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ABSTRACT

Pahruli, An Analysis of The Types and The Factors Influencing the Code

Switching and Code Mixing Used by VJ of MTV Ampuh. Thesis. English Letter

Department: Adab and Humanity Faculty, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, April

2010.

This research is aimed at finding out the types and the factors influencing the code switching and mixing used by VJ of MTV Ampuh.

Moreover, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method by collecting the selected data for the research. In determining the types and the factors influencing, the writer paid attention to the context involving VJ’s conversation. In collecting the data for the research, the writer followed five steps. Firstly, the writer observed the “MTV Ampuh” program by watching and recording this program. Secondly, the writer watches again the recorded program which contains of codes language that used by VJ on MTV Ampuh. Thirdly, the writer chooses the utterances that consisted of codes switching or code mixing. Fourthly, the writer wrote down the data into table. The final step is to analyze the data based on the types and the factors influencing codes switching and code mixing.

To help revealing the code switching and code mixing strategy, the writer decided to conduct a research on one of MTV programs. The writer chooses MTV Ampuh as the research, because MTV Ampuh is one of the best teenage programs on MTV Indonesia and usually the VJ of this program mix Indonesian and English as their character and style when they speak each other. Therefore, the writer chooses the dialogues of MTV’s VJ on MTV Ampuh program as his research because the writer finds so many types and factors is influenced the code switching and mixing cases in their dialogues.

In this papers, the writer analyses about eighteen character’s dialogs that use code switching and mixing. He chooses the dialogs randomly which are interested to be analyzed. Here are the dialogs which will be analyzed in this paper.

The most general description if code switching and code mixing, where the change of two languages or linguistics varieties within the same utterance of using the same conversation. There are two types of code that have found by bloom and gumperz, i.e.: code switching and code mixing. According to Holmes, there are four factors that may influence people to switch the code. Each type is related to factor of code switching namely participant, solidarity (affective function), status, and topic.

i

APPROVEMENT

THE TYPES AND THE FACTORS INFLUENCING

THE CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING

USED BY VJ OF MTV AMPUH

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata 1

Pahruli

106026001017

Approved by:

Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd.

NIP. 19640710 199303 1 006

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

JAKARTA

2010

ii

LEGALIZATION

The thesis entitled “An Analysis of The Types and The Factors Influencing the Code Switching and Code Mixing Used by VJ of MTV Ampuh.” has been defended before the Letter and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on July 21, 2010. The thesis has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata 1.

Jakarta, July 21, 2010

Examination Committee

Signature Date

1. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd (Chair Person) __________ _________ 19650919 200003 1 002

2. rs Asep Saefuddin, M.PdD (Secretary) __________ _________ 19640710 199303 1 006

3. M.Pd Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, (Advisor) __________ _________

9640710 199303 1 006 1

4. Dr. Frans Sayogi, M.Pd

Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum

(Examiner I) _________ _________ 19700310 200003 1 002

5.

(Examiner II) _________ _________ 19781003 200112 2 002

iii

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no ma rial previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the

stus 2010

te

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher

learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Jakarta, 9 Agu

Pahruli

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer would like to express the most gratitude and praise

to Allah SWT, the Lord o fection and generosity in

ompleting the writer’s study in the State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah,

Jakarta

a.

han, M.Pd., The

secreta

nly my initial step to the future.

are of

his eve

f the universe for his help, af

c

. Then, peace and blessing is upon to our beloved prophet Muhammad

SAW and all of his family, his disciplines, and his followers.

The thesis is submitted in partial accomplishment of the requirement for

the Strata 1 Degree to The Faculty of Adab and Humanities, English Letters

Department State Islamic Unversity Syarif Hidayatullah Jakart

In the terms of completion my study, the writer would like to express his

deepest gratitude to the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, Dr.H. Abdul

Chair, MA, The Head of English Letters Department, Dr. M. Fark

ry of English Letters, Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd., and to all his lectures had

taught him a lot of things during the study.

My family who deserves the writer deepest esteem more than whoever

(Zainal Arifin and Ida Farida), since they who always support me; financial

assistance, moral and spiritual. This is the o

Additionally, the writer is deeply grateful to the individuals too numerous

to mention that have sent him suggestions, corrections, and criticisms, especially,

Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd. as his thesis advisor, since the writer is awfully aw

ry guidance, patience, and encouragements mean to Mr. Zahril Anasy,

S.Pd, and the beloved lecturer in field of linguistics for the advice, support and

v

nice sharing in every single thing he passed. The writer shows his thousands

gratitude for the advice, guidance and support which mean to his a lot.

In addition the writer would like to thank the following fellows and

acquaintances: my beloved student of class A 2006 and Linguistic class for being

my cla

Jakarta, 9 Agustus 2010

ssmates – I really enjoyed the four – year - friendship with all you guys by

their memories their laughs, their activities, their supports, their spirit, their souls,

their love conveyed me into life-mature and finally my great thanks to all the

place that gave me pleasures within my study process.

The writer

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………… i

APPROVEMENT …………………………………………………………….. ii

v

Research question …………………………………………………………..

Research methodology ……………………………………………………...

2. Method of the study ……………………………………………….…

4. Unit analysis …………………………………………………………

APTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

C.

LEGALIZATION ……………………………………………………………... iii

DECLARATION ……………………………………………………………... iv

ACKNOWLEDMENT ……………………………………………………….. v

TABLE OF CONTENT ……………………………………………………… ii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study …………………………………………………… 1

B. Focus of the study ………………………………………………………….. 6

C. 7

D. Significance of the study …………………………………………………... 7

E. 8

1. Objective of the study ……………………………………………….. 8

8

3. Instrument of the study ……………………………………………… 8

9

5. Technique of data analysis ………………………………………….. 9

CH

A. Bilingualism ……………………………………………………………….. 11

B. Language choice …………………………………………………………… 12

Code switching and code mixing ………………………………………….. 15

vii

viii

ixing and code switching ………………………………....

E.

R III. RESEARCH FINDING

A. Data descriptios …………………………………………………………… 25

R IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A.

B. Suggestions ………………………………………………………………... 49

LIOGRAPHY

D. Types of code m 18

The factor influencing of code mixing and code switching ……………….. 20

CHAPTE

B. Data analysis ……………………………………………………………… 29

CHAPTE

Conclusions ………………………………………………………………... 48

BIB

APPENDIX

APPENDICES

Source I

Date : Saturday, March 13th, 2010.

Program : The data of MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request with Peterpan.

VJ / Guest : Daniel / Peterpan Band

Opening act by Peterpan …

VJ Daniel: Ok anak nongkrong, welcome to MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request. Jadi, di sini loe bisa nge-request-nge-request juga yaa di hari minggu yang nyantai ini dengan email yang udah loe berikan ke kita kemaren itu. Alright, dan pastinya masih bersama Peterpan disini. Yeahhh..tadi loe udah ngeliat lagu mereka yang gokil banget.

VJ Daniel: ... Oh iyaa anak nongkrong pada akhir acara nanti, kita akan memberikan hadiah satu juta rupiah untuk klip request-an yang nomor satu terbanyak, yaa anak nongkrong kalo misalnya loe belom tau gimana caranya, gampang ajah. Loe tinggal kirim e-mail ke kita. All you have to do is just, e-mailnya tau dimana?? [email protected].

VJ Daniel: Nah cara ketiknya SCS (spasi) nama penyanyi (spasi) judul lagu.. alright. Dan nanti peterpan bakal nge-VJ juga bareng kita.. iyehhh.. man!! Loe harus ngomong juga harus gini juga. Coba loe baca tuh skrip Riel.

Ariel : Peterpan‼ sebelum mereka ganti nama sapa tau kita daoat ilham buat nama

VJ Daniel: So anyway, ok yang pastinya di posisi 8 ada klip yang dipilih sama anak nongkrong, the changcuters dengan gila-gilaan, check this out!!! ..

VJ Daniel: What’s up guys, yes ... kembali lagi pastinya di MTV Ampuh... Sunday Chart Requets. So, Sunday Chart Special by Request. Dan pastinya masih bersama Peterpan, dan ini terakhir kalinya mereka pake nama Peterpan.

VJ Daniel: Sampai sekarang mereka belum mau ngebocorin kira-kira nama yang bakal mau digunakan apa nih nama terakhirnya. Kalo gue saran namanya Kuburan Band.

Lukman: Tuh ada yang bilang drakula Band.

VJ Daniel: tapi katanya bulan agustus kalian buat album baru dan bakal ganti nama, betulkah?

mailto:[email protected]

Ariel: paling lambat bulan Agustus, terus namanya ya pasti nama baru kalo ada album baru.

Lukman: yang pasti namanya jauh dari tokoh kartun ajah. Heheheh….

VJ Daniel: gila loe man. Heheheh… yaudah yang pasti nya kita bakal ngobrol bareng Peterpan, sekarang saatnya kasih tau siapa yang ada di Chart SCS no.7.

Ariel: Mengawali karirnya dengan start sempurna cowo yang nama lengkapnya Afghan Syahreza ini mampu mengukir namanya di belantika musik Indonesia. Ini dia single pertamanya Afghan dengan Terima Kasih cinta.

VJ Daniel: ok langsung ajah, ini dia Afghan dengan Terima Kasih Cinta.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

VJ Daniel: ... gue pengen ngomong banyak banget ci man tapi ya nanti off air aja kali yahh.. heheh.. ya udah, nanti kita bakal ngeliat dan bakal dengerin juga “Kisah Cintaku”. Tapi yang pastinya loe jangan kemana-mana, will be right back after this messages, check it out!!

Uki: Back on MTV Sunday Chart Special by Request, masih bareng, Peterpan!!! .. Di urutan empat ada band yang mempunyai arti dapat dilihat dan dapat didengar, yapp! Apa lagi kalo bukan The Video. Well, this is the video, detik untuk dikenang.

Ariel: diperingkat ketiga klip Letto dengan klip Ruang Rindu, Here they are Letto dengan Ruang Rindu check it out‼

VJ Daniel: saatnya masuk by request, kita langsung ajah check Slank dengan Khilaf… itu videonya total abis yah..

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

VJ Daniel: Dan sekarang gue bakal menginformasikan siapakah yang akan mendaoatkan hadiah satu juta rupiah tapi sebelumnya gue bakal mengumumkan siapa yang menjadi juara satu. Dia adalah Peterpan‼‼‼ yeaaahhhhh……. Coba loe bacain sapa juaranya.

Lukman : pemenangnya adalah Fahzah‼‼‼

VJ Daniel: Yeahh!! Loe ngomongnya enggak semangat banget sih. Yeahh.. Ok, yah!! Pemenangnya yang berhasil mendapatkan satu juta rupiah adalah [email protected]. Jadi kalo misalnya loe ngerasa loe punya email itu. Well, you should be very very happy yeah Fahzah.

VJ Daniel: Alright. So, it’s time for we to go. Jangan lupa tuk terus tongkrongin MTV Ampuh Daily Monday Edition. Karena ada Seventeen yang bakal nemenin kalian semua.

VJ Daniel: And now, it’s time for me to go, don’t forget to stay away from drugs, coz loe bakalan rugi banget dan kematian mendekati, wuehh gila, serem banget!!. Ok terus kampanyekan stop global warming jangan sampe bumi kita rusak.

VJ Daniel: And the last but not least, gua yakin peterpan juga setuju banget jangan pernah beli CD bajakan. It’s a crime people and you should be embarrassed a little bit, alright. Peterpan dengan kisah cintaku. MTV Ampuh Banget!

Closing by Peterpan Act ……

Source II


Program : The data of MTV Ampuh Top 100 with Agnes Monica as a VJ.

VJ / Guest : Agnes Monica / -

VJ Agnes: Talking about this band i don’t have any comment beside one word,outstanding!! Four thumbs up. Berkarir hampir hampir 20 tahun di kancah musik indonesia memang hal yang luar biasa. Darah darah muda geng potlot ini akhirnya berkomitmen untuk berkarir di musik lewat bendera benama slank karena gaya mereka slengehan banget...

VJ Agnes: ... dan komitmen tersebut sudah menghasilkan begitu banyak prestasi, dan sampai sekarang Slank sudah meluncurkan sebelas album. Dan di MTV Ampuh Top 100 ini kita bakal melihat salah satu albumnya yang berhasil nongkrong di posisi thirty four. Yes, this is Biru. Yang di ambil dari soundtrack film Banyu Biru. Ok guys, please enjoy “Slank” with “Biru”.

VJ Agnes: Anak nongkrong MTV lets movin’ on to number thirty three. Di peringkat ini berhasil diduduki Ari Lasso, dan yang berhasil masuk sekarang ini nih anak nongkrong adalah video ke dua Ari Lasso dari albumnya “Kulihat, Kudengar, Kurasa”, judulya dalem banget. patah hati!! hikshiks ...

VJ Agnes: As you gonna find out that!! nuansa timur tengah di video ini kena banget. Dan ari Lasso disini ceritanya jadi sebagai story teller ... well, any way!! langsung aja kita lihat Ari Lasso dengan “Patah Hati” ...

VJ Agnes: Di tengah maraknya band band Pop, Rock, R&B. Band yang personil-personilnya mantan jebolan IKJ ini justru mengusung aliran 80an, keren juga!! Mungkin bisa dibilang sekarang mereka adalah satu-satunya band yang bernuansa 80an. It’s Club eighties. Dengan style-nya yang unik Lembu cs mampu meraih tempat

sendiri untuk para fansnya. and the song that we gonna hear is taken from their new album which is standing on thirty two MTV Ampuh Top 100. Well, give it out once again from Club Eighties with “Dari Hati”.

VJ Agnes: Ok, anak nongkrong naik satu peringkat ke posisi tiga puluh MTV Ampuh Top 100. Ok, what do we’ve got here? Let me see. Oh yap, di posisi ini kita punya satu penyanyi cowo yang mempunyai karakter suara yang khas banget, pokonya ngebass abis, dan dia adalah Bebi Romeo. Ok, here is “Lagu Tentang Cinta”.

Viedo clip …

VJ Agnes: Helo helo heloo!!! Everybody we back again on Special Edition of MTV Ampuh Top 100, and today, we gonna see who sitting on number fourty till twenty-one a long days with me the one and only Agnes Monica. Well, are you ready guys? here is i’m ready. Ok anak nongrong.

VJ Agnes: Ok anak nongkrong without any further a due, langsung aja kita lihat siapa yang ada di peringkat empat puluh. Dan ternyata di peringkat ini kita punya salah satu penyanyi senior yang merupakan senior gue juga yang bisa dibilang one of the great great living legend in our musical industry. Pasti tau dong siapa? Dia adalah mas Crisye ... Lets find who Crisye when he featuring with Project Pop.

Viedo clip …

VJ Agnes: Masuk diperingkat 39 here Ada Band dengan Manusia Bodoh.

Viedo clip …

VJ Agnes: masuk peringkat 38 ada Project Pop yang dirilis pada hari kemerdekaan Indonesia. salut buat nasionalismenya. Viedo clip … END.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

In daily life, people use language to communicate what they want to say.

Language is very important and only means of communication. Without language,

the process of communication will not work. “people will not be able to get

involved with their surroundings without using language and because of that

language has become a vital thing in human life”.1 There are various styles used

by people in communication in their native language or foreign language, for

example the Indonesian people. In communicating they may use Indonesian,

English, Javanese, Sundanese, etc. In making relationship with others, people use

language for communication, in their activity, people can express their mind, idea,

thought, even what their opinion at the time. According to Darjowidjojo in his

book entitled Psikolinguistik: Pengantar Pemahaman Bahasa Manusia, he says as

follows, “Manusia menggunakan bahasa sebagai alat komunikasi untuk

berinteraksi satu sama lain, sebagai alat untuk bertanya, memberi informasi ke B

belowpada orang lain, dan mengungkapkan gagasan dan perasaan”.2 (people use

language as a communication tool for making an interaction each other, either as

an asking a question tool, giving an information to the other, and expressing their

idea and mind). 1 Janet Holmes, An Introduction to linguistics, 2nd edition (England: Pearson Education Limited,

2001). p.11. 2 Soejono Darjowidjojo, Psikolinguistik: Pengantar Pemahaman Bahasa Manusia. 2nd Edition

(Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2005). p. 1.

1

2

From explanation above, language defines an arbitrary vocal symbol used

by human being for communication and interaction each other, base on culture

and situation get involved.

Language utilized reveals human’s thought. People will not give their

expression if they have not getting of their language overbearingly. For example,

the actualization such as sculpture, landscaping, paint, poem, poetry, and the other

art of literature. The painters pour their mind out through their potrayal and

design. The mathematician pour their concept and idea out through create a new

formula to solve the problems of numericals in term of mathematic’s cases.3

In conversation, there are also many people who speak one language also

called as monolingual that they have had since they was born, it is also called

mother tongue. Now, many people all over the world speak more than one

language this so called bilingual even multilingual. For example in Indonesia,

which is the archipelagos country, bilingual or even multilingual have become

culture and civilization. Because Indonesia is multiligual country.4

Many coutries are also practicing bilingual or multilingual. It means that

people who are living in these countries communicate using at least two different

languages. English is used by 80% of the people in the woorld as their first or

second language. The other top language such as Chinese, Japanese, Spanish,

German, French, Portuguese, Korean, italian, and Rusian also come afterward.5

3 http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=81641 (accessed on 12th November

2009, 17:35 p.m. ). 4 Abdul Chaer, Linguistik Umum (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1994). p. 65. 5 http://www.translate-to-success.com/internet-language-use.html (accessed on 13th January

2010, 15:00 p.m.)

http://www.digilib.ui.ac.id/opac/themes/libri2/detail.jsp?id=81641http://www.translate-to-success.com/internet-language-use.html

3

There are many kinds of people according to their race in the world found in many

place of countries. People who come from different backgrounds and countries

may and often live in one community. It can happen if those people in that

community are not isolated from the outsides world. They may speak in different

codes as well. In this case, codes may refer to a language or language variety

which can be used in a conversation of two or more people because they have a

chance to meet people from other coutries.

According to Hudson (1996, p. 22) as quoted by Wardhaugh, the

explanation about a variety of language, as “a set of linguistics items with similar

distribution”.6 A definitionn that allow us to say that all of the following are

varieties: English Indonesian, Javanese Indonesia, Sundanese Javanese, or

Indonesian English, and so on. A variety can therefore be somthing greater than

single language as well as something less, less even than something traditionally

referred to as a dielect.

Ferguson (quoted by Wardhaugh) has another definition of variety, he

says, “Any body of human speech pattern which is sufficiently homogeneous to

be analysed by available technique of synchronic description and which has a

sufficiently large repertory of elements and their arrangements or processes with

broad enough semanic scope to function in all formal contexts of

communication”.7 It means language is system of sounds, words, patterns which

is used by human to communicate thoughts and feelings and can uniquely

6 Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition (Massachusetts: Blackwell

Publisher, 2002). p. 25. 7 Ronald Wardhaugh (2002). op. cit. p. 25.

4

associate becomes a code with some external factor even internal factor as

participant, social, status, and topic of conversation.

From the explanation before, where the place we live, there are many

kinds of people according to their race in the world found. They come from

different backgrounds and countries may and often live in one community, being

bilingual or multilingual is needed. Beside that, it is interesting and beneficial, it

gives benefit to the users since both of the speakers and listeners who come from

different parts of the world will be able to communicate each other without the

obstacles. In line with the globalization era, reason people can become bilingual

or multilingual, since the need of communicating or interacting to run the

business, increase the relationship with foreign people, enlarge the economical

relationship from another part of the world which will go on for modern life and

need.

Wardhaugh explains in his book, when they speak to the other who come

from different countries, they are always faced with the problem of code choice.8

It means that people who want to speak, they must consider and select codes that

are intelligibly spoken by both side. So, the speaker and listener know each other

about the conversation that they use. The choice of code includes the choice of

dialect, style, register, or variety depending on the situation context.

Hoffmann explains that code switching can occur quite frequently in an

informal conversation among people who are familiar and have a shared

educational, ethnic, and socio-economic background. It is avoided in a formal

8 Ronald Wardhaugh (2002). op. cit. p. 36.

5

speech situation among people, especially to those who have little in common

factors in term of social status, language loyalty, and formality.9

Nowdays, code switching has become part of our daily conversation

strategy, especially in multi-ethnic societies such a Jakarta, Bandung, or

Tangerang, or any other metropolitan cities in the world. People may select a code

and switch back and forth from one code to another code. Holmes says people

switch codes when they interact with others in a situation.10 Despite the fact that

mixing and switching are often stigmatized in the communities in which they

occur, they often serve such important functions as marking ethnic and group

boundaries. Among minorities, the home language is used to signify in-group,

informal, and personalized activities, while the other language is used to mark

outgroup, more formal, and distant events. Speakers use a change of language to

indicate their attitude to what is being said.11

In communication with other, code switching, the altenative use of two

languages, has becomes an increasingly topical important field of research. Code

switching seems to serve important communicative and cognitive functions. Code

switching also brings together contributions from a wide variety of sociolinguistic

setting in which the phenomenon is observed. It addresses not only the structure

and function but also the ideological values of such bilingual behaviour.

This phenomenon occurs within a domain or social situation. There are

some obvious changes in situation, such as the students talk with the teachers. It

9 http://www.infoskripsi.com/Artikel-Penelitian/Artikel-Skripsi-Code-Switching-and-Code-

Mixing.html 10 Janet Holmes (2001). op. cit. p. 43. 11 http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-CODEMIXINGANDCODESWITCHNG.html

6

easy to explain to the switch. A speaker may similary switch to another language

as a signal of group membership and shared ethnicity with an addressee.

To help revealing the code switching strategy, the writer decided to

conduct a research on one of MTV pograms. For the study, the writer chooses

MTV Ampuh as the research. MTV Ampuh is one of the best teenage programs on

MTV Indonesia and usually the VJ of this program mix Indonesian and English as

their character and style when they speak each other.

Therefore, the writer chooses the dialogues of MTV’s VJ on MTV Ampuh

program as a unit analysis because the writer finds so many factors is influenced

the code switching or mixing cases in their dialogues. Beside that, the writer

wants to learn deeply about code switching.

B. Focus of the Study

Base on the background of the study, the writer would like to analyze

about the codes which are used by VJ on MTV Ampuh on Global TV. As well as,

the writer is also to find out the the factor which mostly influence the VJ for code

or mixing on MTV Ampuh.

C. Research Question

Based on the background of study above, the writer wants to explain and

to analyze is about code switching used by VJ of MTV Ampuh, the research

questions are as follows:

7

1. What are the types of code switching or code mixing used by the VJ in

presenting the program?

2. What are the factors influencing of code switching or mixing used by

the VJ on MTV Ampuh?

D. Significance of the study

This papers are expected to give not only benefit for the reader, but also

give valuable knowledge of code switching or code mixing to the students who

want to make further in this field. The writer also hopes that this study will

provide information for people especially bilingual speakers in bilingual context

and environment that codes is important for them in communicating smoothly

with others.

Besides, he hopes this study will also broaden the knowledge in the field

of sociolinguistics since the research related to people’s daily conversation.

Finally, teh writer hopes that this study will be useful as an additional reference

for those who are interested in learning ,ore about code switching and also in

making a further study on this topic.

E. Research Metodology

1. The Objectives of the Research

The objectives of the reeesearch are below:

8

a) To know the types of codes switching or mixing which is usually used

by the MTV’s VJ in presenting the program.

b) To know the factors influencing code switching or mixing is usually

used by the VJ on MTV Ampuh.

2. Method of the Study

The method that is used in this research is descriciptive qualitative

method. Qualitative method is research which relies on verbal data and non

numerical in the same manner as the basic of analyze and creative problem

solving of the research.12 The writer will describes the data which are found

in two videos about code switching between Indonesian-English or English-

Indonesian. After that, the writter will classify the data in order to make an

easier interpretation for people.

3. Instrument of the Study

In this study, the instrument is the writer’s himself. In conducting this

study, the writer was supported by some equipment such as the supporting

library of the research, television, video recorder, and internet.

4. Unit Analysis

In conducting this research, the writer used the VJ of “MTV Ampuh” as

his subjects and examined the use of the code switching in Indonesia –

English or English – Indonesia utterances. The VJ of MTV March 13th, 2009 12 Muhammad Farkhan, Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra. (Jakarta: Cella, 2007). p. 8.

9

in “MTV Ampuh” program usually produces Indonesian, English, Javanese,

Sundanese utterances. But in this project, the writer focused on English –

indonesian and Indonesian – English utteances. The writer, in this case

limited the subject to the types of code switching or code mixing and the

factors influencing that happened on ‘MTV Ampuh” is presented by the VJ of

this program. He restricted to episodes on MTV Ampuh Special Chart with

Peterpan and MTV Ampuh with VJ Agnes Monica in March 19, 2009.

5. Technique of Data Analysis

According to the method which is used, sociolinguistics theoretical

approximation method becomes the references of the research.

Sociolinguistics theoretical approached related to the teory or knowledge

which observes to the languages utitized in term of people.13

In term of sociolinguistics research, Mahsun says sociolinguistics

research includes collect the data, analyze the data and explaination of the end

result of the data is analized.14 In collecting the data for the research, the

writer followed five step. Firstly, the writer observed the “MTV Ampuh”

program by watching and recording this program. Secondly, the writer

watches again the recorded program which contains of codes language that

used by VJ on MTV Ampuh. Thirdly, the writer choose the utterances that

consisted of codes switching. Fourthly, the writer wrote down the data into

13 Abdul Chaer (1994). op. cit. p. 3. 14 Mahsun. Metode Penelitian Bahasa: Tahapan Strategi, Metode, dan Teknikny. (Jakarta: PT

Raja Grafindo Persada, 2005). pp. 202‐203.

10

table. The final step is to analyze the data based on the types and the factors

of codes switching.

In order to answer the research questions, the writer determined the

factors that influence codes switching based on the related theories. In

determining the factors, the writer paid attention to the context involving VJ’s

conversation. Whenever the codes (switching or mixing) occured, the writer

put marks on the specified column of the following table:

Table 1.1. Types and Factors influencing Code Switching

No of Data Title of the program

Context

Sentence

Code Switching Code Mixing

Participant Solidarity Status Topic

Note

F. Place and Time of the Study

This research began in March 2010 in Syarief Hidayatullah Jakarta’s

library, and in certain library of university in Jakarta which provide and give

the information and refereces about material that is needed.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Sociolinguistics

The study of language in society is called sociolinguistics, and we can say

that language and people are one and can not be separated since people and

language fulfill the need of each other. From the birth, people in all around the

world learn language that so called mother tounge and this language will be used

by them in their every day live, in order to communicate each other such as gives

an idea, shows an expression, and mind.1

Sociolinguistics is branch of linguistics. It derives from the words

sociology and linguistics, the differences of study which have different function.

Sociology is the study of nature and growth of society and social behavior from an

individual or group within human’s institutional and social process.2 Sociology is

the study which gets to know about the procces of people that go on and keep in

exist. And linguistics itself has a different set of meaning. Linguistics is a study

of language. So, sociolinguistics is the study of linguistics that related to social

phenomeno and sociological point of view. The relation between socio and

linguistics has possible been a long history of mandkind since sociolinguistics

deals with language and society, and linguistics have still actively involved in this

field of study.

1 Bernard Spolsky, Sociolinguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p.2. 2 Abdul Chaer and Leonie Agustina, Socialinguistics: Perkenalan Awal (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta,

2004). p.2.

11

12

Spolsky says sociolinguistics is the study about the relations between

language and community. Wardhaugh agree with Spolsky’s statement and he

gives an additional for its statement, sociolinguistics studies the relations of

language and society purpose and direction to get to know language structure, rule

and function of language within comunnication of society.3

Holmes says sociolinguistics not only studies about the relations between

language and the society, but also explains why we speak differently in different

social contexts, which are concerned with identifying the social functions of

language and the way which is used to convey social meaning. Through the

language, Investigating the way people in a particular environment and situation

use language in different social context provides a wealth of information about the

way language works, as well as about the social relationship in a community, and

the way people signal aspect of their social identity.4

Blom and Gumperz described an example about the way people use

language in different social context and the way language, as well as, situation of

relationship in a community. Observating shows that the speakers able to use

norm is applied when they involved in the right enviorment of conversation. The

statements above give clear explaination about the functions of sociolinguistics

and defines role of the way people use language.5

3 Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition (Massachusetts: Blackwell

Publisher, 2002). p.10. 4 Ibid. p.11. 5 Richard A Hudson, Sociolinguistics, 2nd edition (London: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

p.53.

13

According to Gumperz, as quoted by Ronald Wardhaugh sociolinguistics

is an attempt to find correlations between social structure and linguistic structure

and to observe any changes that occur.6

B. Language Choice

There are several possible relationship between language and society. One

is that social structure may either influance or determine linguistics structure

and/or behaviour. Certain evidance may be adduced to support the view: the age-

grading phenomenon whereby young children speak differently from older

children and, in turn, children speak differently from mature adults; studies which

show that the varieties of language that speakers use reflect such matters as their

regional, social, or ethnic origin and possibly even their gender; and other studies

which show that particular ways of speaking, choices of words, and even rules for

conversing are in fact highly determined by certain social requirements.7

Hymes (1974) says that communicate with one another use language need

to paid attention to eight element also called as acronym is SPEAKING, such us:

1. Setting and scene, consists of place and time that conversation is

taken place suc as at home, a party, work place, etc.

2. Participant, people who get involved in conversation. In the

interaction that cover their age, sex, occupation, socio-economic

status, origin, ethnicity, and their role in relations to one another.

6 Ronald Wardhaugh (2002). op. cit. p.10 7 Ibid. p. 9-10.

14

3. Ends, point of conversation and how the speaker and listener made

a success of conversation within express their idea, mind and

though.

4. Act sequances, topic of conversation. This refer to the recognized

and expected outcomes of an exchanges aas to the personal goals

that participants seek to accoplish on particular occasions.

5. Key, this refers to manner, tone, spirit, or enthusiasm those set in

conversation which a particular message is conveyed. The key may

also be marked non-verbally by certain kinds of behaviour, gesture,

posture, and event.

6. Instrumentalities, this refers to indicate the manner of oral

conversation or does not. And this refer to the choice of channel,

e.g. oral, written oor telegraphic, and to the actual forms of speech

employed, such as the language, dialect, code, or register that is

chosen.

7. Norms, it refers to the specific behaviours and properties that attach

to speaking and also to how these may be viewed by someone who

does not share, i.e. loudness, silence, gaze, return, etc. And the

term only for attitude and norm between speaker and listener.

8. Genres, refer to catagory or variety of language is used.8

Janet Holmes explains, those are several social factor that affect someone

to choose the language included in:

8 Abdul Chaer, Linguistik Umum (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 1994). pp.63-65.

15

1. Social distance. How well do they know each other, what is the

social distance between the participants. Familly, strangers, or

friends

2. Status relationship between people. Social identity from listener

who got mixed up with the conversation.

3. Social role. Typical role relationship, for example, doctor-patient,

teacher-sudent.

4. Setting and dimension of formality. For example, in Singapore,

English is most frequently selected code for official transaction,

regardless of the speaker’s ethnicity.

5. Function. What is language is being used for? Is the speaker

asking a favor or giving orders to someone.9

Basically, Language choice is the sequences of speech act composition

which has stucture and object. If speech act becomes a social phenomenon in

certain situation even when in one particulary direction, speech act tends to be an

individual phenomenon, psychological and affected by linguistic’s ability of the

speaker when someone express their mind, idea, and though. It is influanced by

combinating of specific times, settings, and role relationship.

9 Janet Holmes, An Introduction to linguistics, 2nd edition (England: Pearson Education Limited,

2001), p.1.

16

C. Bilingualism

Bilingualism according to Linguistics Dictionary means the use of at least

two language either by an individual or group of speakers, such as the inhabitants

of a particular region or a nation.

Acording Bloomfield, as qouted by Abdul Chaer, bilingualism is someone

who has a good compentency for both language and well to do it together. Uriel

Weinrich says bilingualism is laguage uses in a turns manner by the speakers.

Whereas, Einar Haugan says bilingualism is someone who has competency to use

another language completely that is not their mother tongue.10

Spolsky defines a bilingual as a person who has some functional ability in

the second languaage. This may vary from a limited ability in one or more

domains, to very strong command of both languages (sometimes called balanced

bilinguallism).11

Related to speech community, Hamers and Blanc define bilingualism as

the state of a linguistic community in which two languages are in contact with the

result that two codes can be used in the same interaction and that a number of

individuals are bilingual.12 Because that bilingual people usually use their own

idioms for in-group communication and the common language for their

interaction and communication with outsiders. In this case, Spolsky says the

bilinguals have a repertoire of domain-related rules of language choice meaning

10 Abdul Chaer (1994). op.cit. pp. 65-66. 11 Spolsky (1998). op cit. p. 45 12 F.J Hamers & H.A.M Blanc, Bilinguality and Bilingualism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). p.6.

17

that bilinguals are able to choose which language he is going to use.13 In other

words, since the members of a bilingual community vary in the capacity of

mastering the languages used in the community, they have to be able to set a

condition where they can communicate effectively. This condition leads them to

do code switching and code mixing.

D. Definition of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Code-switching and code-mixing are well-known traited in the speech

pattern of the average bilingual in any human society the world over. It is also one

of sociolinguistics problems that occurs in bilingual community.

Code mixing and code switching terms in sociolinguistics for language and

especially speech that draws to differing extents on at least two languages

combined in different ways. A Code may be a language or a variety or style of a

language. The term code mixing emphasizes hybridization, and the term code

switching emphasizes movement from one language to another. Mixing and

switching probably occur to some extent in the speech of all bilinguals, so that

there is a sense in which a person capable of using two languages. 14

Thera are a lot of definition of code switching. Chaer and Leonie Agustina

quoted Appel’s perception about code switching definition.

Apple (1976) mendefinisikan alih kode sebagai gejala peralihan pemakaian bahasa karena berubahnya situasi.15

13 Spolsky (1998). op. cit. p. 46. 14 http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-CODEMIXINGANDCODESWITCHNG.html. (8/03/2010) 15 Abdul Chaer and Leonie Agustina (2004). op. cit. p. 107.

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-CODEMIXINGANDCODESWITCHNG.html

18

Apple defined code switching as the phenomonon of language use changing because of the change of the situation.

Rajen Mesthrie, Joan Swann, Andrea Deumert, and William L. Leap say in

other definition about code switching in their book entitled Introducing

Sociolinguistics.

Code-switching may be associated with a series of unmarked choices when aspects of the context such as a change in topic or in the person addressed make a different language variety more appropriate.16

Code switching is a linguistics term denoting the concurrent use of more

than one language, or language variety, in conversation. Multilinguals, people

who speak more than one language, sometimes use elements of multiple

languages in conversing with each other. Thus, code-switching is the syntactically

and phonologically appropriate use of more than one linguistic variety.17

The motivation for switching is basically stylistic and that code switching

is to be treated as a discourse phenomenon which cannot be satisfactorily handled

in terms of the internal structure of sentence.18

Hymes (1974) defines only code-switching as “a common term for

alternative use of two or more languages, varieties of a language or even speech

styles” while Bokamba (1989) defines both concepts thus:

Code-switching is the mixing of words, phrases and sentences from two distinct grammatical (sub) systems across sentence boundaries within the same speech event… code-mixing is the embedding of various linguistic units such as affixes (bound morphemes), words (unbound morphemes), phrases and clauses from a co-operative activity where the participants, in

16 Rajen Mesthrie, et al., Introducing Sociolinguistics (Great Britanian: Edinburg University

Press, 2002). p. 167. 17 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching. (08/03/2010). 18 Suzanne Rommaine, Bilingualism, 2nd Edition (Massachusetts: Blackwell publisher Inc. 1995). p. 121.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching

19

order to infer what is intended, must reconcile what they hear with what they understand.19

According to Abdul Chaer in his book entitled Linguisik Umum. Code

switching is going happen because of the differences of language between an

individual or community of speech where is happening around.

Alih kode yaitu beralihnya penggunaan suatu kode (entah bahasa ataupun ragam bahasa tertentu) ke dalam kode yang lain (bahasa atau ragam bahasa lain) karena alasan tertentu.20 Code switching is the change of code using (even language or variety of language) to the other code (language or variety of language) because of specific reason. Here is an example of code switching from conversation of MTV’s VJ VJ Agnes : Talking about this band I don’t have any comment beside one

word. Outstanding!! pokoknya four thumbs up .......

The underline sentences is phenomenon is called code switching. The VJ

used English at the first and then in second she changes to Indonesian language.

Code switching differ from code mixing. Code switching the point at

which the language change corresponds to a point where the situation changes,

either on its own or precisely because the language changes. There are other cases,

however, where a fluent bilingual talking to another fluent bilingual changes

laanguage without any change at all in the situation. This kind of alternation is

called code mixing.21

Code mixing occurs when conversations use both languages together to the

extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single 19 Nordic Journal of African Studie, Code-Switching and Code-Mixing: Style of Language Use in

Childhood in Yoruba Speech Community, AYEOMONI, M.O., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol15num1/ayeomoni.pdf. p. 91. (08/03/1010).

20 Abdul Chaer (1994). op.cit. p. 67. 21 Richard A Hudson (1996). op. cit. p. 53.

http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol15num1/ayeomoni.pdf.%20p.%2091

20

utterance.22 It means that the conversantions just change some of the elements in

their utterance. Code mixing takes place without a change of topic and can

involve various levels of language, e.g., morphology and lexical items even

grammar.

The purpose of code mixing seems to be to symbolise ambiguous situation

for which neither language on its own would be quite right. To get right effect the

speakers balance the two languages againts each other as a kind of linguistic

cocktail such a few words of one laguage, then a few words of the other, then

back to the first for a few more word and so on. The changes generally take place

more or less randomly as far as ssubject-matter is concerned, but they seem to be

limited by the structure of sentence.

Janet Holmes says code mixing suggests the speaker is mixing up code

indiscriminately or perhaps because of incompetence, whereas the switches are

very well-motivated in relation to the symbolic or social meaning of the two

codes.23 This kind of rapid switching is itself a specific sociolinguistics variety.

Abdul Chaer and Leonie provide the following exmples of conversational

code mixing between Hindi and English which is quoted from Velma (1976:158).

Vinod : mai to kuhungaa ki yah one of the best novels of the year is?

(i just wanna say what this novel one of the best novels of the year is)

Mira : That’s right. It is decidedly one of the best novel of the year. (Benar. Diputuskan novel ini memang novel terbaik tahun ini.24

22 Ronald Wardhaugh (2002). op. cit. p.103. 23 Janet Holmes (2001). op. cit. p. 50. 24 Abdul Chaer and Leonie Agustina (2004). op. cit. p. 116.

21

E. Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Based on Wardaugh’s theory code switching code switching is classified

into three kinds. They are situational code switching, methaporical code

switching, and conversational code switching which called as intra-sentential code

switching or code mixing. Each type is related to each factor of code switching

namely participant, solidarity (affective function), status, and topic.

The first type is situational code switching. Situational code switching is

related to the factors of code switching that are participant, solidarity, and status.

Situational code switching occurs when the language used change

according to the situation in which the conversantion find themselves. They speak

one language in one situation and in a different one.25

Situational code switching because the switches between languages always

coincide with changes from one external situation (for example, talking to

member of the family) to another (for example, talking to neighbours).26

Situational code switching described about arrival of a new person and

status relation between people or the formality of their interaction. For example,

some new switches from English to Maori to greet his or her friend. The Maori’s

greeting is an expression of solidarity. So, a code switch may be related to a

particular or addressee.27

Methaporical code switching occurs with in a single situation, but adds

meaning to such components as the role-relationship, which is being expressed.

25 Ronald Wardhaugh (2002). op. cit. p.103 26 Richard A Hudson (1996). op. cit. p. 24. 27 Janet Holmes (2001). op. cit. p. 41.

22

According to Blom and Gumperz (1971) which is quoted by Hudson,

methaporical code switching is where the choice of language that determines the

situation. Blom and Gumperz give an example that arose out of their research in a

own in northen Norway, Hemnesberget, where the re is a diglossic situation.

In the course of a morning spent at the community administration office, we notice that clerk used both standard and dialect phrases, depending on whether they were talking about official affairs or not. Likewise, when residents step up to a clerk’s desk, greeting and iquiries about family affairs tend to be exchanged in the dialect, while the business part of the transaction is carried on in standard. (Blom and Gumperz 1971:425).28

Example like this show that speakers are able to manipulate the norms

governing the use of varieties in just the same way as they can manipulate those

governing the meanings of words by using them metaporichally.

Furthermore, Wardhaugh says metaphorical code switching is a change of

topic requires a change in the language used we have. The interesting point here is

that some topics may be disscused in either code, but the choice of code adds the

distinct flavor to what is said about the topic. 29

Intra-sentencial code switching or conversational code switching or code

mixing according to Wardaugh who enhances Gumperz’s theory that

conversational code switching is the same with code mixing. To this, Wardaugh

states that conversational code switching which is also recognized as intra-

sentencial code switching is a switch of codes within a simple utterance without

any associated topic change.30

28 Richard A Hudson (1996). op. cit., p. 25. 29 Ronald Wardhaugh (2002). op. cit., p.103. 30 Ibid, p.108.

23

F. The Factors Influencing Code Switching and Code Mixing

According to Holmes, there are four factors that may influence people to

code switch, they are:

1. Participants. The participants that use code switching to his or her partners

because they have certain will and goal. If a group of people are talking in

one language and a non-speaker enters, they will switch code or topic or both.

Viewing from the personality of the participant, there are will and goal of

code switching such as the speaker who wants to change the situation without

any information in time and space. 31

we can see as an example by looking conversation below:

A: Well I’m glad I met you. Ok?

M: andale pues (OK SWELL), and do come again. Mm?

(Switch between Spanish and English)

By using the Spanish tag, M signaled to A that she recognized the

relevance of their shared ethnic backround to their future relationship. The tag

served a solidarity marker between two minority ethnic group member’s

whose previous conversation has been entirely in Engish.

2. Solidarity (affective function). A speaker may similarly to another language as

a signal of group membership and shared ethnicity with an addressee. Even

speaker who is not very proficient in a second language may use brief phrases

and words for his purpose.32

31 Janet Holmes (2001). op. cit. p. 42. 32 Ibid, p. 41.

24

We can see as an example by looking conversation below:

(The Maori is in italic. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITALS).

Sarah : I think everyone’s here except Mere.

John : She said she might be a bit late but actually I think that’s her

arriving now.

Sarah : You’re right. Kia ora Mere. Haere mai. Kei te pehea koe?

( HI MERE. COME IN. HOW ARE YOU)

Mere : Kia ora hoa. Kei te pai. Have you started yet?

(HELLO MY FRIEND. I’M FINE).

In the conversation above, code switching appears with English as the

main language and Maori is code switching language. People sometimes

switch code within a domain or social situation. When there is some obvious

change in the situatioon, such us the arrival of a new person, it is easy to

explain the switch. Mere is Maori and although the rest of the meeting will be

conducted in English, Sarah switches to Maori to greet Mere. The Maori

greeting is an participant of adressee.33

3. Status. A switch may also reflect a change in the other dimensions, such as

the status relationship between people or the formality of their interaction.

More formal relationship, which sometimes involve status differences too,

such as doctor-patient, administrator–client, or teacher-student. Friendly

33 Janet Holmes (2001). op. cit. p. 41.

25

relationship involving minimal social distance, such as neighbour or friend.34

Look conversation below as an example:

(BOKMAL IS IN SMALL CAPITALS. Ranamal is not).

Jan : Hello Petter. How is your wife now?

Petter : Oh she’s much better thank you Jan. She’s out of hospital and

convalescing well.

Jan : That’s good I’m pleased to hear it. DO YOU THINK YOU

COULD HELP ME WITH THIS PESKY FROM? I AM

HAVING A GREAT DEAL OF DIFFICULT WITH IT.

Petter : OF COURSE. GIVE IT THERE.....

This conversation took place in somewhere of Hemnesberget, between

two neighbour, Jan and Petter. Nothing appears to change except the topic of

discussion and with it the code. In fact the change of topic here symbolizes a

change in the relationship between men. They switch from their roles as

neighbours to their roles as bureaucrat and member of the public. They switch

from a personal interaction to a more formal transaction.35

4. Topic. According to Holmes, people may switch code within a speech event

to dicuss a particula topic. Bilinguall often find it easier to discuss particular

topics in one code rather than another. For many bilinguals certain kinds of

referential content are more appropriately or more easily expressed in one

language than the other. Look illustrated below for an example:

34 Holmes, Janet (2001). op. cit. p. 41. 35 Janet Holmes (2001). op. cit. p. 43.

26

(the Chinese is in italic. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITALS.)

A group of Chinese stidents are discusing Chinese customs.

Li : People here get divorce too easily. Like exchanging faulty goods.

In China it’s not the same. Jia gou sui gou, jia ji sui ji.

(IF YOU HAVE MARIED A DOG. YOU FOLLOW A DOG. IF

YOU’VE MARRIED A CHICKEN, YOU FOLLOW A

CHICKEN.)

This partly because they have learned the vocabulary of their studies

in English, so they do not always know the word like “morpheme” in

Cantonese. In these example the switches not only emphasise the precise

message content, they also sognal ethnic identity. In other words they have an

affectives as well as a referential function.36

36 Janet Holmes (2001). op. cit. p. 44.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In this chapter the writer will discuss the research finding. In collecting

the data for the research, the writer followed five steps. Firstly, the writer

observed the “MTV Ampuh” program by watching and recording this

program. Secondly, the writer watches again the recorded program which

contains of codes language that used by VJ on MTV Ampuh. Thirdly, the

writer chooses the utterances that consisted of codes switching. Fourthly, the

writer wrote down the data into table. The final step is to analyze the data

based on the types and the factors of codes switching.

For this study, the writer analyses about eighteen characters’s dialogs

that use code switching or code mixing. He chooses the dialogs randomly

which are interested to be analyzed that is used by VJ Daniel and Agnes who

has been the VJ on MTV Ampuh program from the begining. The writer

focuses on Daniel and Agnes because they switched and mixed the code

entirely. The dialog is used by VJ here are the dialogs which will be analyzed

in this paper is taken from different episode; VJ Daniel presented MTV

Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request with Peterpan program and VJ

Agnes presented the program of MTV Ampuh Top 100 with Agnes Monica

as VJ on March 19th, 2009.

27

Data I


Program : The data of MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request with

Peterpan.


1. VJ Daniel: Ok anak nongkrong, welcome to MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request. Jadi, di sini loe bisa nge-request-nge- request juga yaa di hari minggu yang nyantai ini dengan email yang udah loe berikan ke kita kemaren itu. Alright, dan pastinya masih bersama Peterpan disini. Yeahhh...

2. VJ Daniel: ... Oh iyaa anak nongkrong pada akhir acara nanti, kita akan memberikan hadiah satu juta rupiah untuk klip request-an yang nomor satu terbanyak, yaa anak nongkrong kalo misalnya loe belom tau gimana caranya, gampang ajah. Loe tinggal kirim e-mail ke kita. All you have to do is just, e- mailnya tau dimana?? [email protected].

3. VJ Daniel: Nah cara ketiknya SCS (spasi) nama penyanyi (spasi) judul lagu.. alright. Dan nanti peterpan bakal nge-VJ juga bareng kita.. iyehhh.. man!! Loe harus ngomong juga harus gini juga. So anyway, ok yang pastinya di posisi 8 ada klip yang dipilih sama anak nongkrong, the changcuters dengan gila-gilaan, check this out!!! ..

4. VJ Daniel: What’s up guys, yes ... kembali lagi pastinya di MTV Ampuh... Sunday Chart Requets. So, Sunday Chart Special by Request. Dan pastinya masih bersama Peterpan, dan ini terakhir kalinya mereka pake nama Peterpan.

5. VJ Daniel: ... gue pengen ngomong banyak banget ci man tapi ya nanti off air aja kali yahh.. heheh.. ya udah, nanti kita bakal ngeliat dan bakal dengerin juga “Kisah Cintaku”. Tapi yang pastinya loe jangan kemana-mana, will be right back after this messages, check it out!!

6. Uki Peterpan: Back on MTV Sunday Chart Special by Request, masih bareng, Peterpan!!! .. Di urutan empat ada band yang mempunyai arti dapat dilihat dan dapat didengar, yapp! Apa lagi kalo bukan The Video. Well, this is the video, detik untuk dikenang.

28

mailto:[email protected]

7. VJ Daniel: Yeahh!! Loe ngomongnya enggak semangat banget sih.

Yeahh.. Ok, yah!! Pemenangnya yang berhasil mendapatkan satu juta rupiah adalah [email protected]. Jadi kalo misalnya loe ngerasa loe punya email itu. Well, you should be very very happy yeah Fahzah.

8. VJ Daniel: Alright. So, it’s time for we to go. Jangan lupa tuk terus tongkrongin MTV Ampuh Daily Monday Edition. Karena ada Seventeen yang bakal nemenin kalian semua.

9. VJ Daniel: And now, it’s time for me to go, don’t forget to stay away from drugs, coz loe bakalan rugi banget dan kematian mendekati, wuehh gila, serem banget!!. Ok terus kampanyekan stop global warming jangan sampe bumi kita rusak.

10. VJ Daniel: And the last but not least, gua yakin peterpan juga setuju banget jangan pernah beli CD bajakan. It’s a crime people and you should be embarrassed a little bit, alright. Peterpan dengan kisah cintaku. MTV Ampuh Banget!

Data II


Program : The data of MTV Ampuh Top 100 with Agnes Monica as a VJ.


1. VJ Agnes: Talking about this band i don’t have any comment beside one

word, outstanding!! Four thumbs up. Berkarir hampir hampir 20 tahun di kancah musik indonesia memang hal yang luar biasa. Darah darah muda geng potlot ini akhirnya berkomitmen untuk berkarir di musik lewat bendera benama slank karena gaya mereka slengehan banget...

2. VJ Agnes: ... dan komitmen tersebut sudah menghasilkan begitu banyak prestasi, dan sampai sekarang Slank sudah meluncurkan sebelas album. Dan di MTV Ampuh Top 100 ini kita bakal melihat salah satu albumnya yang berhasil nongkrong di posisi thirty four. Yes, this is Biru. Yang di ambil dari soundtrack film Banyu Biru. Ok guys, please enjoy “Slank” with “Biru”.

29

3. VJ Agnes: Anak nongkrong MTV lets movin’ on to number thirty three. Di peringkat ini berhasil diduduki Ari Lasso, dan yang berhasil masuk sekarang ini nih anak nongkrong adalah video ke dua Ari Lasso dari albumnya “Kulihat, Kudengar, Kurasa”, judulya dalem banget. patah hati!! hikshiks ...

4. VJ Agnes: As you gonna find out that!! nuansa timur tengah di video ini ngena banget. Dan ari Lasso disini ceritanya jadi sebagai story teller ... well, any way!! langsung aja kita lihat Ari Lasso dengan “Patah Hati” ...

5. VJ Agnes: Band yang personil-personilnya mantan jebolan IKJ ini justru mengusung aliran 80an, keren juga!! Mungkin bisa dibilang sekarang mereka adalah satu-satunya band yang bernuansa 80an. It’s Club eighties. Dengan style-nya yang unik Lembu cs mampu meraih tempat sendiri untuk para fansnya. and the song that we gonna hear is taken from their new album which is standing on thirty two MTV Ampuh Top 100. Well, give it out once again from Club Eighties with “Dari Hati”.

6. VJ Agnes: Ok, anak nongkrong naik satu peringkat ke posisi tiga puluh MTV Ampuh Top 100. Ok, what do we’ve got here? Let me see. Oh yap, di posisi ini kita punya satu penyanyi cowo yang mempunyai karakter suara yang khas banget, pokonya ngebass abis, dan dia adalah Bebi Romeo. Ok, here is “Lagu Tentang Cinta”.

7. VJ Agnes: Helo helo heloo!!! Everybody we back again on Special Edition of MTV Ampuh Top 100, and today, we gonna see who sitting on number fourty till twenty-one a long days with me the one and only Agnes Monica. Well, are you ready guys? here is i’m ready. Ok anak nongrong.

8. VJ Agnes: Ok anak nongkrong without any further a due, langsung aja kita lihat siapa yang ada di peringkat empat puluh. Dan ternyata di peringkat ini kita punya salah satu penyanyi senior yang merupakan senior gue juga yang bisa dibilang one of the great great living legend in our musical industry. Pasti tau dung siapa? Dia adalah mas Crisye ...

The writer uses Janet Holmes’ criteria to differentiate which dialogs use

code switching or code mixing and identifies the factor influencing such as

30

participant, status, solidarity, and topic. The writer also uses other supporting

theory related to code switching that relevance.

B. Data Analysis

Having been mentioned in the previous chapter, the purpose of the study is

to find out the type of codes switching or mixing and the factors that

influence codes switching based on the related theories.

In determining the types and the factors influencing, the writer paid

attention to the context involving VJ’s conversation. Whenever, the codes

(switching or mixing) occured, the writer put marks on the specified column

of the table.

Data 1 MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request with Peterpan.

VJ Daniel: Ok anak nongkrong, welcome to MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request. Jadi, di sini loe bisa nge-request-nge-request juga yaa di hari minggu yang nyantai ini dengan email yang udah loe berikan ke kita kemaren itu. Alright, dan pastinya masih bersama Peterpan disini. Yeahhh...

Sentence Ok squat, Welcome to MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request. ... Alright, and still here with Peterpan certainly. yeahh...


- √


√ √ - √

Note

►Participant: VJ and Guest star. ►Solidaritas: Greeting to the audiences. ►Topic: Giving direction to the audience who is the guest.

31

In the beginning of the show after Peterpan’s performance, VJ Daniel start

the program by enthusiastic greeting his audience and also introduced the name of

the program is presented to the audiences in a single utterance. So in his greeting,

he mixed from Indonesia language to English as code mixing.

Daniel’s greeting in the beginning of the show is solidarity. Daniel wants

to say hello to all of his audience inside the studio and outside that mostly

audiences who have requested before. The topic is when Daniel asks attention to

his guest that is Peterpan Band. And also VJ Daniel’s greeting as introduction

shows who is the participant in concerned within the program.


VJ Daniel: ... Oh iyaa anak nongkrong pada akhir acara nanti, kita akan memberikan hadiah satu juta rupiah untuk klip request-an yang nomor satu terbanyak, yaa anak nongkrong kalo misalnya loe belom tau gimana caranya, gampang ajah. Loe tinggal kirim e-mail ke kita. All you have to do is just, e-mailnya tau dimana?? [email protected].

Sentence

yaa squat if you don’t know about the way sending a message, piece of cake. You just send your e-mail to us. All you have to do is just, if you don’t know the e-mail address as yet?? Send us at [email protected].


- √


- - √ √

Note ► Status: Daniel shows his self as a informant. ► Topic: Daniel gives a direction to the audience.

32

VJ Daniel tries to inform the audiences at home who have not understand

or the audiences who do not know the steps in sending the messages or e-mail to

MTV Ampuh. It shows a code mixing because Daniel speaks different language

in a single utterance. The code mixing between Indonesian – English which

Daniel did was considered to express his status as an informant. He did it because

he wanted to gives the direction to the audiences.

VJ Daniel’s status in this statement was an informant. It was showed by

the topic appeared when Daniel gave an information to the audiences. Daniel

preferred using the code switching between Indonesian to English and vice versa

to express his status as an informant.


VJ Daniel: Nah cara ketiknya SCS (spasi) nama penyanyi (spasi) judul lagu.. alright. Dan nanti peterpan bakal nge-VJ juga bareng kita.. iyehhh.. man!! Loe harus ngomong juga harus gini juga. So anyway, ok yang pastinya di posisi 8 ada klip yang dipilih sama anak nongkrong, the changcuters dengan gila-gilaan, check this out!!! ..

Sentence

... iyehhh.. man!! You have to speak anyway, you should be able to be like what i do. So anyway, ok, absolutly, position number eight there is a video clip which is choosen by young people, The Changcuters with “Gila-gilaan”, check this out!!!


- √


- - √ √

Note ► Status: Daniel as a VJ asks the audience to watch the next video. ► Topic: Daniel gives task orientation to Peterpan.

33

The statement was made by Daniel after makes sure personnel of Peterpan

that they must be taken part in presenting and then Daniel says next position at

chart Ampuh number eight to the audience, there is The Changcuter.

The bilingual between Indonesian – English which Daniel did was

considered to express his certainty of feeling. He did it because he wanted to

convince the audiences. Thus, because of this reason, this statement was

considered as code mixing.

The topic appears when Daniel uses conjunction which changes the topic

is talking about. The first, he tries to convice Peterpan’s personnel. Next, he

informs the audiences. It shows his status as presenter.


VJ Daniel: What’s up guys, yes ... kembali lagi pastinya di MTV ampuh... Sunday Chart Requets. So, Sunday Chart Special by Request. Dan pastinya masih bersama Peterpan, dan ini terakhir kalinya mereka pake nama Peterpan.

Sentence What’s up guys, yes... welcome back again with me on MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart by Request. So, Sunday Chart Special by Request.


- √


- √ - -

Note ► Solidaritas: Daniel greets to the audiences after the commercial break.

34

Daniel makes a simple greeting to his audience to ask their attention. He

also introduce or re-introduce his guest star of the day and then he start continues

his interview with Peterpan’s personnel.

Daniel preferred using English to Indonesia language to express his

greeting. This statement can be considered as solidarity because Daniel preferred

to express his greeting in code switching between English and Indonesia

language.

The statement is code mixing because according the situation, Daniel

plays his role as the VJ who presented his program who tries to greet his audience

as a new person for him.


VJ Daniel: ... gue pengen ngomong banyak banget ci man tapi ya nanti off air aja kali yahh.. heheh.. ya udah, nanti kita bakal ngeliat dan bakal dengerin juga “Kisah Cintaku”. Tapi yang pastinya loe jangan kemana-mana, will be right back after this messages, check it out!!

Sentence But don’t go anywhere definitly, will be right back after this messages, check it out!!


√ -


- - √ -

Note ► Status: Daniel notices the audience and asks them to watch the video.

According to Wardaugh, the switches between languages always coincide

with changes from one external situation to another. Daniel’s statement describes

35

there is external situation, when he speaks with Peterpan then he turned to the

audiences along with giving an attention. Thus, he preferred using code switching

as it was situational factors.

The above example is status because Daniel calls attention to the

audiences and he advices to the audiences that MTV will be right back after

another entertainment. He may similarly to another language as a signal of group

membership (anak Nongkrong MTV Ampuh) and friendly relationship involving

minimal social distance.


Uki Peterpan: Back on MTV Sunday Chart Special by Request, masih bareng, Peterpan!!! .. Di urutan empat ada band yang mempunyai arti dapat dilihat dan dapat didengar, yapp! Apa lagi kalo bukan The Video. Well, this is the video, detik untuk dikenang.

Sentence Back on MTV Sunday Chart Special by Request, still here with Peterpan!!! .. well this is “The Video” with “Detik Untuk Dikenang”.


- √


- √ - √

Note ► Solidarity: Uki greets the audiences and re-introduce the guest. ► Topic: Uki gives information of the next video.

Uki as a guest makes a simple greeting to his audience to ask their

attention and he also introduce or re-introduce his guest star of the day and then

he start continues reading the chart of MTV Ampuh. The statement is code

36

smixing because according the illustrated conversation. Uki plays his role as the

VJ who presented his program who tries to greet his audience as a member

addressee (anak Nongkrong MTV Ampuh).

Uki preferred using English to Indonesia language to express his greeting.

This statement can be considered as solidarity because Uki preferred to express

his greeting in code mixing between English and Indonesia language after the

commercial break.

The topic appears when Uki gives information of the next video will be

played. Uki uses verbal strategy to move the other topic.

Data 7 MTV Ampuh Sunday Chart Special by Request with Peterpan

VJ Daniel: Yeahh!! Loe ngomongnya enggak semangat banget sih. Yeahh.. Ok, yah!! Pemenangnya yang berhasil mendapatkan satu juta rupiah adalah [email protected]. Jadi kalo misalnya loe ngerasa loe punya email itu. Well, you should be very very happy yeah Fahzah.

Sentence So, whether you think or feel that you have that e-mail. Well, you should be very very happy yeah Fahzah.


√ -


- √ - -

Note ► Solidarity: Daniel plays the role as a VJ who amazed to the e-mail sender.

37

The statement was made by Daniel after Lukman announced who is the

winner of request of the day. Daniel hopes the e-mail sender should be very

happy.

The code switching between Indonesian – English which Daniel did was

considered to express his emotion or feeling to the e-mail sender. He did it

because he comes along happy for Fahzah (e-mail sender). Thus, because of this

reason this statement was considered as the situational becomes code switching as

a code.

The above example is solidarity because the statement shows that Daniel

as the VJ after he announced a letter. He plays the role as a VJ who amazed to the

e-mail sender that he was the winner.


VJ Daniel: Alright. So, it’s time for we to go. Jangan lupa tuk terus tongkrongin MTV Ampuh Daily Monday Edition. Karena ada Seventeen yang bakal nemenin kalian semua.

Sentence Alright. So, it’s time for we to go. Don’t forget to keep watching and keep your eyes on MTV Ampuh Daily Monday Edition.


√ -


- - √ √

Note ► Status: Daniel asks for permission and he gives an information. ► Topic: giving an information.

38

It is a situasional that motivated the code switching because Daniel

statement showed status relation between presenter with audience. The code

switching between Indonesian – English which Daniel did was considered to asks

for permission and he gives an information. He did it because he wanted to gives

an information to the audiences.

The status of Daniel is seen as a VJ who advised of the audiences to watch

another MTV program on Monday with the guest is Seventeen. Previously, he

asks for permission that the program is almost over.

In the change of topic here symbolizes a change in the relationship

between Daniel and the audiences.


VJ Daniel: And now, it’s time for me to go, don’t forget to stay away from drugs. coz loe bakalan rugi banget dan kematian mendekati, wuehh gila, serem banget!!. Ok terus kampanyekan stop global warming jangan sampe bumi kita rusak.

Sentence And now, it’s time for me to go, don’t forget to stay away from drugs, cuz’ you will very extremely lose out and demises close upon one’s last legs,


√ -


- √ - √

Note ► Solidarity: Daniel explains that the program is almost over. ► Topic: Daniel gives an advice.

39

The situation of conversation describes that the program is going to end.

Daniel pleads for signed up because the time is up. The bilingual between

Indonesian – English which Daniel did was considered to asks give an advice. He

did it because he wanted to gives an expression of his mind about how riskiness of

drugs by using different language was considered as code switching.

This is Solidarity because before Daniel closes the program, he says the

pemission as a greeting. After a permission, he plays his role as a young agent

who warns the teenagers to stay away from the drugs. The topic is when Daniel

makes an interaction with the audiences to which he gives an advice of stay away

from drugs and stop global warming and he expresses his mind about how

riskiness of drugs.


VJ Daniel: and the last but not least, gua yakin peterpan juga setuju banget jangan pernah beli CD bajakan. It’s a crime people and you should be embarrassed a little bit, alright. Peterpan dengan kisah cintaku. MTV Ampuh Banget!

Sentence I am sure that also Peterpan will excessively agree in order that don’t ever buy counterfeit CD. It’s a crime people and you should be embarrassed a little bit, alright.


√ -


- - √ √

Note ► Status: Daniel plays his role as a VJ is being young agent. ► Topic: Daniel gives an advice.

40

Daniel as a VJ plays his role becomes a young agent who asks the young

people or teenagers (anak nongkrong MTV) do not buy an counterfeit CD. When

Daniel became a young agent, he preferred using code switching as a code.

Daniel’s advisory is a topic. Because he expresses how embarrased and

It’s absolutely criminal if there are young people or teenagers who did not

appreciate with a creation of musician of Indonesian.

code switching occurs with in a single situation, but adds meaning to such

components as the role-relationship, which is being expressed by VJ Daniel. And

formed by a personal interaction to a formal transaction.

Data 11 MTV Ampuh Top 100 with Agnes Monica as VJ

VJ Agnes: Talking about this band i don’t have any comment beside one word, outstanding!! Four thumbs up. Berkarir hampir hampir 20 tahun di kancah musik indonesia memang hal yang luar biasa. Darah darah muda geng potlot ini akhirnya berkomitmen untuk berkarir di musik lewat bendera benama slank karena gaya mereka slengehan banget...

Sentence

Talking about this band I don’t have any comment beside one word, outstanding!! In essentials, Four thumbs up. Careering almost twentieth years old in Indonesian music industry is remarkable achievement.


√ -


- √ - √

Note ► Solidarity: VJ Agnes shows her amazement for Slank. ► Topic: VJ agnes gives an appreciation.

VJ A

abstract - institutional repository uin syarif ...abstract . pahruli, an analysis of the types and...

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