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Magneto Abrasive Flow Machining Seminar Report 2010

3. INTRODUCTION

Magneto abrasive flow machining (MAFM) is a new technique in machining. The orbital

flow machining process has been recently claimed to be another improvement over AFM,

which performs three-dimensional machining of complex components. These processes

can be classified as hybrid machining processes (HMP)—a recent concept in the

advancement of non-conventional machining. The reasons for developing a hybrid

machining process is to make use of combined or mutually enhanced advantages and to

avoid or reduce some of the adverse effects the constituent processes produce when they

are individually applied. In almost all non-conventional machining processes such as

electric discharge machining, electrochemical machining, laser beam machining, etc., low

material removal rate is considered a general problem and attempts are continuing to

develop techniques to overcome it. The present paper reports the preliminary results of an

on-going research project being conducted with the aim of exploring techniques for

improving material removal (MR) in AFM. One such technique studied uses a magnetic

field around the work piece. Magnetic fields have been successfully exploited in the past,

such as machining force in magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF), used for micro machining

and finishing of components, particularly circular tubes. The process under investigation

is the combination of AFM and MAF, and is given the name Magneto Abrasive

Flow Machining (MAFM).

3.1 Problem Definition

Magneto Abrasive flow machining (MAFM) is one of the latest non-conventional

machining processes, which possesses excellent capabilities for finish-machining of

inaccessible regions of a component. It has been successfully employed for deburring,

radiusing, and removing recast layers of precision components. High levels of surface

finish and sufficiently close tolerances have been achieved for a wide range of

components . In MAFM, a semi-solid medium consisting of a polymer-based carrier and

abrasives in a typical proportion is extruded under pressure through or across the surfaces

to be machined. The medium acts as a deformable grinding tool whenever it is subjected

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to any restriction. A special fixture is generally required to create restrictive passage or to

direct the medium to the desired locations in the work piece.

3.2. Background

Extrude Hone Corporation, USA, originally developed the AFM process in 1966. Since

then, a few empirical studies have been carried out and also research work regarding

process mechanisms, modeling of surface generation and process monitoring of AFM

was conducted by Williams and Rajurkar during the late 1980s. Their work was mainly

related to online monitoring of AFM with acoustic emission and stochastic modeling of

the process. Loveless et al. and Kozak et al investigated the effect of previous machining

process on the quality of surface produced by AFM and the flow behavior of the medium

used in the process. Fletcher and others reported studies on the rheological properties and

the effect of temperature of the medium used in AFM. Przyklenk conducted parametric

studies of AFM. Research work concerning mathematical modeling, simulation of

material removal and surface generation with the help of finite element and neural

networks was presented by different researchers. Steif and Haan suggested the presence

of ‘dispersive stresses’, which enable wear of the surface during abrasive flow

processing. The dispersive stresses are generated because of the difference between

stresses acting on abrasive particles and those acting in the surrounding medium. Jones

and Hull reported the modification of existing AFM by applying ultrasonic waves in the

medium for machining blind cavities. The orbital flow machining process suggested by

Gilmore has been recently claimed to be another improvement over AFM, which

performs three-dimensional machining of complex components. These processes can be

classified as hybrid machining processes (HMP)—a recent concept in the advancement of

non-conventional machining. The reasons for developing a hybrid machining process is

to make use of combined or mutually enhanced advantages and to avoid or reduce some

of the adverse effects the constituent processes produce when they are individually

applied. Rajurkar and Kozak have described around 15 various processes under this

category.




3.3. Aim and Specific Objectives

This report discusses the possible improvement in surface roughness and material

removal rate by applying a magnetic field around the work piece in AFM. A set-up has

been developed for a composite process termed magneto abrasive flow machining

(MAFM), and the effect of key parameters on the performance of the process has been

studied. Relationships are developed between the material removal rate and the

percentage improvement in surface roughness of brass components when finish-

machined by this process.

3.4. Method

In almost all non-conventional machining processes such as electric discharge machining,

electrochemical machining, laser beam machining, etc., low material removal rate is

considered a general problem and attempts are continuing to develop techniques to

overcome it. This report presents the preliminary results of an ongoing research project

being conducted with the aim of exploring techniques for improving material removal

(MR) in AFM. One such technique studied uses a magnetic field around the work piece.

Magnetic fields have been successfully exploited in the past, such as machining force in

magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF), used for micro machining and finishing of

components, particularly circular tubes. Shinmura and Yamaguchi and more recently

Kim et al., Kremen et al. and Khairy have reported studies on this process. The process

under investigation is the combination of AFM and MAF, and is given the name magneto

abrasive flow machining (MAFM).

3.5. Results & Discussion

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been applied to identify significant parameters and to

test the adequacy of the models. A magnetic field has been applied around a component

being processed by abrasive flow machining and an enhanced rate of material removal

has been achieved. Experimental results indicate significantly improved performance of

MAFM over AFM.




4. OVERVIEW

AFM was developed in 1960s as a method to deburr, machining. This provides

improvement in surface roughness and material removal rate, polish intricate geometries.

The process has found applications in a wide range of fields such as aerospace, defence, and surgical and tool manufacturing industries. Extrusion pressure, flow volume, grit size, number of cycles, media, and work piece configuration are the principal machining parameters that control the surface finish characteristics. Recently there has been a trend to create hybrid processes by merging the AFF process with other non-conventional processes. This has opened up new vistas for finishing difficult to machine materials withcomplicated shapes which would have been otherwise impossible. These processes are emerging as major technological infrastructure for precision, meso, micro, and nano scale engineering. This review provides an insight into the fundamental and applied research in the area and creates a better understanding of this finishing process, with the objective of helping in the selection of optimum machining parameters for the finishing of varied work pieces in practice.MAFM is a

new non-conventional machining technique .It produces surface finishes ranging from

rough to extremely fine. Here chips are formed by small cutting edges on abrasive

particles.The use of magnetic field around the work piece. It deflects the path of abrasive

flow. Here ‘Microchipping’ of the surface is done.

The various limitations of Abrasive Flow Machining are overcome like:

1. Low finishing rate.

2. Low MRR.

3. Bad surface texture.

4. Uneconomical.




5. NON-TRADITIONAL MACHINING

In present world of competition, product quality is main requirement of the customer.

It is impossible to get required degree of accuracy and quality with conventional methods

of machining. So it is required to move towards the application of non-traditional

methods.

The newer machining processes, so developed, are often called modern machining

process or unconventional machining process. These are unconventional in the sense that

the conventional tools are not employed for material removal. The energy in its direct or

indirect form is utilized. Some of the non-traditional processes are:

1. Electro Chemical Machining (ECM)

2. Electro Discharge Machining (EDM)

3. Ion Beam Machining (IBM)

4. Laser Beam Machining (LBM)

5. Plasma Arc Machining (PAM)

6. Ultrasonic Machining (USM)

7. Magnetic Abrasive Flow Machining (MAFM), etc.

These non-traditional methods cannot replace the conventional machining processes and

a particular method, found suitable under the given conditions, may not be equally

efficient under other conditions. A careful selection of the process for a given machining

conditions is therefore essential. Furthermore, the machining process has to safely

remove the material from work piece without inducing new sub-surface damages, the

machining of work piece by means of magneto abrasive flow machining (MAFM) could

be such a process. Unlike traditional grinding, lapping or honing processes with fixed

tools, MAFM applies no such rigid tool with important advantage of subjecting the work

piece to substantially lower stresses.




6. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

6.1 MAFM set - up.

An experimental set-up is designed and fabricated, it is shown in fig:6.1. It consisted of

two cylinders (1) containing the medium along with oval flanges (2). The flanges

facilitate clamping of the fixture (3) that contains the work piece (4) and index the set-up

through 180° when required. Two eye bolts (5) also support this purpose. The setup is

integrated to a hydraulic press (6). The flow rate and pressure acting on piston of the

press were made adjustable. The flow rate of the medium was varied by changing the

speed of the press drive whereas the pressure acting on the medium is controlled by an

auxiliary hydraulic cylinder (7), which provides additional resistance to the medium

flowing through the work piece. The resistance provided by this cylinder is adjustable

and can be set to any desired value with the help of a modular relief valve (8). The piston

(9) of the hydraulic press then imparts pressure to the medium according to the passage

size and resistance provided by opening of the valve. As the pressure provided by the

piston of the press exceeds the resistance offered by the valve, the medium starts flowing

at constant pressure through the passage in the work piece. The upward movement of the

piston (i.e. stroke length) is controlled with the help of a limit switch. At the end of the

stroke the lower cylinder completely transfers the medium through the work piece to the

upper cylinder. The position of the two cylinders is interchanged by giving rotation to the

assembly through 180° and the next stroke is started. Two strokes make up one cycle. A

digital counter is used to count the number of cycles. Temperature indicators for medium

and hydraulic oil are also attached.

6.2 The Fixture.




The work fixture was made of nylon, a non-magnetic material. It was specially designed

to accommodate electromagnet poles such that the maximum magnetic pull occurs near

the inner surface of the work piece.

6.3 The Electromagnet.

The electromagnet was designed and fabricated for its location around the cylindrical

work piece. It consists of two poles that are surrounded by coils arranged in such a

manner as to provide the maximum magnetic field near the entire internal surface of the

work piece.

6.4 The Abrasive Medium.

The medium used for this study consists of a silicon based polymer, hydrocarbon gel and

the abrasive grains. The abrasive required for this experimentation has essentially to be

magnetic in nature. In this study, an abrasive called Brown Super Emery (trade name),

supplied by an Indian company, was used. It contains 40% ferromagnetic constituents,

45% Al2O3 and 15% Si2O3.

Figure 6.1: The Workpiece




Figure 6.2: Schematic illustration of the magneto abrasive flow machining process

(1.Cylinder containing medium, 2. Flange, 3.Nylon fixture, 4.Workpiece, 5.Eye bolt,

6.Hydraulic press, 7.Auxiliary cylinder, 8.Modular relief valve, 9.Piston of Hydraulic

press, 10.Directional control valve, 11.Manifold blocks, 13.Electromagnet).




Figure 6.3: Typical Machining Centre.




7. PROCESS PARAMETERS

Following process parameters were hypothesised to influence the performance of

MAFM:

1. Flow rate (volume) of the medium,

2. Magnetic flux density,

3. Number of cycles,

4. Extrusion pressure,

5. Viscosity of the medium,

6. Grain size and concentration of the abrasive,

7. Work piece material,

8. Flow volume of the medium, and

9. Reduction ratio.

Table 7.1: Levels of Independent Parameters.




7.1 Design of experiments

With the help of experimental design, the effect of process variables on the output of the

process and their interaction effects have been determined within a specified range of

parameters. It is possible to represent independent process parameters in quantitative

form as:

Y ∑ f(X1, X2, X3… Xn) e, where Y is the response (yield), f is the response function;

e is the experimental error, and X1, X2, X3… Xn are independent parameters. The

mathematical form of f can be approximated by a polynomial. The dependent variable is

viewed as a surface to which the mathematical model is fitted. Twenty experiments were

conducted at stipulated conditions based upon response surface methodology (RSM).

A central component rotatable design for three parameters was employed. The magnetic

flux density, medium flow rate and number of cycles were selected as independent

variables. The reason for choosing these variables for the model was that they could be

easily varied up to five levels. MR and percentage improvement in surface roughness

value (∑Rs) were taken as the response parameters. Cylindrical workpieces made of brass

were chosen as the experimental specimen. An electronic balance (Metler, LC 0.1 mg)

and a perthometer (Mahr, M2) were employed for the measurements of MR and surface

roughness, respectively. The roughness was measured in the direction of flow of the

medium. The experimental specimens were chosen from a large set of specimens in such

a way that selected specimens had inherent variation in their initial surface roughness

values in a narrow range. It was not possible to remove this variability completely;

therefore percentage improvement in surface roughness (∑Rs) has been taken as the

response parameter. The roughness values were taken by averaging the readings at

several points on the surface.




8. PRINCIPLE

The volume of abrasive particles is carried by the abrasive fluid through the work piece.

Abrasives are impinged on the work piece with a specified pressure which is provided by

the piston and cylinder arrangement or with the help of an intensifier pump. The pressure

energy of the fluid is converted into kinetic energy of the fluid in order to get high

velocity.

When a strong magnetic field is applied around the work piece, the flowing abrasive

particles (which must essentially be magnetic in nature) experience a sideways pull that

causes a deflection in their path of movement to get them to impinge on to the work

surface with a small angle, thereby resulting in microchipping of the surface. The

magnetic field is also expected to affect the abrasive distribution pattern at the machining

surface of the work piece. The particles that otherwise would have passed without

striking the surface now change their path and take an active part in the abrasion process,

thus causing an enhancement in material removal. It is to be mentioned here that although

the mechanical pull generated by the magnetic field is small, it is sufficient to deflect the

abrasive particles, which are already moving at considerable speed. Therefore it appears

that, by virtue of the application of the magnetic field, more abrasive particles strike the

surface. Simultaneously, some of them impinge on the surface at small angles, resulting

in an increased amount of cutting wear and thereby giving rise to an overall enhancement

of material removal rate.

(a) (b)

Figure 8.1: (a) Off-state MR fluid particles (b) Aligning in an applied magnetic field.




Figure 8.2: Principle of Material Removal Mechanism




9. ABRASIVE MEDIUM

The mainly used abrasive media is a Silicon based polymer, hydrocarbon gel and the

abrasive grains.The abrasive required is essentially magnetic in nature for the proper

machining process to take place. An abrasive called Brown Super Emery (trade name),

supplied by an Indian company is normally used. It contains 40% ferromagnetic

constituents, 45% Al2O3 and 15% Si2O3. SiC with silicon gel is also used as an abrasive

media.Also diamond coated magnetic abrasives can be used to finish ceramic bars.

Figure 9.1: Mechanism of Magneto Abrasive Flow Machining




10. MAFM MACHINES

MAFM Machines are classified into 3, namely:-

1. One-Way Machines

2. Two-Way Machines

3. Orbital Machines

10.1 One-way machines.

One way MAFM process apparatus is provided with a hydraulically actuated

reciprocating piston and an extrusion medium chamber adapted to receive and extrude

medium unidirectionally across the internal surfaces of a work piece having internal

passages formed therein. Fixture directs the flow of the medium from the extrusion

medium chamber into the internal passages of the work piece, while a medium collector

collects the medium as it extrudes out from the internal passages. The extrusion medium

chamber is provided with an access port to periodically receive medium from the

collector into extrusion chamber.

The hydraulically actuated piston intermittently withdraws from its extruding position to

open the extrusion medium chamber access port to collect the medium in the extrusion

medium chamber. When

the extrusion medium chamber is charged with the working medium, the operation is

resumed.




Figure 10.1: Unidirectional MAFM Process

10.2 Two-way machines.

Two-way machine has two hydraulic cylinders and two medium cylinders. The medium

is extruded, hydraulically or mechanically, from the filled chamber to the empty chamber

via the restricted passageway through or past the work piece surface to be abraded.

Typically, the medium is extruded back and forth between the chambers for the desired

fixed number of cycles. Counter bores, recessed areas and even blind cavities can be

finished by using restrictors or mandrels to direct the medium flow along the surfaces to

be finished.




Figure 10.2: Two–way MAFM Process

10.3 Orbital machines.

In orbital MAFM, the work piece is precisely oscillated in two or three dimensions within

a slow flowing ‘pad’ of compliant elastic/plastic MAFM medium.

In orbital MAFM, surface and edge finishing are achieved by rapid, low-amplitude,

oscillations of the work piece relative to a self-forming elastic plastic abrasive polishing

tool. The tool is a pad or layer of abrasive-laden elastic plastic medium, but typically

higher in viscosity and more in elastic.

Orbital MAFM concept is to provide transitional motion to the work piece. When work

piece with complex geometry translates, it compressively displaces and tangentially

slides across the compressed elastic plastic self-formed pad which is positioned on the

surface of a displacer which is roughly a mirror image of the work piece, plus or minus a

gap accommodating the layer of medium and a clearance.

A small orbital oscillation (0.5-5 mm) circular eccentric planar oscillation is applied to

the work piece so that, at any point in its oscillation, a portion of its surface bumps into

the medium pad, elastically compresses (5 to 20%) and slides across the medium as the

work piece moves along its orbital oscillation path. As the circular eccentric oscillation

continues, different portions of the work piece slide across the medium. Ultimately, the

full circular oscillation engages each portion of the surface.

To assure uniformity, the highly elastic abrasive medium must be somewhat plastic in

order to be self-forming and to be continually presenting fresh medium to the polishing

gap.

Figure 10.3: Orbital MAFM Process (a) Before start of finishing (b) While finishing.




11. ULTRA-HIGH PRESSURE PUMPS.

High pressure pumps are an alternative to create pressure. The intensifier pump creates

pressures high enough for machining. An engine or electric motor is used which drives a

hydraulic pump. Pressures from 1,000 to 4,000 psi (6,900 to 27,600 kPa) are achieved

which is given into the intensifier cylinder. Hydraulic fluid pushes a large piston to

generate a high force.The plunger pressurizes fluid to a level proportional to the relative

cross-sectional areas of the large piston and the small plunger.

Figure 11.1: An ultra-high pressure pump




12. MECHANISM OF MATERIAL REMOVAL.

Solid particle erosion proposed by Finnie is considered as the basic mechanism of

material removal in MAFM with some modifications. In abrasive jet machining the

energy of the striking abrasive particle is imparted by the high speed of the medium

stream, but in MAFM the required energy to the abrasive particles is provided by high

pressure acting on the viscoelastic carrier medium. The medium dilates and the abrasive

particles come under a high level of strain due to the pressure acting in the restriction.

The momentum that abrasive particles acquire due to these conditions can be considered

to be responsible for microploughing and microchipping of the surface in contact with the

abrasive. Microploughing causes plastic deformation on the surface of the metal. Initially

no material removal takes place. However, the surface atoms become more vulnerable to

removal by subsequent abrasive grains. More abrasive particles attack the surface

repeatedly, which causes the detachment of material often referred to as ‘cutting wear’.

When a strong magnetic field is applied around the work piece, the flowing abrasive

particles (which must essentially be magnetic in nature) experience a sideways pull that

causes a deflection in their path of movement to get them to impinge on to the work

surface with a small angle, thereby resulting in microchipping of the surface. The

magnetic field is also expected to affect the abrasive distribution pattern at the machining

surface of the work piece. The particles that otherwise would have passed without

striking the surface now change their path and take an active part in the abrasion process,

thus causing an enhancement in material removal. It is to be mentioned here that although

the mechanical pull generated by the magnetic field is small, it is sufficient to deflect the

abrasive particles, which are already moving at considerable speed. Therefore it appears

that, by virtue of the application of the magnetic field, more abrasive particles strike the

surface. Simultaneously, some of them impinge on the surface at small angles, resulting

in an increased amount of cutting wear and thereby giving rise to an overall enhancement

of material removal rate.




Graph 12.1: Effect of magnetic flux density and medium flow rate on MRR

Graph 12.2: Effect of number of cycles and magnetic flux density on MRR

Graph 12.3: Effect of medium flow rate and number of cycles on MRR




13. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Besides Singh and Shan who applied magnetic field around the work piece in A. F. Mand

observed that magnetic field significantly affect the material removal and change in

surface roughness. Ravi Sankar et.al. tried to improve the finishing rate, material removal

and surface texture by placing drill bit in the medium flow path called Drill Bit Guided

AFM. The inner part of medium slug flows along the helical flute which creates random

motion among the abrasive in inner region of the medium. This causes reshuffling of

abrasive particles at outer region. Hence, comparatively more number of new and fresh

abrasive grains interacts with the work piece surface. Also abrasive traverse path is

longer than the AFM abrasive traverse path in each cycle. It results in higher finishing

rate in DBG-AFM as compared to AFM. Material removal rate is found to decrease with

decrease in drill bit diameter.

Biing-Hwa Yanet.al., placed spiral fluted screw in the medium flowing path to improve

surface quality. He rotated different shaped tiny rods at the centre of the medium flow

path and used a low viscosity medium to finish. He concluded that the better surface

finish is achieved due to centrifugal action caused by the rod on the abrasives and this

process is called Centrifugal Force Assisted Abrasive Flow Machining (CFAAFM).




14. ADVANTAGES

1. A very high volume of internal deburring is possible.

2. MAFM deburrs precision gears.

3. MAFM polishes internal and external features of various components.

4. MAFM removes recast layer from components.

5. Effective on all metallic materials.

6. Controllability, repeatability and cost effectiveness.

7. Less Time Consumption.




15. LIMITATIONS

1. Abrasive materials tend to get embedded,

if the work material is ductile.

2. Require closed environment.

3. Require start up hole.

4. Mostly Magnetic materials.




16. APPLICATIONS

16.1 Automotives.

The demand for this process is increasing among car and two wheeler manufacturers as it

is capable to make the surfaces smoother for improved air flow and better performance of

high-speed automotive engines. MAFM process is capable to finish automotive and

medical parts, and turbine engine components. Internal passages within a turbine engine

diffuser are polished to increase air flow to the combustion chamber of the engine. The

rough, power robbing cast surfaces are improved from 80-90% regardless of surface

complexities.

16.2 Dies and Moulds.

Since in the MAFM process, abrading medium conforms to the passage geometry,

complex shapes can be finished with ease. Dies are ideal workpieces for the MAFM

process as they provide the restriction for medium flow, typically eliminating fixturing

requirements. The uniformity of stock removal by MAFM permits accurate ‘sizing’ of

undersized precision die passages.

The original 2 micron ∑Rs (EDM Finish) is improved to 0.2 micron with a stock removal

of (EDM recast layer) 0.025 mm per surface.

16.3 Laser Shops with materials as titanium, and steel

(Thicker metal or composites).

16.4 Prototype, R&D, Maintenance and Repair Shops.

16.5 Controls Just-in-Time inventory requirements.




16.6 Metal Fabricators: Offer "clean edge" plate work.

16.7 Aerospace engine and control system components.

Figure 16.1: Surface finish improvement before and after on (a) internal passages within

turbine engine diffuser (b) medical implants (c) complete automotive engine parts.

Figure 16.2: Photomicrograph showing complete removal of EDM recast layer.

Figure 16.3: Microchiped surface of a metal.




17. CONCLUSION

A magnetic field has been applied around a component being processed by abrasive flow

machining and an enhanced rate of material removal has been achieved. Empirical

modelling with the help of response surface has led to the following conclusions about

the variation of response parameters in terms of independent parameters within the

specified range.

1. Magnetic field significantly affects both MRR and surface roughness. The slope of the

curve indicates that MRR increases with magnetic field more than does surface

roughness. Therefore, more improvement in MRR is expected at still higher values of

magnetic field.

2. For a given number of cycles, there is a discernible improvement in MRR and surface

roughness. Fewer cycles are required for removing the same amount of material from the

component, if processed in the magnetic field.

3. Magnetic field and medium flow rate interact with each other .The combination of low

flow rates and high magnetic flux density yields more MRR and smaller surface

roughness.

4. Medium flow rates do not have a significant effect on MRR and surface roughness in

the presence of a magnetic field.

5. MRR and surface roughness both level off after a certain number of cycles.

MAFM is a well-established advanced finishing process capable of meeting the diverse

finishing requirements from various sectors of applications like aerospace, medical and

automobile. It is commonly applied to finish complex shapes for better surface roughness

values and tight tolerances. But the major disadvantage of this process is low finishing

rate. The better performance is achieved if the process is monitored online. So, acoustic

emission technique is tried to monitor the surface finish and material removal .Various

modelling techniques are also used to model the process and to correlate with




experimental results. But experts believe that there is still room for a lot of improvements

in the present MAFM status.

18. REFERENCES

1. Singh S, Shan H. S, “Development of magneto abrasive flow machining process”,

International Journal of machine tools and manufacture, Issue number 42 (2002),

953-959.

2. L.J Rhoades, Kohut T.A, Nokovich N.P, Unidirectional abrasive flow machining,

US patent number 5, 367, 833, Nov 29th,1994.

3. Gorana V.K, Lal G.K, “Forces prediction during material deformation in magneto

abrasive flow machining”, Journal of manufacturing systems, Issue number 260

(2006),128-139.

4. V.K Jain, R.K Jain, “Modeling of material removal and surface roughness in

magneto abrasive flow machining process”, International Journal of Machine tool &

manufacture, Issue number 39 (1999), 1903-1923.

5. R.E Williams, “Stochastic modeling and analysis of abrasive flow machining”,

Journal of Engineering for Industry, Issue number 114 (1992), 74-81.

6. Petri K.L, Bidanda B, “A neural network process model for magneto abrasive flow

machining operations, Journal of manufacturing systems, Issue number 17 (1998),

52-64.

7. Jha S, Jain V.K, “Design and development of the magneto rheological abrasive flow

finishing process”, International Journal of machine tool & manufacture, Issue

number 44 (2004), 1019-1029.

8. http://www.tnmsc.cn



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