United States Departm~nt of the Inte r~ or " ,{;-P:- Krug;-Sec"I-e-tary !" ish and Wildlife S~rvi ce , ·.A lber t ~ . Da y , Dir ec t or '

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Fishe ry Leaflet 198

~ V[as hington 25, ,D. G. Re v . 8ep t.l 947

R~DDOCK (MelanograI1'lr.lus ae g lif enus)~/

By H~~ard ~ . Schuck Aquatic Biologis t , Di vision of Fi sher v Biology

Des cription and "9istribution The haddock (Me l anogr a!llll1us ae glefinus ) is a wel: -streamllned fish, purpl ish- gr ay on its uppe r porti ons , and lighte r

. on ' its belly and sides when fr e s h f r om ·.the s e a . A. member of the . c od family , nadidae, i t can be iden t if i ed bes t f r om most of i ts r s l a tive s by the fact that its l ate r al l ine ( running a long eithe r side fr om head to ta i l ) is dark On 11 li ght back]ound rathe r the.n ligh t on a na r k back ground, as is the case of the cod and pollock. The pres ence of a dar1

( shoul de r pa t ch, " the devil ' s .thumb-mar k , tI is also a d is tingui.s hi ng char acteri s ti c .

Haddock are f ound on both side s of the North Atl antic, a tta ining their gr e a test abundance in the North Sea; off lcela'nd, Newfoun dl and , and Nova Scoti a ; an d in the Gulf of )1a i ne i n cludin g, Ge or ge s Ban k off Cape Cod . Orf the American coa st they oc cur genera lly f r om t he Gulf of S t. Lawr ence t o Nan t u cke t Shoals, s outh of Cape Cod, althou gh i s ola ted fish have been r ecorded as fa r s outh a s Cape Ha t t e r as .

The haddo ck is strictly a ,bottom f ish, r a r e l y rl.sl. ng f r em the h c ttom more than a f a thom Or twc , a nd inhab i ts the r e l a tively shallow wa t e r of the banks of the continen'ta l s he lf at depths up to 150 fa t h oms (900 f ee t ) , al­thcu gh the gr ea t est concentrati cns a r e f, sur-d a t depths r ang ing fr em 2Q - 9C f a thoms. Haddock pr e f e r a bo tt~m of smc o th, ha r d s a nd, gr avel, pebb l es , or b r oken she lls, i n contra st t c t he cod w~i ch may be cau ght o~e r a l most an y k i nd of b c ttom .

Haddock a r e ",h i t e - mea t ed, firm- f l e s he d f is h of mild f l avor. Bes i de s being cu t into f i 11e ts I they a r e smOke d, s a l t e d, made into fis h cake s and us ed i n fis h chowder. R('t sme-ke d ha ddcck is IfrinrH~.n hudd i e . " They a re br cu ght into American por ts u s ua) l y ae pa r e. t ed in t ci twc · siz e Of.'. t e r:.c rie s : ( 1 ) sc r Od, or fish r an ging f r 0 m 1 -1/2 t o 2 - '1/2 pounds; nnd (2) l a r ge ha ddock , fish f r om 2·-1/2 .pounds up , which me ans , fish r angi n g up t o 10 poun ds , 8.1 though occa~iona lly l a r ge r fish a r e taken .

Y Supe rs ede s rf.emc r a ndum 1- 2, i s sued , by t he f 0rme r Bur e AU cf F i she r i e s

Th record haddo k fo r Ne r En lant3 vrat r s (" Or :.; ank) 'e i hed 16 - 1/2 pounds , v'as 3 in hes lon ~ J and as aken in 1 941 . t 'as s ... ima ed tha t his fish ffiS 15 year s old vhen cau~ht . n Ic ~ lend fi h 44 i tps on~ an we i ~hing 3 to 37 pou d s has e n r e corde~ , and a Hor s sho r rc~nd fish (Tova Scot i a) 0 8 inches a d 18 ounda 'as t ken 1. 194. •

On tho average , fish of 10 inches i n 1 n g h \\' ifh sli htly 1 s hl'\'1

1/2 pound; 20 - inch fish '.'leigh :3 po no 3 ou. ces j , O- in h ... i sh " ig- 9 0

1 4 ounces. The r e la ions h i be een 1 n h a.nti ~ei h of fi h ' i the . r Ou ld" ( ungutted fis~) is s!- :n in tat l e 1.

Ta le l .-- .vera e forK leng h in inches , d i ht in 0 nds and ounces, of unru te had ock .

Len th " ei ht ength "- it; •

Inches Pounds e:.; 0 nds Slnr; Ol)n es

8 - 4 2 :3 - lC 9 - 5 <:. 2 4 - 3

10 - 7 ,.,

4 - 12 ... ,.}

11 - 9 2 5 - 5 12 - 12 25 5 - 15 1 3 - 15 f. -14 1 - 2 27 - 13 15 1 - 5 2A - 3 16 1 - 11 29 9 - 1 17 2 - .J 30 S - 15 1 8 2 - ·6· :n 10 - 3 1 9 2 - 1 2 20 3 - '3

Li fe Bi s t or .l Jaddocl<: i n Yp,.. ~ glan we. ters me. ture at 3 or 4 ea r- s of age ,-zto 3 pounds , in : i ht ( in !-ewfoundland .' e rs at or 5 yea r s of age) , and conce n t rate fo spa m i ng i n defi. ite l eva ions at made r a e depths "here the b ottom is usuaL!,' snoei:;h sand a n ravel . :'he :-:-':'ncipal spavminf!; r ounds i n the r,.e orge s 3ank area a r e on the eas t e r pa r e. t .O h i n some years the r e is a cons i :ie r ab l e cO .. cent ation of sa" . i". fis. i South Channe l . Spawning oc·,::ur s du r ing -ebruary, .\.arch, A. ril and : ~a~! .

The numbe r of eggs p roduced varies from 1.50 , OCC to ab u 2 , O,JO J 000 pe r f is h , depend i ng lpon the size a nd age of ~he fema le . These eg~ s are small (about 1/ 1 6 i n ch) and drift i th the currents until ha tched , i n about 2 t o 4 weeks . At the time of ~atch i , g , he lar a i s abou t 1/10 inch long and has a yo l k sa c con taining f eed at~ached tc its bell" ~he larva absor bs thi s fo od i n l ess than 2 ree ks and begins mOre nearly to resem le a fish, but doe s n o t a c uire the e ne r s 1 aspect of an adult hadd ock unti l

(']

a l e n gth o f abou t 1 - 1/4 i nche s is r e ache d . At this s i ze the young can be d i s tingu is he d from a c od c r pollock by the s a:ne h i gh f irs t dorsa l fin tha t l is a go od field ma r k fo r adu l t haddo ck . The youn~ at t h is time take to the b ott om in s earc h of f o r d and commence their bot tom existe n ce o n1ike young cod and pollock , they neve r a r e s een i n ha r bors .

Dr . ' 1 lfor d r e por s tho t i n 1 932 s o e of he southwe s t ern pa r t of Ge orge s Bank e r e i e v c s e d e of the b a nk , h i l e o t he r s drifted i n br e t

ppar ently encircle d t he hole Ge or ge s S 00 1 r c i on . of the s e young Ge or , e s pa nk ha ddock t oo 0 t he b o t c .. fr em the ir p l e ce of s pawni n , othe r s bega n he i r lif p c n e a r the ir b irthplac e . Thos e ha t the C\.lrr en sca r d p ths p r obably e ris h 1 he n they a t emp t t o h e c i pa l nurs er y r ounds fo r y una: hsddock o. .e or s i s s ou p Art. s the y gr ew up into he "s r ed" cn t e or he m ,ve u p r es t of the bank .

, s i n many othe r s e i e s , it i s poss i l e 0 de t e r mi ne he ha ddo ok by a micros cop i c e x~min~ t i c of i s s ca l e s . Whe n mi cr oscope , a ha ddo ck so~ l e ap?ea r s a s ~ s e r i e s of con, The s e rings a r e f or med "d de upnrt du rin s u, .. e r (he n e f is h a r e ~r cwin r a p i d l y ) an d cl os e t oge t he r dur : n t a r ( '!h n I: r i s r e l a tiv e ly s l ow) . A year of g r U1.': t h t hus consis t s c,f wi de l y -s p9. ced rin s f oll owe d b y a s e rie s of r i !1:" s ths t ge the r, ~nd by ooun ting t h num e r nf s ch s e ri s , t he b e da t e r mine d wi t h c O s i de r o,b l e ac curacy .

r r i -

f r ("

hr 'th

Growt h i n the f i r s t ye a r , du r ing wh i ch the ; ~ unp' ish r ma-in i the en e r 1 a r ea i n rh i ch they 'len t t o t he ,.otte n, r:ln e'" s r om 5 - 1/2 t o 10 - 1/ 2 inche s on d i ff e r ent pa r ts cf Ge or r:e s n9n k ,', d i .f'fe; r o pen di n g, p'i' cbfl. 1,,' u pon r e l t i ve arncun r, s of f - d rt ~jcil ". 1 "m,(.r -a tur e of t he wa t e r i n v :} r i c us l " ca t i ('n s . ,t:. s TIlf" tur i i .. rr o~ h-d e f ish be c ome mOr e mi r a t vr y un evi den t 1'r mov e with thE. s o s ':

f crth ove r t he b enk , i n t <:: ,cu th hanne l , down en " ,1fl.n uc l.:-c s eme u p a l (m~ t he C<" BSt a s f a r a s "~ t o De s ~r t 1s 1_ d , 'e . !.' r ",,' f or f i s h of vari cus ge s fr c,m Gee r -a s , JlT0V . ::; o ti , " n d r: h r s h own i n t o, 1~ 2 .

Table 2 .- - Lonc t h i n i n che s ~ s i nc d r t tho end ~f h fi r y e p.. rs ,,,:· f life b , hc.ddc c Y.: fr -m vc,r i -:.u s ,- C ,li i s

r.eCr ,e s !\TC-',C. t''l r cc en.r Punk S L,t i l',

1 8 . 1 6 . € . 7 . 5

2 14 . 5 11. 1 10 . .- 1<. . "/ l' . ~

. 3 1 4 04 L . 5 15 . f • '1:

4: 20 . 2 . S . . 9 (\

5 1. 1 20 . " le . '"

22 . 4 , 2.2 ::' O . ~ 2

. 0 " .... 7. ')- ? -. -. "'"

3

. 7

11 .

.. . -

The f erd of hadd ock is v'ar i ed and inc l u des a lme s t a ll knOW)!, i:,.v e rte ­br "te s f C'und on the c cean fl cor. Some '2f the mer e c .ZIKn f or ms f c' ~nd iiI" ha dd;:,ck s t c'mf.chs a r e : crus t a cellns (like he r mit a nd s p i rle r c r be), sna ils, c l ams, a gr ea t varie ty of wo r ms , brittle sta rs, s ea urc h i ns, ar"d only r a r e l y fish, o.nd the!1 usua l ly they a r e smal l and ina ctive f e- r ms . Most cf its f '::' :-: d c cnsists cf r a thGr sl ow- mGving Cr buri e d f or ms .• . The haddcck 's mouth is a dpa t e d mOr e f er grubh ing Cn the b c tt c1m than f e r pursuing mC'v­ing cr ganisms.

'Inf )r ma t ic-n on the mi gr a ti e ns o f hr..ddock is cbtaine d thrc ugh gr c.'<w' th r ate dc t c rminot i0ns, ~ge a nd si ze c cmpcsiti C'n of the ca tch in vari r us l cc a litie s, and by fis he r men ' s ob s e rvf:t ti, n s , but principally tJ'lr :.: ugh t agg i ng fish in kn0~m place s an d ~b8 e rving whe r e the s l'l fish a r e caught.

In past ye 'lrs, numbe rs nf ho.ddock 1iave b een t o.gge d u t s eve ral p '::J ints 'l l s n g the !,Tew England c on s t . Rewards hnv.e b ee n of f e r e e. f e·r the r e turn :,f any cf the nu:rr.b e r e d t ags th~ t we r e fr. und by fishe r men, t c· ge th2r v..rJ. th in­fcrna ti en !:t s t ·:: v!heh a.nd whi3 ~' e the. fish we r e c c--.u gh t. il'lc s t . cf the fish t hftt we r e r e c <'.:.p tur ed We r E) c p,u ght c10s e t v the p l c. ce s wh e r e. th8y we r e t agge d. S,';me, h cvole v:e r, ha d mi gr a t ed c cnside r flble distan c e s. I'0r instanc e , s ome of tl:.e fish r e l ea s e d in South Ch'lnr>.e l we r e r e cap tured en S(;utheast Geor ge s Bank , Stel l wa ge n Ban k , Pl att s Ban k , and f.lsf'lr n orth a s Gr and Mana n Is l and . Some fish t ngge d n e a r Ek.r:thbny H::lrbcr, ;'.1e ., we r e r e cap tur e d cn . Pla tts • S te llw~gen, ~nd Geor ge s, and cn e fish, n ortheast ' of Mt. De s ert. Fish t agge d a t ~< t. De s ert we r e t'iken mestl y t c the s :,utr,rwe st, a ll along the Ma ine c O'J.st, :m Pl a tts Pank a nd J6ffri e s Le dge , in ~ Ta ss [l chus e tts Bay o.nd South Ch9.n~8 l, ::md ':on Geor ge s Bank; s ome t o the n ortheast in the Bay of Fundy ; and f\ limite d numbe r in the vic inity of Pr owns Bank, .of f N·: w Scc tia .

-qe s ults f r (,m such t agging r e s e ~rch and fr om (: the ~ . studie s indic a te thf', t the r e is a s eas (: na l mi gr Gti on r::f he. dd c ck frGm the S ~u th Chann e l a r ea in the s pringtime n·: rth o. l :·.n g the He ss a chus e tts and ilIaine coa sts, s c;me fish g .:: i ng 8. S f a r a s the !3 ['~ y cf Fundy. A r 8ve rs e mov ement ba ck do"m a l ::mg the DC8. St t e. the Sc·uth Chnn:'le l, qud fr cm thor a cut r;'n t c Gevr ge s Bank occurs i n the f 811 end 81?lrl y winter. The r e is s ome ev idence i ndic a ting thB. t s mc.ll llu::.b,:; r'o ,- f fi sh may crCs s the Fundi o.n Chrmr:e l " 'Jhi ch s e p'i r a t e s Geor ge s r..nd th·~ ~T;vs. Sc r ti?n D,-,:<k s a t time s F he n t emFe r 2 tur e and s e. linity c C'ndi­ti or.G in the <;h8.nne l a r e sui t c.ble fer ha dd c ck. H::.wevt3 r, the s e mGYemcnts t ::: 3.nd fr ,- m the Gs :: r ge s B'lnk r egi cn eff e ct only fl s mall pr c pcJrti c: n :~f the pcrul~, ti ': nJ tl~' thEIl: it appears tha t the New En e; l and p':opu ls.ti :'n ;: f hadd.ock (Ge e! g'~ o, }~::..rJ. ·(· t:0ket 8h:: 9. 1s 7 ~~ nd South Channe l) is l c.. r ge l y inde pendent cf the N~Vf~ Sv c ~a[Gl p (; p-Ll l [;. t hn (Pr cwns, E0s ewe.y, Lefi'lve , SaI~lb r ·~ , Eme r ald, H0rossh,:e , C:s.0J.e I sland , ~~ i d dl e Gr 'Jund, !lnd "ue r eau Banks ) . Da ta ('n gr ~'lj;th :ca t e iO r..nd ,j ~ ~ e f,nd age CCl mp0s i t i cm 0f the fish in the s e t wr: nr e '3. S supperc t h:i_b 0cn t ent i :-: n .

In r.dd i ti :: n t c l C' lJ.g-range mi gr !;) t i c.ns, th 6r e app.ear t ,: b e c r,ns i de r able s e !l s \_~n'll mc:·v eme l1'Gs \)f fish be tl 'een dee pe r a nd sheal y W9, t e rs c'n t h e c (~n-. . tinents 1 ~hclf and be ~v0 en v~ri cus ~~rts of th e bank s i n diff e r ent s e a s ens ' cf the ye£..r. rrhe ti e mr'vemen ts appear t e· be i n s ea r ch sf f avcr l;bl e spmvni nf.: , f ced i !" .. , Or tem~8 r e tu r e c :)ndi. ti c-ns . Haddn ck Uv\~ id ve r y c '-. l d wa ter (c olde r t '1an 33- 34 degr ee s F) ~md 't;'larm WI?, t e r (wa r me r than 50 - 52 degr ee s F ) .

In gene r a l, during the l a te -winter haddook a r e t o be f ound i n th deeper water of t he r e gion wi thin t he continental she lf a r ea, whi ch is wa r me r than the. shallowe r water j while dur i ng the summe r , in t hose 'areas where the surface wa t e r tempe r atur es ri se above 50 degr ee s, haddock wil l be f,ound in the c oldest wa ter availab l e , 'V'>~ich is a gain i n t he de eper loce. tions. During spring and f all they a r e aften in the shall owe r a r eas , as thes e wa t ers war m up f r om the minimum t empe r a ture reached i n rinte r and cool off fr om the maximum t empera ture r ea che d in SUIllD.er.

Ha gnitude of the Haddock Fisher y ':'he haddo ck i s the ma i nstay of t he Unite d St a t e s otter trawl fisher y, and is the most valuable of all North Atlantic fisheries. In 1929, the peak year for haddock l andings, haddock r anked fifth in t he United St a t e s and .Ala s ka a s t o tota l poundage (nearly 260 million pounds) l anded, be i ng ~xcee ded onl y by s a l mon (e. t ota l of 6 spe ~ies ), pilchards, menha den, and s ea he rring . In va lue it ranked third, bringi ng ove r 9 million doll ars t c t he fishe r men, and bei ng exceede d vnly by salmon and oys t e r s .

In 1940 ha ddock r anked fif th in to ta l pounda ge and fif t h i n va l ue , be i ng excee de d i n poundage by pilchar ds, menhaden, sa l mon and macker e l; and in value by s a l men, oys ters, tuna ( t ot a l of 4 s pe cie s) and shrimp in the order named .

The tota l Unite d St a t e s haddock ca t ch in ear l y years was r 8t h er stable , r anging 'be t ween 45 and 90 mi ll ion pounds fr om 1880 t o 1920 . During the 1920 ls the r a ? id deve lopment of a mar ke t f or f ille t ed fi sh and the deve l opment of the pr oce s s of qu i ck fr ee zing br ea tly i n creas e d the demand f or haddock and the ca t ch r ose t o a peak of a lmos t 26G mi llion pounds i n 1929 . The t ota l ca t ch of haddo ck t aken from North Ame rican fishing gr ounds by United Sta t es, Canadi an, and Eur opean ve s se ls f or the years 1918 t o 1940 , a r e shown i n t ab l e 3 to ge t h er with i n compl e t e r e cords f or 1941-45. It can be s een t ha t the ca t ch ha s de clined con­sider ablv since 1929 . The exa ct caus e of t !1is de cline is t he s ub ·e ct of study' by b i ol ogi s ts of t he Fish and ;.';i ildlife Ser v ice a t the pr e s ent time .

Ab out 95 pe r cen t 0f the United St a t e s ca t ch of haddock is lande d a t New Engl and por t s . During the ear ly yea rs of the intensive fiShe r y, Bos t on wa s by f ar the l e ading New Bngl and port, bu t duri ng World ";a r II, New Bedford l anded a pr ogr es sive l y l a r ge r proporti on of the tota l. Of t he en tire New En gl and ca tch, 2 per cent was l a nde d at New Bel1for d in 1941, 27 percent in 1945. Bos t on de c; eas ed during t he s e y ea r s , havi n~ con tribute d 92 pe rcent of the t ot a l ca t ch i n 1941 and 54 pe r cen t i n 1945 .

7he ~e0rges Bank, Sou th Cha~ne l a r ea , ex t endi ng f er 200 mile s e As 0f Cape Cod, ho.s been the mest pr c· duct i ve hG.:3.'J,r' ck gr c. unds s i nce t he be i ru""C i n of the Uni ted St a t 6S hr.;, ~]d ock f is her y . In 1930 c:v6r . 80 p r cen t c:f he ,·1- '

Engl and ca t ch C:1.me f r em t he se gr cunds and. f.b eu t 16 percen t f r c:n t he " CVI1

Sccti an Panks . In 1940 t h6 s e gr \unds con t ri but ed l e s s t r!B.n 70 pl rc en t , and the N JVH Sc c: t i nn gr c: unds about 26 pe rcent . l"-S fis h he. e b C ('me s car c r on the nearby Ge0r ges Bank gr cunds , fishe r men have been f crce d t o make . r.r trips t o the mor e dis t ant Nova Scot i an Banks . This has r esul t e d i n i nc r e .... s ­i ng cper o. ting cos ts and de r efl. sing qU£'.l ity of fis h l and ed .

Tq"t11e 3 . --":arl l ock from !orth ) .. m8r i'::9.n wat 9rs lanri l3 ri in TJni St9. t es , Sal:9.'la , ::\ni EurJ~)e"l.!' count ries (iY) t hous3.n s of ')I)'m s)

-----

Yea r

191F' Ell'] lJ2.0 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1')28 1929 1930 1931 1932 1932 1934 1935 1935 1937 1935 1939 19 .~±:o

2/ 1941 -;;/ 1942 .... /

7) / 1943 "' , 1 ~H4 '21

'j 19·;5 'Z.

- I

le46 ~I

'::!l.nadn.

70 , 1'33 60 , 97 4 45,5;)~

26 , 788 3:) , 496 30 , 487 34, , 496 36 , 092 50 , 276 43 , 31G 43 , 182 55 , 904 43 , 8 73 3::: , 985 35 , 982 27 , 9~ 1

35,3 93 36 , 53 5 ;)9 , 616 38 , 2::?S 40 , 500 42 , 906 40 , )02

~Jni ted S-1-.at t"' s

74 , 800 ~OO , OO()

JS , 900 79, S;:;C'

f37 , 100 91 , 8J':; I JO , 000 113 , h1',) 118 , 700 163 , 40,-: 217 , 400 257 , 727 237 , 50::: 171 , 42J 143, 0-:;5 14:5 , 970 144 , fOa 17 7 , 200 lC2 , 700 1,)5 , 7:::J 154 , 200 156 , 0')0 1:35 , 800 1[.9 , 693 :'..21 , "'22 :86 , 126 119 , 186 130 , 813 136 , 257

64 1"7

53 312

1 , 474

27

6 , 091 14 , 650

458 2 4

To £11

114 :jiF 1/';, ':174 l In 4.J'J I J( , 2.8 117, 596 1.:.2 , 2137 , 34 , 4 :~

149 , 205 1 ')a , 1 ~4

212 , 269 205,895 31 , 105 28::: , 3136 207 ti~5

182 , 04 7 130 , 042 194 , 543 214 , 242 203 , 318 194, 0)3 194 , 7'30 199, 506 176, <.302

1/ 'Jata from tm puhlishAd l"'.:illU S r i~)t of --.-m . v . =.er rin~ ton .

2/ No rGcoris avai 1ac1 g at th:3 p r esent time for C9.na .la a>:"l'1. -f -

Eu r ope . Uni t e d Sta tes fi gures r ep r e s ent 1 F..n dings on ly a t t ha port s of Bos to:1 , Glouce s t er ~ and Ne'.'l Be dfor d , ?~a ss ;

Portland , He . ; New York , N . Y. and minor Maine ports .

~/ 1nclud3 8 Provi n ce tovm and othe r Cape Cod p-orts .

Note : \',."e 2. t;hts are for ev i scera'ved fi s!' . .

6

1/ 19' -

Cons e r va tion ~;leasures The haddock catch has declined conside r ably since192 9in~spii.~~f"O\(8rne:i.lts ,in f ,i shing gear. ,!,q ~s r pduced catc h has been the result of an actual de c rease in abu.Yldance of fi sh, at l ea s- t on G"l orges Bank. ' In 'r ecent year s an i~creasing 'proportion of the catch has b een taken with otte r trawl s } ,.:rhici h have su, ~lan'ted ·the line trawls us e d in the e arly fis he r y . In 1919, 57 pe rcent of the ha dd ock catch was t aken with otter tr='awls and 40 percent with line t r awls; while in 1 940 t he proportions hf;3.d 'changed to 8 7 pe rcent by otter t r awl s and only 1 3 percent by line trawls . This trend has re ~ulted in the capture of fi s h at a smaller average size, fo r otte r tra 1s capture a muc h h i ghe r pro-­portion of small fish t han doe s hook-and-l ine gear.

, ,8 t:ud i es by, the Fish and Wildlife Se rvice. unde r the d:i,r E? c.t i on c;.f Wm. C. Ferring t on, indica t e tha t tho us e of l a r ge r.. meshed otter trawls and the a dop tion of a minimum ma r ke t siz e vrcul,d r Elduce g r eatly the pr oportion of small ha ddo ck t aken. By pro tecti ng baby scr od hadd ock (fish l ess than 1- 1/2 pounds) until they have finishec the pe riod of their mos t r a pid growth, increas ed abundance and produ c ti on could be ohta i ned . '

It has b een found tha t in years when a small numbe r of adu lt fish were pr esElnt on Ge orges Bank at s pawni ng time , a small pr oduction of ·s crod haddo'ck r e su lted three year s later. Als o , i n years when a v e r y large numb e r of a dult f ish was pre.-".l,ent , the produc ti on of scrod t h r ee years later was likewi s e low. In the f irst case, the trou ble s eeminRly was .,an insufficient numbe r of egg s p~oduced . In t he ::l e c ond c,a e , al though a iarge 'numbe r ' of e ggs was produoed, the compet iti on betwee n the young and 'the large populati on of adu lts r e s u l t ed i n a hi gh mor ta lity of the ,y oung be for.e they r ,eached commercial s i ze . In years wher. an inte rmediate number of 'a:dults wa s l eft at spawni ng time, the produ ~ tion and' surviva l of young was a t a maximum.

Pr esent t e.ni;a tive conclusions as t c ho,,, the ri e ld can be in'creased a nd mainta i ned abOv e its pr e s ent l ow leve l ne e d t o be t e sted further, improved in a ccur a cy, and extended t o the Nove. S cotlan Banks, which a r e mow being fished in tensive l" Re s ear ch Cn survi val and growth r a t e s under d i ff,e.r ent popu18. ti on ' condit i ons, size and age composition of the popu l a tions ) and abundance of cornme r c i a l--s iz e d fish, is be ing ca rried cn a t the r r e s ent t:ir:Le .

7

F P~LIOGRA '='

The followin mime o phed memor anda r e l a t d a~a ilahle from the is h and Wildlife Service , t he I n t e r i or, Was hing ton 25 , D. C.

FL n ha d o. k finnan ha i e

r n rtment of

45 28

1741 1<' 1

Brine - sa l oed cod Smok d h ~do k or r. r on diox i de in han l in fre s h f i sh ( ha ddo k )

'R i ~e l o , F. 1924

P . and "Y . • We"l s h

CCi r s on', q . L . 1943

Tuff , Dorothy.

Fi sh es of h ulf of in . Bull. 40 , -;) . 1, rp . 4,) - 444 .

n . u . qur .

FrOG f r om th s ea - Fi sh and s he ll i h of TT . S . Fish and r'ild ife ,.. rv . Cons . ?u 1 .

of FL hc rle s ,

l C'J "'n nd 33, • ~1 - 34

19Hi Investi a i on of he h do k iaher, ·.-i h s pe i s enoe t he f r T h .nd m& r i t . of ~ e ha ddo k ae l efinus) . Cont r. I anadi .. Bi olo

Fi edle r, R. H. i ed S & t e s . TT . S . 8ur . ef

r 8.Ilr..u8

1931 Fi she r y i ndustr i e s ~f Fis he r i es , r" t>np . 1.: 1 Pi herie s , 1931, . l t 9- 55

B 4 3 Fis her y s t n t i a t ics of and 1,rildl i fe Serv., :::

Herrin t on , If . C.

he n i cd S a t e s 194e . a t . Li g . 4 , r .

T . Fi

19 33 Cons .- rva tion of i mma tur e fis h in ot e r tra: i n pmer. Fis . • Soc . '701. 62,1932 , p . 57 - 3 .

Tr an s .

1935 1:0difica tions in gear t o urt i l t he destru ti en of unde r s ized f ish i n ot e r tra li g . n . 0 . pur . of Fi shp, ri es, I nv . Re pt. 24, 48

193~ De cl ine in hadd ock al undanc e on Geor ge s Bank an a practi ca l r eme dv . T"~ S . Fur . of - ishe r ies, Fish . Cir e . 2 3, 22 pp .

1941 A crisis in the haddock fish er y . Se rv . , Cire . 4, 14 pp .

• S . Fi sh and ~\ ildl ife

Re rring ton, iH . C. 1 9~4 Factors c ontr olling popula ti on siz e . Tr a Ds . No . Pme r.

Wildlife Ccnf., 1 9 44, pp . 250 - 26 3

1)Tee dle r, fl.. Po .

1931 The haddock . Biol:/Ca n a da , Bull. 25, 28 p p .

N~edler, fo . 1 930

19 30

Radc liffe , L. 1 921

Raitt n. S . , 1 936

Ri tchie , P . 1 ~3 7

S t a tis tics of the haddock fishe ry in North June rican wnte r s . F . S . Bu r . of F i she ri es , Doc . 10 74, pp . 2 7- 40

The mi g r a ti.ons ··of haddo ck a nd the inte rre l a ti onships of haddo ck .pcpula ti cns in "[ITorth Ame ri ca n vm t e rs . Con-tr. r;an . Bi c }. and Fish . , Vol. .6 , No . 10 , ' p p . 243- 31 3

Fishe r y industri es of t h e Unite d S t a t es , 1 92 0 . of Fis~e rie s, Do c. 9G8 , 18 7 p p .

IT . S . Bur.

The haddock stocks of th e northeast Atlantic, 1 916-1 935 . F ish. Bd . Scotla nd , Scientific Inv. 1 836 , 1\To . 1, 32 pp .

rhe f oo d and f e e d ing r~b i ts of t he ha ddock (Gadus aeg l e finus ) in Scott ish wate r s . F ish . Ed . f er Scotland , Scie ntific Inv. 1 937, No . 2 , 94 pp .

p ouns e f e 11 , 1 9 42

G. A. F i e ld expe riments in s Al ecti ng the most efficient tag f or us e i n he.ddo ck studi es . Tr nns.. Amer. F ish. So c . Vol. 71, 19 41, pp . 22 8- 235 .

Saemunds on , 1 925

Bj a r n i.

3chr oede r, Hr. 1942

On the age and g r owth of the haddo ck ( Gadus aeg l e finus L. ) and the whiting (Ga'dus m rl a n gus L . ) i n Ice l a n d ic we. t e rs . ~~e dde le s e r f r a Kommi ss-i on en f or Havunde r sge ls e r, Se rie : F is ke ri. Bind . VIII , 33 pp .

C. Re sul ts of h a ddock t a gging in the Gulf of ?fa i ne f r om 1 923 to 1 932 . J ou r. Ma r . Re s e a r c h , Vol. 5 , No .1 , p p . 1 - 1 9

Thompson, R. 192 3

1 924

Problems in ha ddock biology wi th spec i a l r e f e r enc e t o the vp, lidit~,. flnd utUizat ie'n of the sca l e the(~ ry . r ; Pr e ­limina r y ep0rt. Fish . Ed . ' 3 c c tl nd, Scientif i c Inv ., 1922 J Nc- . Vl '(8 pp .

Radd l..' ck bioJ;:"gy. II . Fr equ ency nd d··s.tj·:t"hu ti cn cf the ago e J' d e.; in 1923 • . Fish . Ed. sc;otb.:,.1'1 .. Scientif ic Inv ., ln ~.;, : " ·", 1; 48 pp .

1 92 6 tTaJJcTY.: b c1 ogy. lIT. ' .e t 9.b cLLs[;l of Mc.:1::Jck m:.d v the r

1 939

".'.'alfcrd , L. p. . •

1938

GaC1cHi f n :;n in aQu arium . F ish. ?d o Scct.land; Scientif i c Inv ., 1 920. No . II , 1 4 pro

The.o 6cur rence and b i ol '"'gi cc.l f a tur f; s of huddcck in the Np-wfoul1d l Cc.\l.d a r ea . Newfoundlnnd·, ~ept • .Tfl t . Re s r:ur~e s, Re s . Bull . IJO . 6, 31 pp .

Eff e ct 0f curr ents on dis tribution a nd 6u·rvivfl.l of the eggs and l a rvae of the hadd ~k (fe"lanG r ll.,f.!l"l US ae lefinus ) 0 1): Ge orge s ~ar~ . n. S . Bur. cf Fishe rie s:-~ull. 2 9, 7 3 pp .

Unite d states Gove rnment publica tions mny 'b e ' c cn~ulted in many ublic l i b r a ries . Thos e which a r e n o t cut of pri n t, may' b e r.bt~ined fr c'IT, the Superinten dElnt of D'c cuments, Gove rnment :Printin g Off ice , ""'A.s h ing tc n; D • . ~.

26426 10 DR

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