about alkaloids final 2

8/3/2019 About Alkaloids Final 2.

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About alkaloidsAbout alkaloidsAbout alkaloidsAbout alkaloids


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Alkaloids have been known since ancient timeAlkaloids have been known since ancient time

and used by Chinese as sedatives .and used by Chinese as sedatives .

They have a complicate structure and theThey have a complicate structure and theresearch of them is more complicated .research of them is more complicated .

The notion of alkaloid is limited to complexThe notion of alkaloid is limited to complex

structures that contain nitrogen. Alkaloids arestructures that contain nitrogen. Alkaloids are

produced by plants. Many current alkaloids areproduced by plants. Many current alkaloids are

known as very powerful poisons.known as very powerful poisons.


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Plants synthesize their alkaloids from aminoPlants synthesize their alkaloids from amino

acids or other nitrogenacids or other nitrogen--containingcontaining

substancessubstances..Alkaloids are found in all plantAlkaloids are found in all plants ;s ; they arethey are

formed in plant tissues and then located informed in plant tissues and then located in

rootrootss, fruits or stems of the plants ., fruits or stems of the plants .

The alkaloids are crystalline substances,The alkaloids are crystalline substances,

insoluble in water and with acids they forminsoluble in water and with acids they form

soluble salts.soluble salts.


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ConiinConiin is an alkaloidis an alkaloid

which is found inwhich is found in

Conium maculatum.Conium maculatum.

Coniin is a colorlessConiin is a colorlessliquid which producesliquid which produces

toxicity at the level oftoxicity at the level of

motor nerves andmotor nerves and

muscles.muscles.


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NicotineNicotine is foundis found

in the leaves andin the leaves and

roots ofroots ofNicotianaNicotiana

rusticarustica andand

Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacum..

Nicotine acts at theNicotine acts at thelevel of centrallevel of central

nervous systemnervous system

and peripheraland peripheralnervous system.nervous system.


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Atropine is found inis found in

species ofspecies ofAtropaAtropa

belladonnabelladonna,, DaturaDatura

stramoniumstramonium. In small. In smallamounts, causes eyeamounts, causes eye

pupil enlargement. Ispupil enlargement. Is

extremely toxic inextremely toxic in

high doses.high doses.

DaturaDatura stramoniumstramonium

Atropa belladonnaAtropa belladonna


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CocaineCocaine is found inis found inErythroxylon cocaErythroxylon coca. In. In

small amounts it is asmall amounts it is a

stimulant, but thestimulant, but the

body quickly getsbody quickly getsused to it, so cocaineused to it, so cocaine

becomesbecomes a drug.a drug.

Cocaine isCocaine is alsoalso usedused

as a local anestheticas a local anestheticand is similar toand is similar to

lidocaine andlidocaine and

benzocaine.benzocaine.


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CaffeineCaffeine is an alkaloidis an alkaloid

wich is found inwich is found in CoffeaCoffea

arabica.arabica.AlkaloidAlkaloid whichwhichisis extractextract fromfrom coffeecoffee

beans is called as we allbeans is called as we all

know, coffee.know, coffee.


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Important alkaloidsImportant alkaloids areare

found in green tea. Thefound in green tea. The

bitter taste of black tea isbitter taste of black tea is

given by manygiven by many

substances which looksubstances which look

likelike alkaloidalkaloid onesones , but, but

consumed for a longconsumed for a long

period of time,period of time, green teagreen tea

and black teaand black tea areare veryveryhealthy, according tohealthy, according to aa

research done by Instituteresearch done by Institute

of Lipton tea.of Lipton tea.


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QuinineQuinine is found inis found incinchona tree barkcinchona tree bark ,,has a bitter taste andhas a bitter taste and

is soluble in ethanol.is soluble in ethanol.The most importantThe most importantproperty of quinine isproperty of quinine isrepresented by itsrepresented by itsaction againstaction againstmalaria.malaria.


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PapaverinePapaverine isisextracted from opium.extracted from opium.Opium is extractedOpium is extracted

fromfromP

apaverP

apaversomniferumsomniferum..Papaverine is similarPapaverine is similarto morphine and hasto morphine and hasa good antispasmodica good antispasmodiceffect. Morphine andeffect. Morphine andcodeine have manycodeine have manyapplications inapplications inmedicine.medicine.


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StrychinineStrychinine is anis analkaloid with a veryalkaloid with a very

heavy structure,heavy structure,made of seven cyclesmade of seven cyclesof carbon atoms.of carbon atoms.

Strychnine isStrychnine is

extracted from leavesextracted from leavesofofStrychnos nuxStrychnos nux --vomica.vomica. This is anThis is anextremely powerfulextremely powerful

poison and acts onpoison and acts onthe central nervousthe central nervoussystemsystem.


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ErgotamineErgotamine comescomes

from fungus calledfrom fungus called

Claviceps purpureaClaviceps purpurea ;;

this species of fungusthis species of fungusparasitize differentparasitize different

grains, especially ryegrains, especially rye.


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All these alkaloids, used in correct doses,All these alkaloids, used in correct doses,

can contribute to human healthcan contribute to human health but abut a

outrunning over therapeutic dose canoutrunning over therapeutic dose can

cause death by poisoning .cause death by poisoning . Medium andMedium and

longlong--term consumption of alkaloids mayterm consumption of alkaloids may

eventually led to psychical dependence.eventually led to psychical dependence.


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The endTOMA VladBiochemistry/1 st group

about alkaloids final 2

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