about the author
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About the Author. Arlynn McMahon Flight school owner Instrument Instructor since 1980 Over 10,000 hrs dual given 5,000 hrs actual instrument Master Instructor, Gold Seal Instructor 2009 National Flight Instructor of the Year - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
03/26/10
Slide 1
About the AuthorAbout the AuthorArlynn McMahon
Flight school ownerInstrument Instructor since 1980Over 10,000 hrs dual given5,000 hrs actual instrumentMaster Instructor, Gold Seal Instructor2009 National Flight Instructor of the YearAuthor, Train Like You Fly, a Flight Instructor’s
Guide to Scenario Based Training
Questions? [email protected]
(You will find notes for the instructor or educator in the notes version of the presentation.)
Photo Credit: ASAAll photos taken from the author’s personal library and Microsoft Clip Art except as noted.
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Slide 2
4E4EINSTRUMENT RATINGPractical Test Standards
What’s Different andRecommendations for Training
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Slide 3 Why We Are HereWhy We Are Here
Effective January 2010With Change 2
revised March 16, 2010
Presentation is not a complete synopsis of the instrument rating practical exam.Focus is on the difference between old versus new versions.
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Slide 4 Why a PTS Revision?Why a PTS Revision?
Traditionally:
1. Instructor teaches pilot how to fly procedures
2. Pilot reaches proficiency in tasks
3. Examiner verifies proficiency in tasks during practical exam
4. Examiner issues certificate
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Slide 5 Concepts in the New PTSConcepts in the New PTS
1. Instructor teaches pilot how to fly procedures2. Pilot builds aeronautical decision-making skills3. Pilot reaches proficiency with tasks4. Pilot becomes proficient in aeronautical decision-making5. Flight test verifies proficiency in tasks6. Flight test verifies aeronautical decision-making skills7. Examiner issues certificate
Pilots are prepared to make good decisions after certification.
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Slide 6 Traditional vs. NewTraditional vs. New
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The attempt is to build pilot skills AND judgment.
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Slide 7 Train Like You FlyTrain Like You Fly
Can’t teach judgment … but it can be learned
Scenario-Based Training – Airlines: Line Oriented Flight Training – Military: “Fly like you fight”
Teaching with scenarios builds proficiency in making decisions.Testing with scenarios demonstrates decision-making skills.
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Slide 8 Examining with ScenariosExamining with Scenarios
“Plan of action”… a tool used in evaluating an applicant.
Required and optional TASKS are selected.
Examiner use a scenario.
Scenario interjects problems and emergencies which the applicant must manage.
Scenario is developed so that most of the TASKS are accomplished within the scenario.
PTS reference page 5
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Slide 9 Special Emphasis AreasSpecial Emphasis Areas
Not separate tasks, but evaluated throughout the practical exam
PTS Reference Page 7
4D 4E
NEW
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Slide 10LPV – Precision or Non-Precision?LPV – Precision or Non-Precision?
A LPV approach with a decision altitude: • greater than 300’ HAT may be used as a • non-precision approach
• equal to or less than 300’ HAT can be used as a • precision approach
PTS Reference Page 7 GPS must be certified and contain the current database.
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Slide 11 Non-Precision IAPsNon-Precision IAPs• At least 2 non-precision IAPs
– 1 must include a procedure turn or TAA procedure
• At least 1 non-precision IAP – flown without autopilot or radar vectors.
• At least 1 non-precision IAP – conducted without vertical guidance, if equipment allows
Examiner selects non-precision IAPs, representative of the type that the applicant is likely to use. – Must use two different types of navigational aids.
• NDB, VOR, LOC, LDA, SDF, GPS, or RNAV (including LNAV/VNAV and RNP-AR).
PTS Reference Page 1-9
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Slide 12 AutopilotAutopilot
If installed
… expected to use the autopilot
… required to demonstrate during a non-precision approach.
PTS reference Page 8
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Slide 13 GPSGPS
If installed
Must demonstrate proficiency
PTS Reference Page 9
You can’t slide by with an INOP sticker!
Photo Credit: Cirrus.com
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Slide 14 Single Pilot Resource Management Single Pilot Resource Management
Train and evaluate each component individually.
New PTS has standards for each
Six Components of SRM1. Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)2. Risk Management (RM)3. Task Management (TA)4. Situational Awareness (SA)5. Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)6. Automation Management (AM)
Photo Credit: NASA.gov
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Slide 15 Aeronautical Decision MakingAeronautical Decision Making
PTS Reference Page 13
Perceive the circumstances for your flight.Process by evaluating their impact on flight safety. Perform by implementing the best course of action.
Hazardous Attitudes:
MachoInvulnerabilityResignation
Anti-AuthorityImpulsivity
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Slide 16 Risk ManagementRisk Management
PTS Reference Page 14
4 Fundamental Risk Elements• Pilot• Aircraft• Environment• Operation
5P Model• Pilot• Plane• Plan• Profile• Passengers
IllnessMedicineStressAlcoholFatigueEat/Energy
Google “FAA FITS” to find reference online
FAA Risk Management Handbook, available, free download at faa.gov.
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Slide 17 Task ManagementTask Management
PTS Reference Page 14
Photo Credit: Cessna Aircraft Company
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Slide 18 Situational AwarenessSituational Awareness
PTS Reference Page 15
Situation Awareness
Knowing the current situation and the future situation of the• Pilot• Plane• Plan• Programming• Passengers
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Slide 19 Controlled Flight Into TerrainControlled Flight Into Terrain
PTS Reference Page 15
The reference is overwhelming. Instructors, scale it down to “need to know” for your training environment.
Photo Credit: Quest Aircraft Company
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Slide 20 Automation ManagementAutomation Management
PTS Reference Page 16
Photo Credit: Cirrus Aircraft Company
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Slide 21 Judgment Assessment MatrixJudgment Assessment Matrix
SRM, not an individual task but evaluated
throughout each task.
If any area is unacceptable then the practical exam is unsuccessful.
PTS reference Appendix 3
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Slide 22 Instrument Proficiency CheckInstrument Proficiency Check
… The person giving the check should develop a scenario that incorporates as many required tasks as practical to assess the pilot’s ADM and risk management skills during the IPC.
Photo Credit: Cirrus.com
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Slide 23 Build These Tasks into your IPC ScenarioBuild These Tasks into your IPC Scenario
IIIC Holding
IVB Unusual Flight Attitudes
VA Intercepting & Tracking
VIA Non-precision ApproachesVIB Precision ApproachesVIC Missed ApproachVID Circling ApproachVIE Landing Straight In or Circling
VIID Partial Panel
VIII Instrument Cockpit Check
PTS Reference Page 1-vii
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Slide 24 New TASKNew TASK
PTS Reference Page 1-1
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Slide 25 Cross Country Flight PlanningCross Country Flight Planning
PTS reference page 1-2
Photo Credit: AOPA.org
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Slide 26 Cross Country Flight PlanningCross Country Flight PlanningIcing
PTS reference page 1-2
NEW
Good Training Stuff: • FAASafety.gov Search for Icing. • NASA Icing Training. (Google it)
Photo Credit: NASA.gov
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Slide 27 Instruments and Nav EquipmentInstruments and Nav Equipment
PTS Reference Page 1-3
Important to know About Your Autopilot for the FAA Instrument Practical Exam
1. Operations of
2. Modes of
3. Pre-Takeoff Check
4. Operating Limitations
5. Warning and Alerts
NEW
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Slide 28
SRM Throughout
Air Traffic Control ClearancesAir Traffic Control Clearances
PTS reference page 1-5
Use a fill-in-the-blanks sheet for IFR clearance read backs.
Photo Credit: PiperAircraft.com
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Slide 29
If the equipment is installed, Know how to use it, and… use it!
Photo Credit: AOPA.org
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Slide 30 Non-Precision ApproachNon-Precision Approach
Stabilized approach – now it’s specifically listed!
SRM, it’s here, too!
PTS reference page 1-10
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Slide 31 What Makes an Approach “Stabilized”What Makes an Approach “Stabilized”
Achieved by/at/nearly-after the FAF and continued to touchdown:
Landing configuration establishedApproach airspeed set for lowest possible categoryTracking within one dot on courseAppropriate power setting500-700 FPM rate of descent (Non-precision)On or within one-dot-above glide slope (Precision)
Only minor corrections
This is the author’s definition and
is not a FAA or a PTS definition.
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Slide 32
Habits of a 30-Year Flight Instructor
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Slide 33Habits of a 30-Year Flight InstructorHabits of a 30-Year Flight Instructor
Flight Director– Directs the climbs, descents, heading changes– Prescribes the control input to accomplish those
maneuvers– Directs level offs– If the pilot does not make the needed corrections in a
timely manner, it makes them automatically
• Are you a flight director?
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Slide 34 Training ConceptsTraining Concepts
Emphasis on the pilot’s – Planning and preparation for the flight– SRM during the flight– Using technology– Being the Pilot IN COMMAND
(Being in control, in charge, making things happen the way he/she wants things to happen.)
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Slide 35 Training the Pilot to Training the Pilot to bebe PIC PIC
This is a sample lesson plan from one flight school and is not prescribed/required by the
FAA or the new PTS.
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Slide 36 Train in Real ConditionsTrain in Real Conditions
Confident, competent instrument pilots are not made in clear skies.
Train in the clouds!
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Slide 37 Keeping it RealKeeping it Real
The scenario outcomes are directed.… but pilot plans the specifics
… just like in real life
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Slide 38 Suggested Airports and IAPsSuggested Airports and IAPs
Providing a list of suggested local airports will help everyone (pilots and instructors) get started.
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Slide 39 New Elements of Lesson PlansNew Elements of Lesson Plans It’s difficult to grade the decisions that the pilot made, but the Decision Box provides a place for a written record and encourages discussion about decisions.
1
2
3
More emphasis placed on scenario planning and the pilot’s preparation for each flight. We now treat each lesson as if we were really going someplace with weather briefing, determining performance and verifying aircraft inspection status.
Also included in the content of each lesson is emphasis on each SRM component.
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Slide 40 SummarySummary
Students/Pilots/Applicants -Pick up copies of lesson plans/assignments
Allow plenty of time to prepare for flight
Instructors -Understand how to administer and evaluate IPCs
Recommended guidance materialsRisk Management Handbook
Instrument Flying Handbook
Instrument Procedures Handbook
http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aircraft/
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Slide 41
About the AuthorAbout the AuthorArlynn McMahon
Flight school owner
Instrument Instructor since 1980
Over 10,000 hrs dual given
5,000 hrs actual instrument
Master Instructor, Gold Seal Instructor
2009 National Flight Instructor of the Year
Author, Train Like You Fly, a Flight Instructor’s Guide to Scenario Based Training
Questions? [email protected]
Photo Credit: ASAAll photos taken from the author’s personal library and Microsoft Clip Art except as noted.