoff and extreme temperatures. Within this section, it is also

noted that manmade changes have further contributed to environmental degradation; in turn

leading to water problems. The increased use of land for agriculture, industry, deforestation,

redirection of stream flows and dams have contributed to this environmental impact often

leading to damage to ecosystems and losses in biodiversity.


94

Assessment of the Water Reuse Suitability of the Moore Reserve Wetland Outflow - (12cp)

Amanda Siqueira - A13-147

Supervisor: Saravanamuth Vigneswaran

Assessor: Jaya Kandasamy


Kogarah City Council (KCC) is committed to Total Water Cycle Management Initiatives that

provide the community with a long-term economic and sustainable water solution. Investigating

the potential of a new water supply option will mean an overall reduction in potable water

demand for the municipality.

Moore Reserve Wetland is located in the suburb of Hurstville Grove and was constructed in

2001 as a stormwater quality improvement device for the Moore Reserve catchment. Directly

upstream from the wetland is Renown Park, an irrigated sports field that has been identified as

one of the top ten water using sites in the Council area. This study aims to investigate the

feasibility of harvesting the treated stormwater from Moore Reserve wetland for reuse for

irrigation at Renown Park.

Current water quality and quantity results were needed in order to determine whether any

additional treatment and pumping requirements were necessary for the harvesting system.

Quantifying the stormwater supply from Moore Reserve Wetland and the irrigation demand of

Renown Park was undertaken in an effort to balance the capacity of the harvesting system and

allow for efficiency through pumping controls. Water quality was also tested for treatment

selection and determining any residual public health risks. Previous consultant reports and data

were further interrogated for background site specifications and constraints. A feasibility

investigation was then carried out from the experimental results to establish the engineering and

financial practicality of project implementation.

Findings revealed that although the required quality of water could be achieved, project

feasibility was particularly sensitive to the quantity of harvested stormwater. Therefore, low

flow conditions present as the primary obstacle for successful project implementation in terms

of breaking even and return on investment.

It is acknowledged that Council‟s commitment to Total Water Cycle Management is not

primarily financially driven; however, the surrounding operational risks associated with

prolonged and/or seasonal low flow harvesting should be taken into consideration.


95

Development of a Formula SAE Aerodynamic Package – An Analysis of Performance and

Efficiency Effects - (12cp)

Bradley Smithson - A13-158

Supervisor: Terry Brown and Peter Brady

Assessor: Jonathon O'Neill


Formula-SAE is an international competition of student built racecars. It has been demonstrated

that the dynamic performance of these vehicles can be improve through implementing high-

downforce generation devices. The published literature on Formula-SAE vehicle aerodynamics

focuses on downforce generation with little regard to the associated fuel efficiency effects,

ignoring 19% of the dynamic events competition score. Although UTS has participated in this

competition since 2001, there has never been significant aerodynamic analysis of the vehicle;

therefore this paper aims to understand the overall competition performance effects of

aerodynamic devices applied to a Formula-SAE vehicle, including an analysis of the reduced

fuel efficiency caused by these devices, and develop an aerodynamic package for the UTS

Formula-SAE vehicle.

Initially, simulations and a regression analysis was performed on expected downforce, drag and

weight values, developing relationships between these variables, overall competition

performance and fuel efficiency. Following this, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

software and the ANSYS 14.5 CFX solver were used to analyse various vehicle aerodynamic

components, determining the aerodynamic performance achievable with the current UTS F-

SAE vehicle. A point-mass simulator was used to understand the corresponding vehicle

performance changes and remove the effect of human drivers from the analysis.

It was found that all downforce-producing aerodynamic packages may improve overall

competition performance due to the dynamic advantages of increased tyre grip, facilitating

earlier and longer vehicle acceleration. Further, it was found that the competition performance

benefits of increased downforce outweighed the losses in efficiency in all cases.

For the final aerodynamic package designed, the corresponding decrease in lap time and

increased fuel usage is expected to cause a 20% increase in overall competition performance,

including a 2.5% reduction from efficiency losses. Final recommendations to the UTS F-SAE

team were to implement the designed high downforce package in order to increase overall

competition points.


96

Design, Construction and Optimisation of a Space-frame Chassis for Formula SAE -

(12cp)

Zachary Stock - A13-242


Assessor: Jonathon O'Neill


This project involved the research, design and construction of a welded tube steel space frame

chassis for the 2013 UTS Formula SAE open wheeled racecar, with the goal of maximized

stiffness, with a maximum weight of 32kg.

Formula SAE is an annual engineering experience competition based around the design and

construction of a race car. UTS has been involved in the competition since 2001, however this is

the first thesis to analyse the current and previous chassis designs, using beam and torsional

rigidity tests..

The main purpose of the chassis is to connect the front and rear suspension systems, and the

stiffness of the chassis dramatically affects the tunability and overall drivability of the vehicle.

During driving manoeuvres the amount of load transfer occurring between an axle (the front or

rear pair of wheels) affects the total grip of that axle. By adjusting the amount of load transfer

occurring at each axle it is possible to adjust the amount of grip that axle can produce, and

hence adjust the dynamic characteristics of that vehicle. If the connection between the front and

rear suspension systems is not sufficiently stiff then changes in the relative roll stiffness‟s will

not correlate to the same change in relative load transfer. An advantage of a stiff chassis is the

changes correlate closely; conversely for a more flexible chassis to achieve a certain ratio of

lateral load transfer a significantly larger roll stiffness ratio must be set.

The 2010 and 2011 chassis designs were analysed. The analysis concentrated on areas where

weight could be reduced by removing excess tubes but minimising stiffness reduction. The

insights gained from these analyses and further research guided the design of the 2013 chassis.

The achievements of this project include achieving the target chassis weight and also having a

lower C.O.G. The final stiffness results are currently being verified.


97

Evaluation of Bond Stress in Polymer Modified Concrete - (12cp)

Jonathan Terry - A13-143


Assessor: Vute Sirivivatnanon


Polymer modified concrete (PMC) has many advantages over unmodified Portland cement such

as its increased strength and workability in addition to having excellent corrosive resistance. Its

adoption into common applications has been limited primarily attributed to its high costs and

the difficulty it presents in manufacturing. However, recent and ongoing advancements into

more cost effective production techniques have resulted in a rise in its use for common

applications. Its limited adoption rate has resulted in slow-moving research and development

and as such there have only been a small number of studies performed on PMC over the last 10

years.

This project aims to understand the bond relationship between polymer-modified concretes and

steel reinforcement through evaluation of the stresses they develop among one another. This

study will employ finite element analysis (FEA) software as well as traditional numerical

calculations in order to help explain this bond relationship. The computer analysis will seek to

predict the behavior of various PMC‟s and compare their effectiveness when compared to

traditional unmodified Portland cement. The accuracy and validity of the model will then be

compared and accessed against results obtained from prior physical testing performed in the

laboratory.

Finite element modeling will be carried out using the software package known as ANSYS and

will include FEA representations of standard laboratory experiments including a flexural beam

test and a reinforcement pullout test. These two tests will be simulated for a variety of different

polymer-modifier concentrations, including unmodified, to further investigate the effects

polymers on bond stress.


98

New Facade for University of Technology, Sydney Tower Building - (12cp)

Akshay Thakare - A13-245


Assessor: Rijun Shrestha


First impressions count. This is a saying that applies to nearly all aspects of life, whether it be

meeting a potential employer for an interview or presenting your company to clients. The same

thing can be said about a building that bears the logo of a company/institution; the building

exterior needs to be clean and smart, ready to be presentable to the world. This is especially true

if it is situated in the financial and economic hub of the country, one that is visible to thousands

of tourists, citizens and businesses on daily basis.

The University of Technology, Sydney (UTS) Tower building is one such building and

unfortunately it has aesthetically unpleasing façade which has caused it to be voted Sydney‟s

ugliest building in 2006 in a Sydney Morning Herald poll. It is also often been described as

“menacing concrete monolith” by journalists. As a very prominent building on the Sydney CBD

skyline and often seen from many kilometers from various suburbs around the city, and

unfortunately its aged and worn façade has become the face of the university.

This paper will propose an installation of a new façade over the existing façade to improve its

image to the hordes of businesses, tourists and potential future students that see the building on

a daily basis. The new façade will present a welcoming appearance rather than the current

“menacing concrete monolith”, whilst retaining its current structural identity thus still allowing

a connection to its past. It will also incorporate water harvesting and solar electricity generating

abilities, ensuring the carbon footprint of the university is reduced and UTS meets its

sustainability aims as outlined within its charter. The above will reinforce the university‟s motto

to the world: Think. Change. Do.


99

Memory Assistance Application to Manage the Medication and Daily Tasks of Those with

Cognitive Disabilities (12cp)

Daniel Valente - A13-110

Supervisor: Stephen Murray

Assessor: David Davis


Cognitive disabilities such as dementia and alzheimer‟s are becoming increasingly prevalent in

modern society. Currently, there are approximately 36 million worldwide sufferers of dementia

alone. This number is expected to grow to about 115 million sufferers by 2050. These diseases

have a significant effect on the quality of life for its sufferers as well as their family, friends and

caregivers. Sufferers of cognitive diseases also tend to be highly medicated. However, the

nature of their condition often leads to forgetfulness and overall poor medication adherence.

This can be hugely detrimental to the health of the individual, as well as cause unnecessary

strain on the health system as a whole.

This project aims to gather and understand the requirements of sufferers and their caregivers for

a mobile application and prototype device that will assist them in their day-to-day lives. The

primary purpose of the application is to provide timely and informative alerts to a patient for

medication and other daily tasks. It will also report any non-adherence in real time to a

caregiver or medical professional via SMS. Finally, the application will collect usage

information for retrospective reporting that may assist medical professionals with diagnosis and

future treatment.

Comprehensive requirements‟ gathering was undertaken via a thorough literature review that

was complemented by stakeholder consultations comprising of a survey and interviews with a

dementia patient, a family caregiver and an occupational therapist. This information was

collected, analysed and documented before an application and low-cost hardware device were

created. The application was developed on the Android mobile platform. This platform is

suitable for smartphones as well as many open portable development environments. The

application was developed using modern engineering design standards and then presented to its

stakeholders for acceptance testing and evaluation. The testing outcomes provided validation for

the use of mobile technology to improve the quality of life of those that suffer cognitive

disabilities and their immediate care networks.


100

Influence of Oil on Plasticity and Shrinkage Properties of Clay - (12cp)

Roberto Varriale - S13-023




Oil contamination of soils is present in various locations around the world where there has been

oil exploration and industrial petrochemical sites where oil-related contamination and accidents

have occurred. Research needs to be done to properly assess the impact of the contaminated soil

not only on the environment but also on the soil geotechnical properties. Contaminated soils

need to be thoroughly investigated and tested to establish what effects they have on soil and

assess how it affects the soils engineering capabilities. Thus the purpose of this Capstone

Project is to investigate the impacts that oil has on the geotechnical properties of soil, in

particular the liquid limit, plastic limit and linear shrinkage of clayey soils.

The clayey soil that was used is kaolinite clay and the oil used for contamination was 20W50

motor oil. Six soil samples were prepared for each soil classification test with different

concentrations of motor oil. The concentrations of oil used in each of the six samples were 0%,

3%, 5%, 7%, 10%, and 20%. The liquid limit, plastic limit, and linear shrinkage of the soil

samples were tested using the soil classification tests detailed in the Australian Standards.

The motor oil used did change the geotechnical properties of the kaolinite clay. The results of

the soil classification tests showed an increase in the liquid limit, plastic limit and linear

shrinkage of the soil, as the oil concentration of the soil increased from 0% to 20%. These

results are useful to the engineering industry dealing with design and construction in oil

contaminated sites.


101

Application of a Siemens Power Station Control System in a Tertiary Learning

Environment - (12cp)

Daniel Watson - A13-094

Supervisor: Li Li

Assessor: Steven Su


Technology is forever changing and improving. Industrial Automation processes are always

being improved to increase efficiency and reduce losses which results in many new and

innovative processes and systems being developed. Tertiary education often lags behind, they

don‟t have the same funding, nor the access to industry based knowledge. This can disadvantage

graduates seeking employment in the industry.

Siemens Energy has an industry leading control system, SPPA-T3000, which was designed and

tailored for the power generation market. This application of industry based technologies into

labs in tertiary education institution can boost student motivation, improve student skills and

improve the quality of graduates and the level of technical knowledge.

Industry has recognized that many graduates are not best prepared for the transition between

education and work. There is a disconnect between the elements taught at university, and those

required in the industry. Siemens has elected to assist in bridging this gap. Siemens Energy is

donating a fully functional, preconfigured power station control system.

This capstone looked at the complete design, engineering, procurement, construction and

installation of the system. An industrial control system, such as SPPA-T3000, is a large and

complex combination of technologies and a project of this scale requires highly detailed design

and the short timeframe required careful project management. Included in the final product will

be enough hardware for a full lab of students to use the system.

Sample software and a lab exercise will also be provided with the configured system, and

recommendations for future capstone students to work on areas to better implement the system.

My vision for the long term is a much closer relationship between Siemens and UTS, to bridge

the technology and information gap between universities and industry, and better prepare UTS

graduates for employment in industrial automation.


102

Boiler and Feed Water Modelling and Control System Simulation for Education and

Training - (12cp)

Andrew Wilkinson - A13-213

Supervisor: Steven Su

Assessor: Li Li


Modern plant process simulators are often prohibitively expensive for a company or individual

to purchase, especially in the context of engineers or technicians requiring training in an

industrial process or control of a process. For example, access to physical plant equipment may

be restricted due to the risk in providing production equipment for training purposes, or in the

case of a consultant engineering company, access to company owned infrastructure may not

exist. This causes potential limits to the availability of training opportunities, which are often

accessible only to an individual working for a company which is willing and able to make a

very large investment in training tools. Consequently, an opportunity to increase the skills and

expertise in training engineers is presented if adequate, low cost training tools can be developed.

Provecta Process Automation, a medium sized electrical engineering consulting company,

recognised this need to provide adequate training tools for high risk industrial environments and

sought to develop a coal power station simulator.

This project presents the foundation for a power station simulator based on an implementation

of the Åström-Bell boiler model. The plant model and control system is developed in Simulink,

and the user interface is developed in Vijeo Citect, an industrial SCADA package. Data is

communicated between Simulink and Vijeo Citect through an OPC Server. Commands are

communicated through an external program written specifically for this simulator, which

provides a trainer interface for the simulation. The trainer interface provides simple commands

to the trainee through the Vijeo Citect interface, such as start and stop commands, along with

more complex commands to the trainer, such as the ability to save and load simulation states.

The complete package presents a functional, accurate and relatively low cost simulation

environment for the training and education of engineering students, which is intended to be

employed by Provecta Process Automation for both internal and external training courses.


103

Capacitance Meter for Monitoring Degradation of Electrolytic Double Layer Capacitors

Used in Construction Sized Hybrid Excavators - (12cp)

Steven Williams - A13-163

Supervisor: Peter McLean

Assessor: Ben Rodanski


As society continues to consume energy at an increasing rate, engineers must work to provide

solutions to meet this demand whilst minimising the effect on society and the environment. One

area of investigation is the development and application of high density energy storage devices,

allowing for more efficient utilisation of energy and energy recapture through regenerative

methods. Energy storage using electrolytic double layer capacitors is utilised in the

development and operation of a hybrid excavator by Komatsu Japan Limited, which was

released in 2008.

Over time, capacitors experience degraded energy storage capabilities which is modelled

through increased equivalent series resistance and decreased capacitance. Measurement of these

parameters can be a valuable troubleshooting tool in order to provide a quick and accurate

diagnosis of faults which become apparent over the life of the devices.

This project investigates the structure, function and behaviour of electrolytic double layer

capacitors, including major factors which decrease their working life. Electrical models of the

capacitor and methods of measuring the capacitance and equivalent series resistance of the

capacitor under test are also reviewed.

A working prototype of the portable testing tool has been manufactured. Electrical schematics

were drawn, and a printed circuit board designed and fabricated. The use of a microcontroller

necessitated the writing of embedded software in order to control the measurement process and

perform calculations with the acquired data in real-time to display the capacitor‟s

characteristics.

This thesis will demonstrate that a portable service tool for testing electrolytic double layer

capacitors can provide consistent and reliable information on the characteristics of the capacitor.

It is hoped that this tool will be beneficial to technical staff who diagnose issues on hybrid

excavators in the field.


104

Influence of Polyurethane Soil Stabiliser on Stiffness of Cement - Treated Bentonite -

(12cp)

Ruoshi Xu - A13-267




The population of the world is continuously growing, while the land becomes an increasingly

precious commodity. Some lands cannot be used directly for construction, and some ground

improvement may be required before construction. Chemical stabilisation is one of the most

common ways to improve the ground condition.

The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of Polyurethane soil-stabiliser on the

stiffness of cement treated soil with different cement and stabiliser contents. Considering

previous research in this field, the strength of the cement treated clay increases with the cement

content. As the stabiliser used in the project is a fairly new product in the market, its effects on

the stiffness of cement treated soil are less known.

Active bond 23 Bentonite has been chosen as the clay material for the experiment. Three sets of

samples containing 30%, 40% and 50% cement content were adopted. For each cement content,

various stabiliser contents (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) have been adopted for experiments

each particular group of samples involved three same samples for further accuracy. Stabiliser

has been added into cement water mixture before being mixed with clay. A 14-day curing was

adopted for the experiment, and unconfined compressive strength test was conducted.

The results show the stiffness of cement treated bentonite increases with the increase of

stabiliser content up to 15%, and beyond 15% stabiliser content the stiffness of cement treated

clay starts to drop. In addition, as expected, the stiffness of the cement treated clay increases

with the cement content.


105

Assessment of the Strength of Cement Treated Soil with Polyurethane Soil Stabiliser -

(12cp)

Duo Yang - A13-285




Deep soil mixing method is a significant method for the soft ground improvement in civil

engineering. In order to develop the soft soil to remit the overused land, adding chemical

stabilisers has become a popular method. Soil stabiliser is particularly useful on construction

over soft soil with possible high differential settlement.

The main objective of this thesis is to present and discuss the efficiency of assessment of the

cement treated soil with Polyurethane soil stabiliser. In order to determine effectiveness of this

new type of soil stabiliser, a technical experiment including Unconfined Compressive Strength

(UCS) test has been set up in Soil Laboratory and the results from the test will be discussed and

analysed in depth. The UCS tests have been conducted on cement treated bentonite with 30%,

40% and 50% cement content, and 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% Polyurethane Soil Stabiliser

content.

The results of the study shows that the UCS increases with cement content. Furthermore, the

strength of the stabilised soil increases by adding up to 15% Polyurethane soil stabiliser and

after that the strength decreases. Thus, there is an optimum Polyurethane soil stabilizer content

that can be used in practice in combination with cement to enhance performance of the treated

bentonite.


106

The Development of a Wireless Inertial Measurement Unit for Accurate Estimation of the

Altitude Information - (12cp)

Lin Ye - A13-271

Supervisor: Steven Su

Assessor: Li Li


Due to the fast development of Micro-electromechanical System (MEMS), the size of

Gyroscope and Accelerometer significantly decreases while the accuracy can be maintained at a

high level. Actually, Gyroscope and Accelerometer are two major components in Attitude and

Heading Reference System (AHRS) which is widely used in aerospace industry. Nowadays,

under the development of MEMS devices, most smart phone such as IPhone have Gyroscope

and Accelerometer inside to do the data acquisition.

In some control systems, the position of the object is significant important. Some positions can

be described by angle. In classic control system, it does not measure the angle directly. It may

measure the voltage and then change it to angle by calibration. It is indirect and it will increase

the error. Meanwhile, the data acquisition is voltage signal. So it is normally wired.

For this capstone project, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) with a Bluetooth device has been

developed. This project includes two parts. The first part focuses on the hardware design which

includes the design of a real time data processor based on AVR Micro Controller Unit (MCU).

The MCU is able to send the data generated from Gyroscope and Accelerometer by Bluetooth

to PC. The second part is the design of a code on PC terminal which can read the data. It is

implemented by LabVIEW. It also includes initialization of the Gyroscope and Accelerometer

to ensure the devices are working properly. Finally, a data fusion Kalman filter is designed and

developed to optimally estimate the altitude information which is measured by this IMU. The

altitude information received by the PC interface is ready to be utilized in the feedback loop for

the future design of a control system.

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