abstract tech paper

8/10/2019 Abstract Tech Paper

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ASIMO (2000) at the Expo 2005 , a humanoid robot

[edit ] Factory robots

Car production

Over the last three decades automobile factories have become dominated by robots. A typicalfactory contains hundreds of industrial robots working on fully automated production lines,with one robot for every ten human workers. On an automated production line, a vehiclechassis on a conveyor is welded , glued , painted and finally assembled at a sequence of robotstations.

Packaging Industrial robots are also used extensively for palletizing and packaging of manufacturedgoods, for example for rapidly taking drink cartons from the end of a conveyor belt and

placing them into boxes, or for loading and unloading machining centers.

Electronics

Mass-produced printed circuit boards (PCBs) are almost exclusively manufactured by pick-and-place robots, typically with SCARA manipulators, which remove tiny electroniccomponents from strips or trays, and place them on to PCBs with great accuracy .[82] Such

robots can place hundreds of thousands of components per hour, far out-performing a humanin speed, accuracy, and reliability .[83]
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Automated guided vehicles (AGVs)

An intelligent AGV drops-off goods without needing lines or beacons in the workspace

Mobile robots, following markers or wires in the floor, or using vision [84] or lasers, are usedto transport goods around large facilities, such as warehouses, container ports, or hospitals .[85]

Early AGV-Style RobotsLimited to tasks that could be accurately defined and had to be performed the sameway every time. Very little feedback or intelligence was required, and the robotsneeded only the most basic exteroceptors (sensors). The limitations of these AGVs arethat their paths are not easily altered and they cannot alter their paths if obstacles

block them. If one AGV breaks down, it may stop the entire operation.Interim AGV-TechnologiesDeveloped to deploy triangulation from beacons or bar code grids for scanning on thefloor or ceiling. In most factories, triangulation systems tend to require moderate tohigh maintenance, such as daily cleaning of all beacons or bar codes. Also, if a tall

pallet or large vehicle blocks beacons or a bar code is marred, AGVs may becomelost. Often such AGVs are designed to be used in human-free environments.Intelligent AGVs (i-AGVs)Such as SmartLoader ,[86] SpeciMinder ,[87] ADAM ,[88] Tug [89] Eskorta ,[90] and MT 400with Motivity [91] are designed for people-friendly workspaces. They navigate byrecognizing natural features. 3D scanners or other means of sensing the environmentin two or three dimensions help to eliminate cumulative errors in dead-reckoning calculations of the AGV's current position. Some AGVs can create maps of theirenvironment using scanning lasers with simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and use those maps to navigate in real time with other path planning andobstacle avoidance algorithms. They are able to operate in complex environments and

perform non-repetitive and non-sequential tasks such as transporting photomasks in asemiconductor lab, specimens in hospitals and goods in warehouses. For dynamicareas, such as warehouses full of pallets, AGVs require additional strategies usingthree-dimensional sensors such as time-of-flight or stereovision cameras.

Recent and future developments
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Main article: Future of robotics

As of 2005, the robotic arm business is approaching a mature state, where they can provideenough speed, accuracy and ease of use for most of the applications. Vision guidance (akamachine vision) is bringing a lot of flexibility to robotic cells. However, the end effectorattached to a robot is often a simple pneumatic, 2-position chuck . This does not allow therobotic cell to easily handle different parts, in different orientations.

Hand-in-hand with increasing off-line programmed applications, robot calibration is becoming more and more important in order to guarantee a good positioning accuracy.

Other developments include downsizing industrial arms for light industrial use such as production of small products, sealing and dispensing, quality control, handling samples in thelaboratory. Such robots are usually classified as "bench top" robots. Robots are used in

pharmaceutical research in a technique called High-throughput screening . Bench top robotsare also used in consumer applications (micro-robotic arms). Industrial arms may be used incombination with or even mounted on automated guided vehicles (AGVs) to make theautomation chain more flexible between pick-up and drop-off.

[edit ] Market structure

According to the World Industrial Robotics 2011 report, there were 1,035,000 operationalindustrial robots by the end of 2010 .[4] This number is estimated to reach 1,308,000 by theend of 2014 .[5]

The Japanese government estimates the industry could surge from about $5.2 billion in 2006to $26 billion in 2010 and nearly $70 billion by 2025. In 2005, there were over 370,000operational industrial robots in Japan. A 2007 national technology roadmap by the TradeMinistry calls for 1 million industrial robots to be installed throughout the country by 2025 .[6]

In August 2011, China Business News quoted Foxconn Chairman Terry Gou as saying thecompany planned to use 1 million robots within three years, up from about 10,000 robots inuse now and an expected 300,000 next year .[7]

Estimated worldwide annual supply of industrial robots : [8]

Year Supply

1998 69,000

1999 79,000

2000 99,000

2001 78,000

2002 69,000
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Year Supply

2003 81,000

2004 97,000

2005 120,000

2006 112,000

2007 114,000

2008 113,000

2009 60,000

2010 118,000

2011 [9] 150,000

Modern robots

A laparoscopic robotic surgery machine

[edit ]Mobile robotMain articles: Mobile robot and Automated guided vehicle

Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to onephysical location. An example of a mobile robot that is in common use today is the automated guidedvehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV). An AGV is a mobile robot that follows markers or wires inthe floor, or uses vision or lasers. AGVs are discussed later in this article. [citation needed ]

Mobile robots are also found in industry, military and security environments. They also appear asconsumer products, for entertainment or to perform certain tasks like vacuum cleaning. Mobile robots
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are the focus of a great deal of current research and almost every major university has one or morelabs that focus on mobile robot research. [citation needed ]

Modern robots are usually used in tightly controlled environments such as on assembly lines becausethey have difficulty responding to unexpected interference. Because of this most humans rarely

encounter robots. However domestic robots for cleaning and maintenance are increasingly commonin and around homes in developed countries. Robots can also be found in military applications. [citationneeded ]

[edit ]Industrial robots (manipulating)Main articles: Industrial robot and Manipulator

Industrial robots usually consist of a jointed arm (multi-linked manipulator) and an end effector that isattached to a fixed surface. One of the most common type of end effector is a gripper assembly.

The International Organization for Standardization gives a definition of a manipulating industrial robotin ISO 8373 :

"an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three ormore axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automationapplications. "[42]

This definition is used by the International Federation of Robotics , the European Robotics ResearchNetwork (EURON) and many national standards committees .[43]

A Pick and Place robot in a factory

[edit ]Service robotMain article: Service robot

Most commonly industrial robots are fixed robotic arms and manipulators used primarily for productionand distribution of goods. The term "service robot" is less well-defined. IFR has proposed a tentativedefinition, "A service robot is a robot which operates semi- or fully autonomously to perform servicesuseful to the well-being of humans and equipment, excluding manufacturing operations." [citation needed ]

[edit ]Modular robotModular robots are a new breed of robots that are designed to increase the utilization of the robots bymodularizing the robots. The functionality and effectiveness of a modular robot is easier to increasecompared to conventional robots. These robots are composed of a single type of identical, severaldifferent identical module types, or similarly shaped modules, which vary in size. Their architecturalstructure allows hyper-redundancy for modular robots, as they can be designed with more than 8degrees of freedom (DOF). Creating the programming, inverse kinematics and dynamics for modular
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robots is more complex than with traditional robots. Modular robots may be composed of L-shapedmodules, cubic modules, and U and H-shaped modules. ANAT technology, an early modular robotictechnology patented by Robotics Design Inc., allows the creation of modular robots from U and Hshaped modules that connect in a chain, and are used to form heterogeneous and homogenousmodular robot systems. These ANAT robots can be designed with n DOF as each module is a

complete motorized robotic system that folds relatively to the modules connected before and after it inits chain, and therefore a single module allows one degree of freedom. The more modules that areconnected to one another, the more degrees of freedom it will have. L-shaped modules can also bedesigned in a chain, and must become increasingly smaller as the size of the chain increases, aspayloads attached to the end of the chain place a greater strain on modules that are further from thebase. ANAT H-shaped modules do not suffer from this problem, as their design allows a modularrobot to distribute pressure and impacts evenly amongst other attached modules, and thereforepayload-carrying capacity does not decrease as the length of the arm increases. Modular robots canbe manually or self-reconfigured to form a different robot, that may perform different applications.Because modular robots of the same architecture type are composed of modules that compose

different modular robots, a snake-arm robot can combine with another to form a dual or quadra-armrobot, or can split into several mobile robots, and mobile robots can split into multiple smaller ones, orcombine with others into a larger or different one. This allows a single modular robot the ability to befully specialized in a single task, as well as the capacity to be specialized to perform multiple differenttasks.

Modular robotic technology is currently being applied in hybrid transportation ,[44] industrialautomation ,[45] duct cleaning [46] and handling. Many research centres and universities have alsostudied this technology, and have developed prototypes.

[edit ]Collaborative robots

This section may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion,tone, or spelling . You can assist by editing it . (September 2012)

A collaborative robot or Cobot is a robot that can safely and effectively interact with human workers inperformance of simple industrial tasks. Baxter, introduced on September 18, 2012, a product ofRethink Robotics, whose principal was Rodney Brooks , was an industrial robot selling for about$20,000 which was designed to safely interact with neighboring human workers and beprogrammable for the performance of simple tasks. The robot stops if its movement encounters ahuman in the way of its robotic arm and has a prominent off switch which its human partner can pushif necessary. The product, intended for sale to small business, was touted as the robotic analogue ofthe personal computer. Costs were projected to be the equivalent of a worker making $4 an hour .[47]

[edit ]Robots in society

TOPIO , a humanoid robot , played ping pong at Tokyo International Robot Exhibition (IREX) 2009 .[48][49]
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Roughly half of all the robots in the world are in Asia, 32% in Europe, and 16% in North America, 1%in Australasia and 1% in Africa .[50] 30% of all the robots in the world are in Japan ,[51] making Japan thecountry with the highest number of robots.

[edit ]Regional perspectives

In Japan and South Korea , ideas of future robots have been mainly positive, and the start of the pro-robotic society there is thought to be possibly due to the famous ' Astro Boy '. Asian societies such asJapan, South Korea, and more recently, China, believe robots to be more equal to humans, havingthem care for old people, play with or teach children, or replace pets etc .[52] The general view in Asiancultures is that the more robots advance, the better.

"This is the opening of an era in which human beings and robots can co-exist," says Japanese firmMitsubishi about one of the many humanistic robots in Japan .[53] South Korea aims to put a robot inevery house there by 2015-2020 in order to help catch up technologically with Japan .[54][55]

Western societies are more likely to be against, or even fear the development of robotics, throughmuch media output in movies and literature that they will replace humans. Some believe that the Westregards robots as a 'threat' to the future of humans, partly due to religious beliefs about the role ofhumans and society .[56][57] Obviously, these boundaries are not clear, but there is a significantdifference between the two cultural viewpoints.

Military robotsSome experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat, especially whensuch robots are given some degree of autonomous functions .[70] There are also concerns abouttechnology which might allow some armed robots to be controlled mainly by other robots .[71] The USNavy has funded a report which indicates that, as military robots become more complex, there shouldbe greater attention to implications of their ability to make autonomous decisions .[72][73] One

researcher states that autonomous robots might be more humane, as they could make decisionsmore effectively. However, other experts question this .[74]

One robot in particular, the EATR , has generated public concerns [75] over its fuel source, as it cancontinually refuel itself using organic substances .[76] Although the engine for the EATR is designed torun on biomass and vegetation [77] specifically selected by its sensors, which it can find on battlefieldsor other local environments, the project has stated that chicken fat can also be used . [78]

Manuel De Landa has noted that "smart missiles" and autonomous bombs equipped with artificialperception can be considered robots, as they make some of their decisions autonomously. Hebelieves this represents an important and dangerous trend in which humans are handing overimportant decisions to machines .[79]

[edit ]Relationship to unemploymentMain article: Technological unemployment

A recent example of human replacement involves Taiwanese technology company Foxconn who, inJuly 2011, announced a three year plan to replace workers with more robots. At present the companyuses ten-thousand robots but will increase them to a million robots over a three year period .[80]

Service robots of different varieties including medical robots, underwater robots, surveillance robots,demolition robots and other types of robots that carry out a multitude of jobs are gaining in numbers.Service robots are everyday tools for mankind. They can clean floors, mow lawns and guard homesand will also assist old and handicapped people, do some surgeries, inspect pipes and sites that arehazardous to people, fight fires and defuse bombs .[81]
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[edit ]Contemporary uses

A general-purpose robot acts as a guide during the day and a security guard at night

See also: List of robots

At present there are two main types of robots, based on their use: general-purpose autonomousrobots and dedicated robots.

Robots can be classified by their specificity of purpose. A robot might be designed to perform oneparticular task extremely well, or a range of tasks less well. Of course, all robots by their nature canbe re-programmed to behave differently, but some are limited by their physical form. For example, afactory robot arm can perform jobs such as cutting, welding, gluing, or acting as a fairground ride,while a pick-and-place robot can only populate printed circuit boards.

[edit ]General-purpose autonomous robotsMain article: Autonomous robot

General-purpose autonomous robots can perform a variety of functions independently. General-purpose autonomous robots typically can navigate independently in known spaces, handle their ownre-charging needs, interface with electronic doors and elevators and perform other basic tasks. Likecomputers, general-purpose robots can link with networks, software and accessories that increase

their usefulness. They may recognize people or objects, talk, provide companionship, monitorenvironmental quality, respond to alarms, pick up supplies and perform other useful tasks. General-purpose robots may perform a variety of functions simultaneously or they may take on different rolesat different times of day. Some such robots try to mimic human beings and may even resemblepeople in appearance; this type of robot is called a humanoid robot. Humanoid robots are still in avery limited stage, as no humanoid robot, can, as of yet, actually navigate around a room that it hasnever been in. Thus humanoid robots are really quite limited, despite their intelligent behaviors in theirwell-known environments.

Future of robotics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jump to: navigation , search

Main article: Robotics

TOPIO, a humanoid robot , played ping pong at Tokyo IREX 2009 .[1][2]

This article is about the future of robotics for civil use.

Contents

[hide ]

1 Types of robots 2 Applications 3 Market evolution 4 Projected robotics timeline 5 Robot rights 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

[edit ] Types of robots

Humanoid robots:

Lara is the first female humanoid robot with artificial muscles (metal alloy strands thatinstantly contract when heated by an electric current.) [1] [2] instead of electric motors(2006).

Asimo is one of the most advanced projects as of 2009.

Modular robots: can be built from standard building blocks that can be combined in differentways.

Utility fog
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M-Tran - a snake-like modular robot that uses genetic algorithms to evolve walkingprograms

Self replicating robots [3] [4] - modular robots that can produce copies of themselves usingexisting blocks.

Swarmanoid [5] [6] is a project that uses 3 specialized classes of robots (footbots, handbots

and eyebots) to create an effective swarm . Such swarm should be able, for example, tidy abedroom with each robot doing what it is best at.

Self-Reconfiguring Modular Robotics

Educational toy robots:

Educational toy robots

Sports robots:

RoboCup

TOPIO

[edit ] Applications

Caterpillar plans to develop remote controlled machines and expects to develop fullyautonomous heavy robots by 2021 .[7] Some cranes already are remote controlled.

It was demonstrated that a robot can perform a herding [8] task. Robots are increasingly used in manufacturing (since 1960s). In auto industry they can

amount for more than half of the "labor". There are even "lights off" factories such as anIBM keyboard manufacturing factory in Texas that are 100% automated .[3]

Robots such as HOSPI [9] are used as couriers in hospitals, etc. Other hospital tasksperformed by robots are receptionists, guides and porters helpers, [10] (not to mentionsurgical robot helpers such as Da Vinci)

Robots can serve as waiters [11] [12] and cooks .[13]

[edit ] Market evolution

Today's market is not fully mature. One or more software compatibility layers have yet toemerge to allow the development of a rich robotics ecosystem (similar to today's personalcomputers one). The most commonly used software in the robotics research are FreeSoftware solutions such as Player/Stage or cross-platform technologies such as URBI . Microsoft is currently working in this direction with its new proprietary software MicrosoftRobotics Studio . The use of open source tools helps in continued improvement of the toolsand algorithms for robotic research from the point one team leaves it.

[edit ] Projected robotics timeline

2015-2020 - every South Korean household will have a robot and many European, TheMinistry of Information and Communication (South Korea), 2007 [4]

2018 - robots will routinely carry out surgery, South Korea government 2007 [4] 2022 - intelligent robots that sense their environment, make decisions, and learn are used in

30% of households and organizations - TechCas t[5]

2030 - robots capable of performing at human level at most manual jobs Marshall Brain [6]
http://unit.aist.go.jp/is/dsysd/mtran/English/experimentE.htmhttp://unit.aist.go.jp/is/dsysd/mtran/English/experimentE.htmhttp://hardware.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/05/11/2242239&from=rsshttp://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=748180http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=748180http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4538547.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4538547.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4538547.stmhttp://www.swarmanoid.org/http://www.swarmanoid.org/http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,72176-0.html?tw=wn_technology_1http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,72176-0.html?tw=wn_technology_1http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,72176-0.html?tw=wn_technology_1http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/swarmhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/swarmhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/swarmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Reconfiguring_Modular_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Reconfiguring_Modular_Roboticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_toy_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_toy_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboCuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboCuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPIOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPIOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Future_of_robotics&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Future_of_robotics&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc.http://www.communistrobot.com/viewblog.php?id=241http://www.communistrobot.com/viewblog.php?id=241http://www.communistrobot.com/viewblog.php?id=241http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/herdinghttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/herdinghttp://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/work/stephen.cameron/sheepdog/http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/work/stephen.cameron/sheepdog/http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/work/stephen.cameron/sheepdog/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_robotics#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_robotics#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_robotics#cite_note-2http://www.mew.co.jp/corp/news/0610/0610-11.htmhttp://www.mew.co.jp/corp/news/0610/0610-11.htmhttp://www.mew.co.jp/corp/news/0610/0610-11.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courierhttp://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20061104/tc_afp/japanrobotmedical_061104212903http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20061104/tc_afp/japanrobotmedical_061104212903http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20061104/tc_afp/japanrobotmedical_061104212903http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiterhttp://www.spacedaily.com/reports/At_Hong_Kong_High_Tech_Cafe_Everything_Is_Served_With_Microchips_999.htmlhttp://www.spacedaily.com/reports/At_Hong_Kong_High_Tech_Cafe_Everything_Is_Served_With_Microchips_999.htmlhttp://www.communistrobot.com/viewblog.php?id=175http://www.communistrobot.com/viewblog.php?id=175http://www.communistrobot.com/viewblog.php?id=175http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-10/18/content_710686.htmhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-10/18/content_710686.htmhttp://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-10/18/content_710686.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Future_of_robotics&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Future_of_robotics&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URBIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URBIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URBIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Robotics_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Robotics_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Robotics_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Robotics_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Future_of_robotics&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Future_of_robotics&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_robotics#cite_note-BBC1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_robotics#cite_note-BBC1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_robotics#cite_note-BBC1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_robotics#cite_note-BBC1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_robotics#cite_note-TechCast-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_robotics#cite_note-TechCast-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_robotics#cite_note-TechCast-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.o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2034 - robots (home automation systems) performing most household tasks, Helen Greiner , Chairman of iRobot [7]

2050 - robot "brains" based on computers that execute 100 trillion instructions per second will start rivaling human intelligenc e [8]

Military robots :

2015 - one third of US fighting strength will be composed of robots - US Department ofDefense, 200 6 [9]

2035 - first completely autonomous robot soldiers in operation - US Department of Defense,2006 [9]

Developments related to robotics from the Japan NISTEP [10] 2030 report :

2013-2014 agricultural robots (AgRobot s[11] ,[12] ). 2013-2017 robots that care for the elderly

2017 medical robots performing low-invasive surgery 2017-2019 household robots with full use. 2019-2021 Nanorobots

Meet Baxter the Robot, Your Potential NewCo -Worker

By Stephanie Mlot September 18, 2012 12:45pm EST 1 Comment

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The future is here and it is being ushered in by Rethink Robotics.The Massachusetts-based company on Tuesday introduced Baxter, your potentialnew co-worker or possibly just the perfect mechanical somebody to bring you breakfast in bed.

Baxter is the world's first humanoid robot capable of applying common sense behaviorto manufacturing environments, according to Rethink, which promises that themachine is safe enough to work shoulder-to-shoulder with people."Robotics have been successful in designing robots capable of super-human speedand precision" but it's been difficult to build one that's able to inherently understandand adapt to their environment in human-like fashion, Rethink Robotics CTORodney Brooks said in a statement."We believed that if we could cross that chasm with the manufacturing environmentspecifically in mind, we could offer new hope to the millions of Americanmanufacturers who are looking for innovative ways to compete in our globaleconomy," Brooks said.Rethink's robot sports six key features to that end, including software programmingthat is advertised as allowing Baxter to be taught just like any person, and the broadtask flexibility to move to varied tasks over the course of a day, week, or month, without extensive retraining. Additionally, the machine comes ready-to-use off of thefactory floor in less than an hour, the company said."Our guiding vision was to create a robot that would break the mold in two distinct

ways," Rethink CEO Scott Eckert said. Aside from learning and functioning in a morehuman-like way, Eckert said Rethink wanted to create a hardware and softwareplatform that could continually grow through new applications.Baxter is being touted as an affordable option for midsize and small companies which have never been able to afford robots. His list price begins at $22,000, plus anadditional $1,000 for an electric parallel gripper or vacuum cup gripper, and $1,500for a mobile pedestal to allow Baxter to move around a work space. For one ofeverything, the robot's total price tag reaches $25,500.Rethink Robotics expects the machine to receive regular software updates, and willmake a software development kit (SDK) available early next year to allowprogrammers, robot enthusiasts, inventors, and others to play around with Baxter'sfeatures."It was important to us that we remain true to the vision of the company and Baxteris proof positive that you can manufacture a superior product cost-effectively with American manufacturing," Eckert said.The first unit shipments of the robot, which is already available for pre-order, will begin in October.

Robots in manufacturing
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Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations; the applications can be divided intothree categories: (1) material handling, (2) processing operations, and (3) assembly andinspection.

Material-handling applications include material transfer and machine loading and unloading.

Material-transfer applications require the robot to move materials or work parts from onelocation to another. Many of these tasks are relatively simple, requiring robots to pick up partsfrom one conveyor and place them on another. Other transfer operations are more complex, suchas placing parts onto pallets in an arrangement that must be calculated by the robot. Machineloading and unloading operations utilize a robot to load and unload parts at a productionmachine. This requires the robot to be equipped with a gripper that can grasp parts. Usually thegripper must be designed specifically for the particular part geometry.

In robotic processing operations, the robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the workpart. Examples of such applications include spot welding, continuous arc welding, and spray

painting. Spot welding of automobile bodies is one of the most common applications of industrialrobots in the United States. The robot positions a spot welder against the automobile panels andframes to complete the assembly of the basic car body. Arc welding is a continuous process in which the robot moves the welding rod along the seam to be welded. Spray painting involves themanipulation of a spray-painting gun over the surface of the object to be coated. Other operationsin this category include grinding, polishing, and routing, in which a rotating spindle serves as therobots tool.

The third application area of industrial robots is assembly and inspection. The use of robots inassembly is expected to increase because of the high cost of manual labour common in these

operations. Since robots are programmable, one strategy in assembly work is to produce multipleproduct styles in batches, reprogramming the robots between batches. An alternative strategy isto produce a mixture of different product styles in the same assembly cell, requiring each robot inthe cell to identify the product style as it arrives and then execute the appropriate task for thatunit.

The design of the product is an important aspect of robotic assembly. Assembly methods that aresatisfactory for humans are not necessarily suitable for robots. Using a screw and nut as afastening method, for example, is easily performed in manual assembly, but the same operationis extremely difficult for a one-armed robot. Designs in which the components are to be added

from the same direction using snap fits and other one-step fastening procedures enable the workto be accomplished much more easily by automated and robotic assembly methods.

Inspection is another area of factory operations in which the utilization of robots is growing. In atypical inspection job, the robot positions a sensor with respect to the work part and determines whether the part is consistent with the quality specifications.

In nearly all industrial robotic applications, the robot provides a substitute for human labour.There are certain characteristics of industrial jobs performed by humans that identify the work asa potential application for robots: (1) the operation is repetitive, involving the same basic workmotions every cycle; (2) the operation is hazardous or uncomfortable for the human worker(e.g., spray painting, spot welding, arc welding, and certain machine loading and unloading
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abstract tech paper

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