aborisade, femi (2015) the labour movement & socio-economic challenges in contemporary nigeria

8/19/2019 Aborisade, Femi (2015) The Labour Movement & Socio-Economic Challenges in Contemporary Nigeria

1/20

THE LABOUR MOVEMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHALLENGES INCONTEMPORARY NIGERIA – August 2015

By

Femi Aborisade

Labour Consultant and Attorney-At-Law

[email protected]

‘It cannot be said often enough, that overall progress remains too slow and too uneven; thattoo many Africans remain caught in downward spirals of poverty, insecurity andmarginalisation; that too few people benefit from the continent’s growth trend and rising geo-strategic importance; that too much of Africa’s enormous resource wealth remains in thehands of narrow elites and, increasingly, foreign investors without being turned into tangible

benefits for its people’Kofi Annan, Chair, Africa rogress anel

!in ‘"oreword’ to #Africa rogress anel, $obs $ustice and %&uity' (ei)ing opportunities intimes of global change, Africa rogress anel *eport, ++./+01

INTR!"CTIN

2here is a relationship between poverty and politics3 olitics creates poverty3 In other words,the economic decisions on what to produce, how to produce and for whose interest to

produce, are controlled politically3 2hough political decisions tend to be ta4en by the fewwho wield political power to dispossess the ma5ority, the ma5ority should strive to organi)e toinfluence the decisions that are made, while simultaneously organi)ing politically toultimately sei)e political power in the future so they can rule in their own interests3

2his paper identifies some of the 4ey socio-economic issues and their current state3 It goesfurther to proffer policies, which the labour movement may advocate and fight for3

2he identified socio-economic issues are'

1. rivati)ation of public enterprises3

2. 6on-payment of salaries3

3. 2he fight against corruption3

4. 7ealth Care3

http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docx


2/20

5. %ducation3

6. 7ousing, and

7. 8ater3

#RI$ATI%ATIN

rivatisation is not &ust an economic 'olicy3 It is mainly a 'olitical ob&ecti(e3 If economicreasons alone determine which companies to be privati)ed, then, companies that are self financing and generating additional funds for government should not have been privati)ed3 Icontend that 'ri(atisation )as contributed in no small measure to t)e 'au'erisation of t)e 'oor and wor*ing class of t)e Nigerian society. For e+am'le, t)e entire wor*force of

N#A#/CN 0about 12,3334 were all disengaged, e(en t)oug) an insignificant

'ro'ortion was re-engaged on fres) contract or casual basis 3

If truly the AC resident 9uhammadu :uhari’s !9:’s1 administration is based on a programme of ‘change’, there should be a clear movement away from all forms of privati)ation in different guises in the language of #tion..sion. < privati)ation, deregulation,liberali)ation, commerciali)ation, concession, and so on3

It is in this regard that the labour movement must call for the reversal of all previous privati)ations and resist the call for removal of fuel subsidy and deregulation of the oil andgas sector by the newly appointed =9> of the 66C, >r3 %mmanuel Ibe Kachi4wu32hisneeds to be bac4ed by the threat of indefinite stri4es by relevant industrial unions !6?%6=and %6=A((A61, and, if necessary, the organisation of a general stri4e to demand the endof privatisation and the removal of Kachi4wu as 66C’s =9>3

(ubsidy is not the cause of the crisis in the petroleum sector3 (ubsidy is in fact a conse&uenceof corruption in two dimensions


3/20

A fundamental 'aradigm s)ift from state centrism to t)e 'ri(ate sector being t)e engine

of economic c)ange occurred in 5uly 6728 w)en t)e 'olicy of 'ri(ati9ation was formally

declared t)roug) t)e introduction of :tructural Ad&ustment #rogramme 0:A#4.

(wanson and 8orlde-(emait/0 established that about B enterprises and smaller ones

were operating at the "ederal and (tateDocal government levels, in the Es,respectively/F03 Re(ersing t)e 'ri(ati9ation of t)ose 6,;33 enter'rises is t)e


4/20

:. 1 0;4 provides that the gas transportation pipelines system s)all be licensed out to a gasfacility management company3

"rom the foregoing, privation of 66C which successive regimes could not do eHecutively iswhat is intended to be achieved legislatively through the I:3

Det us recall that in the twilight of the regime of former resident @basan5o, there was arushed cheap sale of two out of the four state-owned refineries, the ort 7arcourt and Kadunarefineries, as well as some other national assets3 2he nationwide stri4e of $une +,involving the two oil wor4ers unions, the 6ational ?nion of etroleum and 6atural =as8or4ers !6?%6=1 and etroleum and 6atural =as (enior (taff Association of 6igeria

!%6=A((A61, compelled the then newly elected regime of resident Jar’ Adua to reversethe sale3

"or the 6igerian labour movement, #Returning to our founding 'rinci'les. in this conteHtmeans embracing the programme of #6igeria not for sale. drawn up in the early ‘Es by the

6DC3 (ome of us made inputs into the development of the 6DC position then3 In fact, it wasnot a contentious position3

2he 6igerian labour movement should therefore bring pressure to bear on the ACgovernment and hold 9: to his promises, when he said'

G Investigating corruption is a bigger priority than scrapping price caps on domestic fuel.3

I )a(e recei(ed Gliterature on t)e need to remo(e subsidies, but muc) of it )as no

de't). G #oor security, sabotage, (andalism, corru'tion and mismanagement - not

necessarily subsidies H are t)e most serious 'roblems of Nigeria=s oil sector.>8?

It is only the pressure by the labour movement that can ma4e 9: to sustain his anti-subsidyand anti-privatisation of the 66C against the plundering politically powerful pro-subsidyremoval and pro-privatisation forces in the AC3

NN-#AJDNT F :ALARI:E R5CT A":TRITJ #RRAD

?nder section 6; of t)e Labour Act, wages shall become due and payable at intervals noteHceeding one month3 (ection G provides as follows'



5/20

Kages s)all become due and 'ayable at t)e end of eac) 'eriod for w)ic) t)e contract

is e+'ressed to subsist, t)at is to say, daily, wee*ly or at suc) ot)er 'eriod as may be

agreed u'onE

#ro(ided t)at, w)ere t)e 'eriod is more t)an one mont), t)e wages s)all become due

and 'ayable at inter(als not e+ceeding one mont).

2he reality today is that about ++ or + (tate governments owe wor4ers salaries of between +and months3

2hough the phenomenon of non-payment of wages and salaries started before the +Gelection, the campaigns and the conduct of the elections aggravated the situation3 In other words, wor4ers’ sweat and entitlement were used to fund electioneering campaigns, transfersto personal ban4 accounts of politicians and party leaders and inflated capital pro5ects3 2henon-payment of salaries is therefore due to outright corruption and semi-legal corruption interms of inflated capital budgets, apart from the drastic reduction in the budgetary allocationfrom the "ederal =overnment on account of drop in the international price of oil3

%ven after the bail-out by the "ederal =overnment, the problem of non-payment of salarieshas persisted3 2here is no evidence that the bail out was used eHclusively for the purpose itwas ta4en < payment of salaries3 It is therefore imperative for labour to underta4e concreteanalysis of the situation in individual states, develop perspectives, strategies and programmesfor fighting the phenomenon of non-payment of salaries3

A basic staring point is that Dabour should neither accept bearing the burden of the crisis of the economy nor accept that the drop in the price of oil in the international mar4et is

sufficient to 5ustify non-payment of wages3

According to the 6ational :ureau of (tatistics, !6:(1/0, 6igeria earned about 6+3G trillionfrom eHport of petroleum products !bituminous minerals, D6= and crude oil1 during thesecond &uarter of this year < April to $une3 As the 6:( pointed out, the 6+3G trillion is aboutGB3E per cent of the country’s 6F3F trillion +G budget3

It should be appreciated that the 6+3G trillion does not include revenues from custom dutiesand returns from the "ederal Inland *evenue (ervices !"I*(1 such as A2 and company



6/20

income taH3 :y eHtrapolating the above stated revenue from oil eHports alone, 6igeria standsto earn about 6 trillion for the year, 5ust from one source of income, in spite of the drasticdrop in the oil price in the international mar4et3

8hile the labour movement should unconditionally support the 9: regime’s fight againstcorruption, the labour movement must insist that the fight against corruption must be non-discriminatory3 2he documentary evidence contained in all eHisting robe anel *eports must

be acted upon without putting a time limit3 All former public officers who obviously havemeans beyond their legitimate earnings must be invited to eHplain the sources of their wealth3As far as an allegation of corruption is concerned, the law should be reviewed such thatanyone who lives beyond hisher legitimate earnings has the burden to show proof that suchwealth is legitimately ac&uired3 2his re&uires all elected politicians and ermanent(ecretaries>irectors or e&uivalent to declare publically their wealth before they ta4e up their

post, annually whilst in office and on leaving3

8ithin the framewor4 of the above perspectives, the labour movement must vehementlyre5ect the phenomenon of non-payment of salaries in the public sector and the 66C’s=9>’s argument that #oil subsidy is not sustainable.3 2his needs to be bac4ed up byindefinite stri4e action, with solidarity stri4es by the central labour organisations, if salariesremain unpaid

T/ FI/T AAIN:T CRR"#TIN

8hile the labour movement has no discretion but to support the AC9:’s fight againstcorruption unconditionally, the labour movement must however develop an independent

perspective of what corruption is and how it should be fought3

8e urge the labour movement to adopt a broad perception of corruption which suggests thatcorruption is the abuse of public power for private benefitprofit3 In this regard, violation of the constitution, rules and regulation for private benefit is a form of corruption, which shoulde&ually be punished3 ?nless corruption is defined in this broad perspective, the fight againstcorruption may itself be dubious and corrupt3

@ur proposed definition of corruption brings the following forms of policies within theframewor4 of corrupt acts'

• rivatisation of public enterprises' 8here the Constitution of the "ederal *epublic of

6igeria, , as amended, provides that the economic systems)all not be o'erated in suc)a manner as to 'ermit t)e concentration of wealt) or t)e means of 'roduction and

e+c)ange in t)e )ands of few indi(iduals or of a grou' !C"*6, , (3 B!+1!c13

• ublic-rivate artnerships !instead of ublic-ublic artnerships1 through which

public resources are used to empower the private sector while undermining the capacity of the public sector3


7/20

• Income ine&uality by which the elected and appointed public officers in the top

eHecutive and legislative arms of government live in opulence !through salaries andallowances that are out of proportion to the living standard of an average public sector wor4er1 whilst the ordinary people wallow in ab5ect poverty3 2hrough income ine&uality, thetop politicians, in and out of public offices are able to corrupt the pauperi)ed masses,

compromise law enforcement agencies, the 5udiciary and continue to nurture corruption and perpetuate themselves or their political sons and daughters in power3

• 2he operation of the unconstitutional @ffice of the #"irst Dady..8ife of the

resident=overnor. through which public funds are frittered away unconstitutionally atnational, state and local government levels, as well as the legislature3

• olitical or grand corruption through which awards of public contracts are made to

cronies and public assets are ‘legally’ ac&uired or collection of public revenue outsourced tocompanies belonging to individuals3 Trans'arency International 0#I4 has established that+-+G percent of public budgets are consumed in corrupt contract awards and outsourcing3

• "ailure andor refusal to declare assets 'ublicly before assumption of public office by

elected public officers and the appointed 9inisters, Commissioners, Advisers, =overning:oard members, >irectors, and their aides3

• "ailure to pay the re&uired taHes on income and other liabilities as re&uired by the law3

2he 6igerian labour movement should insist that the AC9:’s administration should notonly move against those involved in bureaucratic corruption !the public service bureaucracy1

but that the regime should also move, 'rinci'ally, against politicalgrand corruption, whichinvolves politicians in and out of public office, irrespective of party affiliation3

2he 6igerian labour movement should not be deceived by the 8orld :an4’sI9"’s conceptof ‘wea4 institutions’ and lac4 of ‘good governance’ as causes of corruption3 2he truth is thatneoliberal policies of privati)ation, deregulation, outsourcing, liberali)ation, etc constitute amassive drain on public resources and constitute strong structures for corruption andcorrupting influences and conse&uences on the public sector3

IN:TIT"TINALI: TRAN:#ARNT $RNANC #RC:: AN! T/

FI/T AAIN:T CRR"#TIN, T/R"/E

• 9a4ing it constitutionally mandatory for public sector officers !particularly thoseoccupying elective offices and the top appointed officers, such as 9inisters, Commissioners,

5udges, board members, directors and management cadre in all government bodies and stateowned enterprises1 to 'ubliclydeclare their assets and interests annually3

• A commission such as the Code of Conduct :ureau should be created to administer

the register of interests for senior public officers3 2he registers should be audited each year bythe relevant Auditor =eneral3

• T)e registers of interests and assets s)ould be accessible to t)e 'ublic, e.g. by

being 'ut online and in libraries t)at are accessible to t)e 'ublic.

• ublic pro5ects to be eHecuted through direct labour or ublic-ublic artnerships,

nationally or internationally3


8/20

• 8here public pro5ects have to be awarded to private contractors, such should be

monitored by democratic bodies involving representatives of local communities, trade unionsand professional bodies, in addition to the oversight role of the legislature3

• All procurement notices, received bids and contract awards to be published on local

notice boards and on the internet3

• All procurement boards to include local representatives of trade unions and

professional bodies3

• All service establishments, for eHample, public hospitals, health centres, primary

schools, etc to publish accounts of money and goods received and how the money was spent,each month

• 2he "ederal Inland *evenue (ervice and state inland revenue services should report

full details of the revenue they collect each month and the taH paid by all rich individuals!with monthly incomes above 6Gmillion andor around ten times average per capita =>1should be published on the internet3

•

>aily publication of earnings from sale of crude oil in the international mar4et3• All public sector salaries !particularly those of the eHecutive and legislative arms of

government1 to be published on local notice boards and on the internet3

• %lected public officers to be on national minimum wage, provided incidentals are

reimbursed3

/ALT/ CAR

In ++, the 8orld 7ealth @rganisation estimated that the minimum spending per person per

year needed to provide basic, life-saving services was at least ?(LFF !6,1 /E0 and thatspending of a little over ?(LB !6+, at the current eHchange rate of L'6+1 per person

per year by +G would be needed to achieve the 9illennium >evelopment =oals in thehealth sector3 2his translates to budgeting a minimum of over 6+ trillion per year to achievethe 9>=s3 :ut the "ederal =overnment only planned to spend less than BM !or 6, per capita1 of its annual budget on health in the "ederal :udgets + and +F3

Increased funding for medical care is re&uired to absolve the teeming unemployed andor underemployed medical doctors so that the minimum world average of doctorspatients ratiomay be attained3 @ut of about , doctors registered in 6igeria, only +, actually wor4 in 6igeria; F, wor4 in the ?( and others elsewhere3 2his means that there are less than +medical doctors !3B doctors/0 specifically1 per , 6igerians compared to theworldwide average/0 ofF !specifically 31 for every , people3 2his means that theavailability of medical doctors in 6igeria is 5ust about percent/0of the minimuminternational standard3

National /ealt) Insurance :c)eme 0N/I:4E An assessment

2he 6ational 7ealth Insurance (cheme !67I(1 is not founded on the recognition that accessto health is a right3 Ability to 'ay 'rescribed rates of contribution is a condition to be

http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docx


9/20

entitled to )ealt)care ser(ices. T)e N/I: is t)erefore an e+clusionary 'olicy.%mployeeswor4ing for an employer with less than ten employees are eHcluded, employees who do notearn enough as to be able to afford registering with the (cheme are eHcluded, theunemployed, poor farmers, the informal sector, children and the aged are e&ually eHcluded32he 67I( covers only between Fm and Gm contributors3 2his means that the (cheme covers

only about M and eHcludes the remaining M of the population, based on millionestimated population of 6igeria3

Funding Res'onsibility

2he state should fund health care through revenue from national resources, direct budgetaryallocations, including money sourced from national health insurance contributions by thewor4ing population3 8hile the rates of contribution to the national health insurance schemesshould vary by level of income, access to medical care should not be based on ability to

contribute3 %very level of government should allocate not less than GM of their individualannual budgets to health3 In the + and +F "ederal :udgets, average annual budgetaryallocation to health was between G and BM as against the minimum GM recommended by the8orld 7ealth @rganisation !87@13

@ne of the reasons why :uhari was elected was that in his 9anifesto he promised that'

#I will increase national health eHpenditure per person per annum to about 6G, !from theless than 6, currently13.

2he 6DC should monitor the eHtent to which this promise is implemented and, if necessaryta4e action, up to and including an indefinite general stri4e to ensure that health services in

6igeria are ade&uately funded3

2he labour movement should insist on cost-free comprehensive health care services to everyciti)en as a right, on demand, or at the point of need, without discrimination by socio-

economic status3 2he state should have responsibility for providing cost-free health care in public health institutions and under mobile health care arrangements for those who cannot physically attend public hospitals without assistance3 %very citi)en, on a universal basis,should have the right to en5oy the best attainable state of physical and mental health3

Legislati(e 'ro)ibition of 'ublic officers accessing )ealt) care in foreign

countriesEDegislation should be enacted prohibiting any public officer, elected or appointed,from using public resources to access health care in foreign countries3 @nly this 4ind of legislation could compel andor motivate those in position of authority to overhaul the

country’s health care system3


10/20

!"CATIN

T)e state of education

2here are at least 3G million out-of-school children in 6igeria/+03 In reality, however, therecould be close to + million out of school children across 6igeria3 2his is founded on the+B national census figures which indicate that there were F+million of primary school agewhile the ?niversal :asic %ducation Commission indicates that only + million children wereattending primary schools3

Current le(els of fundingE

@n the average, less than M of the annual budget is spent on education in 6igeria asagainst +BM in (outh Africa, +FM in (ingapore; +M in Algeria; GM in Cuba and M in=hana3 :udgetary allocations to education in 6igeria fall below the UNESCO conventional benchmark for developing countries that 26% of the annual budget or 1% of the !N"

should go to financing education3 In addition, across (ub-(aharan Africa !eHcluding (outhAfrica1 the average allocation to education is GM of government budgets3

Reuired minimum fundingE

%ducation should be properly funded to provide conducive learning environment, classrooms,libraries, virtual library system, laboratories, recruitment of ade&uate number of teachers,

training and retraining of teachers, and so on3 6ot less than 26% of the annual budget should be allocated to education#

#olicy declaration recommendedE

2he labour movement should insist that cost-free education, at all levels, should be providedfor every citi)en as a birth-right3 2he state should have full responsibility for fundingeducation in public institutions3 (chool fees, cost sharing in the guise of arents-2eachersAssociation’s levies, eHamination fees, and so on, should be abolished3 2he cost-freeeducation policy should cover school uniform !at primary and secondary levels1, tuition,

boo4s, feeding !brea4fast and lunch1/0 during school hours, and accommodation !at the

tertiary level of education13

As an immediate step towards reali)ing education as a right, the %ducation :an4 Act, which provides that %ducation :an4 shall ma4e funds available for indigent students to finance their education should be implemented immediately3

#DB=s Danifesto stated t)at )e would deli(erE

#2argeting up to +M of our annual budget for this critical sector whilst ma4ing substantial

investments in training &uality teachers at all levels of the educational system3. and

http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docx


11/20

#rovide @ne 9eal a day for all rimary school pupils3.

2he 6DC needs to ensure that these promises are delivered3

/":IN

2he estimated housing deficit, according to official figures, is between million andEmillion units, as at ++3

2he right to ade&uate housing is a fundamental human right3 2he right to housing is part of the right to ade&uate standard of living, which includes protection from eviction, withoutdiscrimination3 2he right to housing goes beyond shelter provided by merely having a roof over one’s head3 *ather, it includes the right to live in security, peace and dignity, andguaranteed access to ade&uate basic infrastructure and facilities such as safe drin4ing water,energy for coo4ing, heating and lighting, sanitation and washing facilities, means of foodstorage, refuse disposal, site drainage, nearby schools for children, recreational facilities,health care facilities, emergency services and so on3

2he labour movement should insist that governments at all levels have 'rimaryresponsibilityfor mass housing provisioning without shifting responsibility to the private sector3=overnments should develop policies for social and commercial housing3 Commercialhousing policy should fund social housing for the poor3 In other words, as a matter of

principle, cost free housing should be provided the vulnerable persons who lac4 the means to pay for it3 "or other categories, housing should be provided at affordable costs, depending onthe individual’s level of income3 7ousing costs should be proportionate to overall incomelevels while subsidies should be made available for other low income earners3 2enants should

e&ually be protected against unreasonable andor arbitrary rent levels or increases3

Accessibility to land is critical in housing provisioning3 All levels of governments, "ederal,(tate and Docal =overnments, have a responsibility to ac&uire and allocate land for buildinghouses free of c)arge to those who lac4 land and the meansmoney to buy3 =overnmentcould ac&uire from landowners who have surplus or unused land for purposes of allocating tothose willing and capable of developing them3


12/20

7ousing loan schemes should be resumed such that wor4ers and the poor self-employed canta4e government guaranteed loans, without collaterals, and repay over a long period of about+G years3 In addition, 6igerian governments < "ederal, (tate and Docal < should collaborateto develop optional housing financing which imposes roles on other institutions, in additionto budgetary allocations to public sector housing corporations3 2he ban4s, including the

"ederal 9ortgage :an4 of 6igeria and the other rimary 9ortgage Institutions should bestatutorily re&uired to allocate verifiable portions of their loanable funds to housing at lowinterest rate and long repayment periods3 2he capacity of the "9: should be eHpanded toensure borrowers are able to access funds at low costs3

=overnments should be pressurised to build low cost houses for those who are not in a position to build houses of their choice3 7ouses for such categories !e3g3 the unemployed, theaged, etc1 should be rent free3 If rent must be paid, then government should be prepared togive them financial social support in the form of unemployment allowance, from which such

rents will be paid3

2he "ederal 7ousing Authority and (tates 7ousing Corporations should be empowered to provide functional low cost housing units3 All levels of government !"ederal, state and D=Cs1should enter into agreements to underta4e massive and large scale investment in housingthrough ublic-ublic artnerships ?s3 2o this effect, all levels of government shouldagree to set aside a "und ta4en from the Consolidated *evenue "und to provide housing unitsfor the poor in all states of the "ederation3 ension funds should also statutorily be re&uired to

be invested in public sector housing provision rather than being concentrated in companysecurities in the capital mar4et3

KATR

It is estimated that almost )alf 0s'ecifically 1M4 of t)e Nigerian 'o'ulation lac* accessto clean water3/F0

Internationally, there is a growing tension on how water should be perceived < as a humanright or a human needN 2he perception that water is a human need is shared by 2rans 6ationalCorporations and governments who hold that water is a commodity to be sold and bought at a

profit and which by eHtension can be supplied by any entity at unregulated rates3 2he

perception of water as a human right is held by the critical non-state actors, trade unions andother organi)ations of the poor3 2he notion of water as a right implies that the state has anobligation to provide it as a part of the global commons and a public trust/G03 2heInternational 9onetary "und and the 8orld :an4, including its lending arm, the International"inance Corporation, have been the protagonists and advocates of privati)ation of water indeveloping countries through the pernicious and coercive instrument of the structuralad5ustment programme, which ma4es privati)ation one of the preferred conditions for multilateral as well as bilateral aids and loans from international financial institutions !I"Is1,which include the regional arms such as the African >evelopment ban4 !Af>:1, Inter-American >evelopment :an4 and the Asian >evelopment :an43

Dabour and other civil society organi)ations should however consistently insist that water is afundamental right3 8ater is e+'licitly mentioned as a rig)t in Article 1 of t)e "N

http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docx


13/20

Con(ention on t)e Rig)ts of t)e C)ild and as a rig)t for rural women in Article 61 of

t)e Con(ention on All Forms of !iscrimination against Komen.

In the colonial period, for political and economic reasons, water supply was focused on thecolonial elite3 8here the networ4 was eHtended to local populations, it was on the basis of

full cost recovery without the benefit of cross-subsidy/B03

After independence, a legitimation strategy was developed and adopted to 5ustify the post-colonial regime change3 2his strategy placed a central role on the state to develop theeconomy and provide for the welfare of the citi)enry3 8ithin such a developmentalframewor4, unprecedented investments in water and other social services too4 place3

In 6igeria for eHample, in all the four 6ational >evelopment lans !6>s1 during the periodB+ < EG, relatively improved attention was given to welfare components, includingwater3 In the "irst 6ational >evelopment lan of B+ - BE, the actual percentageallocation to water was F3BM, placing water in the th largest position of all sectoral

allocations3 In the (econd 6ational >evelopment lan, < F, percentage actualallocation to water and sewage was G3E, placing water in the B th ran4 of all sectoralallocations3 2he declared strategy of the 2hird 6ational >evelopment lan was to develop the

productive capacity of the economy and thus permanently improve the standard of living of the people3/0 In that vein, the 2hird and "ourth 6>s gave priority attention to sectors suchas agriculture, health, housing and water supply ‘with a view to improving the &uality of lifein both the rural and urban areas’3 Actual percentage allocation of 3M to water resources inthe "ourth 6> ran4ed Fth out of total allocations3 Indeed, as Ayo !EE' +1 indicates, in the

preparatory conference for the "ifth 6>, which held in >ecember EF, reliance on the*iver :asin >evelopment Authorities !for direct production in the agricultural sector1 wasreduced to the development of water resources !Ayo, EE'+13 It should be recalled however

that at the end of the "ourth 6> in >ecember EG, a one-year economic emergency programme was adopted in EB3 2his was followed later in the same year with a two-year (tructural Ad5ustment rogramme, which formally altered the direction of social policy, fromconcern for welfare interests to a pro-capital programme3

?nder the ‘change‘ government of the AC9:, labour has a responsibility to advocate thatthe state has a duty to supply water to the populace if the right to food, housing and healthcontained in Chapter + of the Constitution would be meaningful3 2he worldwiderecommended average spending on water is 3G per cent of the =>/E03

#$RTJ RA!ICATIN AN! KALT/ CRATIN

In the conteHt of pervasive poverty in the midst of plenty and the categori)ation of 6igeria asone of the countries in eHtreme poverty, the labour movement should support the followingmeasures'

RAI: TAO RATI B"T ##: INCRA: IN $.A.T. RAT

• In 6igeria, taH ratio !that is taH revenue=>1 for the period -+ was found to be around M/0 where the I9"’s least desirable rate is considered to be GM3

http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docx


14/20

• 2hough a higher taH may be desirable to generate more funds for public pro5ects, this

should be paid by the rich and big companies3

• A 8orld :an4 study found that low income households were paying more than GM of

their incomes in A2 compared with only 3GM among high-income groups/+03

• 2he "ederal Inland *evenue (ervice !"I*(1 is threatening to increase the rate of

alue Added 2aH !A21 from GM to M3 2he A2 is a flat rate paid whenever commoditiesare bought in the supermar4et or other formal retail outlets3

• alue Added 2aH is a regressive taH because it places greater taH burden on poor

people who spend a greater proportion of their income on necessaries for survival3 2hismeans that poor people tend to pay more A2 than the few rich people < this is contrary toone of the basic principles of taHation that stipulates that the rich should pay a higher taH3

INTR!"C #RR::I$ TAOATIN AN! #R$NT CA#ITAL FLI/T

Introduce progressive taHation to raise the taH ratio by'

• Increasing property taHes, especially for landbuildings of more than ha or value

of more than 6G million3

• Increasing import duty on luHury goods such as luHurious cars, building materials, and

other goods3

• *eviewing costs and benefits of taH holidays and free )ones and introducing greater

controls to reduce capital flight3

• *aising the highest rates of company and personal income taH rates bac4 to the FGMrange/+0 for monthly incomes above 6Gmillion or incomes around ten times average per capita =>3 Corporate Income 2aH !CI21 for the most profitable companies should beincreased from M to GM3 !About independence period, CI2 was FGM, meaning thatcorporations pay now pay GM less than they did F years bac413

• It has been established that developing countries lose more money through private

capital flight than they receive in donor aid/++03 2he "ederal =overnment therefore has a dutyto establish capital control measures to curb capital flight3

LIDINAT R R!"C INCD INP"ALITJ

In order to create surplus funds for public good, the labour movement should'

• ?ncompromisingly oppose ‘wardrobe’ allowance of 6million for 6ational

legislators andor similar per4s of office for the state level legislators as well as those at theeHecutive arms of government3

• Ad(ocate reduction in 'ay differentials suc) t)at no-one in t)e 'ublic sector

earns more t)an 6 times t)e minimum wage. 0T)is idea was nearly won in t)e :wiss

referendum in No(ember 3614. T)e im'lication is t)at t)e ma+imum 'ublic sector 'ay

http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docx


15/20

would be N68, 333 'er mont) 0on t)e basis of t)e current N62,333 minimum mont)ly

'ay4 so t)at resources would be a(ailable to 'ro(ide basic needs for all.

• Dobilise for t)e reali9ation of 6BB, minimum wage being canvassed by the

2?C3 2here is a relationship between enhanced purchasing power and boosting of theeconomy3

• Canvass support for wage indeHation so t)at salaries rise as inflation rises.

• 6ational 9inimum income security for older persons who can no longer wor4 or who

cannot get 5obs even if they are able and willing to wor43

• 6ational minimum income security for persons in active age who are unable to earn

sufficient income in cases of'

o (ic4ness !in which case the individual should be entitled to statutory sic4

benefits1

o ?nemployment !in which case the individual should be entitled to statutory

unemployment allowance13

o 9aternity !in which case the individual should be entitled to statutory

maternity benefits13

o >isability !in which case the individual should be entitled to statutory

disability allowance13

": T/ CN:TIT"TIN A: A :/IL! AN! A: A :KR!

2he Constitution should be used to as a s)ield to prevent denial of constitutionallyguaranteed rights3 2he Constitution should also be used as a sword to promote and advance

socio-economic rights by advocating implementation of the same constitutionally guaranteedsocio-economic rights3

2he poverty in the midst of plenty and the unprecedented insecurity into which ordinary people of this country have been thrown would attain more frightening dimensions unlesslabour movement insists that the constitutional guarantees for the wellbeing of poor peopleare observed3

2he socio-economic rights constitutionally guaranteed include'

• Rig)t to eneral welfare and security ' the security and welfare of the people shall

be the primary purpose of government !(3 F!+1! !b1;• #ro(ision of Trans'ortation' ade&uate facilities for movement of people, goods and

services throughout the "ederation !(3 G!1!a1;

• #ro(ision of #)ysiological needs' suitable and ade&uate shelter, suitable and

ade&uate food, reasonable national minimum living wage, old age care and pensions, andunemployment, sic4 benefits and welfare of the disabled are provided for all citi)ens !(3B!+1!d1;

• Rig)t to em'loyment' all citi)ens, without discrimination on any group whatsoever,

/shall0 have the opportunity for securing ade&uate means of livelihood as well as ade&uateopportunity to secure suitable employment !s3 !1!a1;

• Conditions of wor* ' /it shall be ensured that0 conditions of wor4 are 5ust andhumane, and that there are ade&uate facilities for leisure and for social, religious and cultural


16/20

life !(3 !1!b1; Also, the state is to put in place policies to ensure that the health, safety andwelfare of all persons in employment are safeguarded and not endangered or abused !(3 !1!c1;

• Rig)t to )ealt)' ade&uate medical and health facilities for all persons !(3 !1 !d1;

2he labour movement should pressurise 9: to fulfil his pre-election campaign promise on

health when he said that' #I will increase national health eHpenditure per person per annum toabout 6G,13.

• ender sensiti(e rig)ts - *ight to e&ual pay' for e&ual wor4 without discrimination

on account of seH, or on any other ground whatsoever !(3 !1 !e1;

• Rig)t of t)e c)ild' children, young persons and the aged are /entitled to be0 protected

against any eHploitation whatsoever, and against moral and material neglect !(3 !1f1;

• Rig)t to 'ublic assistance in conditions of need !(3 !1!g1;

• Rig)t to education, from cradle to gra(e' free, compulsory and universal primary

education; free secondary, university education and adult literacy programme !(3 E!1!a1 to

!d1; and• Rig)t to a safe en(ironment' 2he (tate shall protect and improve the environment

and safeguard the water, air and land, forest and wild life of 6igeria !(3 +13

In order to ensure that the (tate has the capacity to fund socio-economic rights that re&uire budgetary provision to eHecute, (3 B of Chapter + of the Constitution of the "ederal *epublicof 6igeria, , as amended/+0, provides essentially for state owners)i' and control of t)e ma&or sectors of t)e economy. 2hat the state shall'

• manage and operate the ma5or sectors of the economy, without pre5udice to e&ually

operating or participating in other sectors of the economy !(3 B!1!c1• protect the right of every citi)en to engage in any economic activities outside the

ma5or sectors of the economy, even though any person may still participate in the ma5or sectors of the economy !(3 B!1!d1;

• not o'erate t)e economic system in suc) a manner as to 'ermit t)e concentration

of wealt) or t)e means of 'roduction and e+c)ange in t)e )ands of few indi(iduals or of

a grou' !(3 B!+1!c1;• ensure that the material resources of the nation are harnessed and distributed as best as

possible to serve the common good; !(3 B!+1!b1;

• control the national economy in such manner as to secure the maHimum welfare,

freedom and happiness of every citi)en on the basis of social 5ustice and e&uality of status

and opportunity !(3 B!1!b13

/L! #R:I!NT D"/ADDA!" B"/ARI 0#DB4 T /I: #R-LCTIN

#RDI::>1?

2he pre-election promises made by 9: can rightly be located within Chapter + of theConstitution3 2he attention of those who may argue that Chapter + is not 5usticiable should bedrawn to sections and ++F of the same Constitution, as well as Item B!a1 of the %HclusiveDegislative Dist3

http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docx


17/20

2he labour movement should mount a counter-veiling pressure on 9: against the pressureof bourgeois politicians and contractors by insisting that there is a moral and constitutionalduty on the 9: administration to implement the pre-election promises in order to convinceordinary 6igerians that he is actually for them as opposed to being for the corrupt politicians3

2he 9:’s 9anifesto, entitled Dy Danifesto and $ision for Nigeria./+G0, isappropriately prefaced' T)is document sets out our side of t)e bargainE t)e t)ings I asyour future 'resident, want to do to c)ange Nigeria for t)e better 3 2he said 9anifesto

provides as follows'

n educationE

#+3 2argeting up to +M of our annual budget for this critical sector whilst ma4ing substantialinvestments in trining &uality teachers at all levels of the educational system.

#B3 rovide @ne 9eal a day for all rimary school pupils3 2hat will create 5obs in

Agriculture, Catering and >elivery services.

n )ealt)careE

#+3 OI will increase national health eHpenditure per person per annum to about 6G,!from the less than 6, currently.

#G3 rovide free ante-natal care for pregnant women; free health care for babies and childrenup to school going age and for the aged; and free treatment for those afflicted with infectiousdiseases such as tuberculosis and 7IvAI>(.

n t)e economyE

#+3 Create a (ocial 8elfare rogram of at least "ive 2housand 6aira !6G1 that will cater for the +G million poorest and most vulnerable citi)ens upon the demonstration of children’senrolment in school and evidence of immuni)ation to help promote family stability3.

#3 *e&uire full disclosure in media outlets, of all government contracts over 6m prior toaward and during implementation at regular intervals.3

#3 Amend the Constitution to re&uire Docal governments to publish their meeting minutes,service performance data, and items of spending over 693.



18/20

#3 "ully enforce the "reedom of Information Act so that government held data sets can bere&uested and used by the public and then such data sets be publish !sicP1 on regular basis3.

T/R #R-LCTIN #RDI::

@ther commitments publicly made by 9: include the following'

#ost NJ:C allowances

#rovide allowances to the discharged but unemployed Jouth Corps members for twelve !+1months while in the s4ills and entrepreneurial development programmes.

#%&uate 63 to (3.

n infrastructureE

#generate, transmit and distribute electricity on a +F basis whilst simultaneously ensuringthe development of sustainable renewable energy, by +.

n medical tourism

#:an medical tourism by our politicians from 9ay +, +G.3

2he labour movement should monitor 9:’s administration and ensure there are nodeviations from these pre-election promises3

CNCL":IN

It appears clear that the 4ey agenda facing the labour movement at the present time is to fightthe twin curses of ineuality and corru'tion3

8e need to ade&uately appreciate that the ruling class in 6igeria has stolen virtually ALLtheoil wealth3 %stimates of amount stolen seem to e&ual the amount of oil wealth made sinceB3

8e must fully appreciate that the oil reserves is estimated to run out in t)e ne+t 3 to ;yearsQ %ven before it runs out, the collapse in the oil price shows that 6igeria should besaying #bye bye. to oil wealth3 8henever it runs out, a nightmarish eHperience awaits thewor4ing class and the poor unless they are able to use their industrial and political mu))le towrest as much share as possible from the ruling class, NKQ

Det organi)ed labour !6DC2?C1 use the collective power of its siH million or somembership to change society for the better and in the interest of the wor4ing masses3 8eshould resist being diverted to fighting the cause of the ruling class such as revenue sharingformula, which is all about how the regionalstate groupings of the ruling class will share thenational loot3


19/20

As Nigeria=s oil runs out, time is running out before a new phase of massiveimmiserisation sets in, unless the wor4ing masses redeem 6igeria from the rapacious

politiciansPPPP

I than4 you all for your attention3

Femi Aborisade, s.

[1] Being #a'er deli(ered at t)e NLC leaders)i' retreat wor*s)o' under t)e t)eme Returning to urFounding #rinci'lesE T)e NLC and

t)e C)allenges Facing it /eld at Tina'a La*eside /otel, Calabar, Cross Ri(ers :tate, on ;-M August

36;.

/+0 http'www3africaprogresspanel3orgpublicationspolicy-papersafrica-progress-report-++ accessed on

+FEG3/0 (wanson, >3 and 8orlde-(emait 23 !E13 Africa=s #s :ector and (idence of Reforms3 8orld :an4 2echnical aper 6o3 G3/F0 :imilar findings were made by 0"NCTA! 03374. In(estment #olicy Re(iewE Nigeria. New Jor* andene(aE "N. A(ailable online at http'archive3unctad3orgendocsdiaesdiaepcb+EQen3pdf 0at '. 4 andaccessed on 3 Day 36.

/G0 2he analysis here is based on the provisions of the I: as contained in the version that I accessed as at $une+3/B0 *eported by $euters at http'u43mobile3reuters3comarticleid?KDG6R"@+GGNirpcS+ onGG and accessed through Uhuru imes personal emails to me3/0 Cited by anguard newspapers at http'www3vanguardngr3com+GEnigeria-earns-n+3Gtrn-from-

petroleum-products-eHport-in-mthsaccessed on ++EG3 It should be noted that the 6:( figures, as published

by the anguard, do not clarify whether the whole sum of 6+3G trillion belongs eHclusively to the "ederal=overnment or it has to be shared between the "=666C in the agreed ratio under the $oint entureAgreements with the oil companies3 In fact, other sources suggest that government revenue is actually runningabout percent below the budgeted figure3 7owever, even if the sum referred to does not belong to the "ederal=overnment eHclusively, our argument is that if corruption is curbed, 6igeria still has enough resources to paysalaries and implement a social security schemes to prevent eHtreme poverty, which is producing foot soldiersfor the :o4o 7aram atrocities and other forms of unprecedented insecurity and criminality3/E0 /87@ !++1 (pending on health' A global overview - http'www3who3intmediacentrefactsheetsfsen:asic 87@ statistics on spending in each country'http'apps3who3intnhadatabase(tandard*eport3aspHNI>S*%@*2QC@?62*JQ*@"ID%0/0 + divided by ,, multiplied by ,3/0 (ee http'4ff3orgglobal-indicatorphysicians accessed on ++EG3 !2he source indicates that the timeframefor the data is +G-++3 2hough the source states there are F medical doctors !physicians , +E13.!?6%(C@ ++' F13/F0 http'www3noi-polls3netindeH3phpNsQidSTpQidS++FTpQptSTparentSU3?b57G?Qn-J6 accessed on+B3/G0 6aidoo, A3 and >avidson-7arden, A3 !+13 T)e eo'olitics of t)e Kater 5ustice Do(ement./B0 6ilson, >3 !+G13 ‘ublic (ervice for a Chosen "ewN 8ater and (anitation (ervice rovision in Kampala,?ganda, under Colonial *ule’3 aper resented to the I87A Conference, aris3 >ecember3

/0 Ayo, %3 $3 !EE13 !e(elo'ment #lanning in Nigeria. Ibadan' ?niversity ress Dimited3/E0 !overnment Spending &atch' www3governmentspendingwatch3orgresearch-analysiswater-and-sanitation

http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/africa-progress-report-2012/http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/africa-progress-report-2012/http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/africa-progress-report-2012/http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://archive.unctad.org/en/docs/diaes/diaepcb2008_en.pdfhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://uk.mobile.reuters.com/articleidUKL5N0ZV3FO20150715?irpc=932http://uk.mobile.reuters.com/articleidUKL5N0ZV3FO20150715?irpc=932http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/nigeria-earns-n2.5trn-from-petroleum-products-export-in-3mths/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/nigeria-earns-n2.5trn-from-petroleum-products-export-in-3mths/http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://apps.who.int/nha/database/StandardReport.aspx?ID=REPORT_COUNTRY_PROFILEhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://kff.org/global-indicator/physicians/http://kff.org/global-indicator/physicians/http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://www.noi-polls.net/index.php?s_id=3&p_id=224&p_pt=1&parent=11#.UbjH5U_n-YNhttp://www.noi-polls.net/index.php?s_id=3&p_id=224&p_pt=1&parent=11#.UbjH5U_n-YNhttp://www.noi-polls.net/index.php?s_id=3&p_id=224&p_pt=1&parent=11#.UbjH5U_n-YNhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://www.africaprogresspanel.org/publications/policy-papers/africa-progress-report-2012/http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://archive.unctad.org/en/docs/diaes/diaepcb2008_en.pdfhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://uk.mobile.reuters.com/articleidUKL5N0ZV3FO20150715?irpc=932http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/nigeria-earns-n2.5trn-from-petroleum-products-export-in-3mths/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/nigeria-earns-n2.5trn-from-petroleum-products-export-in-3mths/http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://apps.who.int/nha/database/StandardReport.aspx?ID=REPORT_COUNTRY_PROFILEhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://kff.org/global-indicator/physicians/http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://www.noi-polls.net/index.php?s_id=3&p_id=224&p_pt=1&parent=11#.UbjH5U_n-YNhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docx


20/20

/0 (ind)ingre, A3 !+B1 (inancing the )evelopmental State' a* and $evenue +ssues, presentation at the@verseas >evelopment Institute !@>I1, Dondon, Gth April3/+0 2aH $ustice 6etwor4 Africa T Christian Aid !+F1 ,frica $ising- +ne.ualities and the essential role of fair ta*ationVhttp'www3christianaid3org3u4imagesAfrica-taH-and-ine&uality-report-"eb+F3pdf W/+0 2he highest rate of corporation taH in 6igeria in B was F per cent and FG per cent from G to EB3/++0 (@9@ !+E1 2aHation and "inancing for >evelopment

http'somo3nlpublications-enublicationQ+GG !Capital flight involves the deliberate and illegal disguisedeHpatriation of money by taHable companies andor individuals3/+0 2his Chapter is titled' Fundamental b&ecti(es and !irecti(e #rinci'les of :tate #olicy. It consists of +sections, from section to section +F3/+F0 http'www3vanguardngr3com+GGwhat-buhari-promised-nigerians accessed on ++EG3fa/+G0 (ee for eHample the following source' http'www3igbofocus3co3u49y-9anifesto-and-ision-for-6imy-manifesto-and-vision-for-nigeria-by-muhammadu-buhari3html accessed on +EG3
http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://www.christianaid.org.uk/images/Africa-tax-and-inequality-report-Feb2014.pdfhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://somo.nl/publications-en/Publication_2955http://somo.nl/publications-en/Publication_2955http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/what-buhari-promised-nigerians/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/what-buhari-promised-nigerians/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/what-buhari-promised-nigerians/http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://www.igbofocus.co.uk/My-Manifesto-and-Vision-for-Ni/my-manifesto-and-vision-for-nigeria-by-muhammadu-buhari.htmlhttp://www.igbofocus.co.uk/My-Manifesto-and-Vision-for-Ni/my-manifesto-and-vision-for-nigeria-by-muhammadu-buhari.htmlhttp://www.igbofocus.co.uk/My-Manifesto-and-Vision-for-Ni/my-manifesto-and-vision-for-nigeria-by-muhammadu-buhari.htmlhttp://www.igbofocus.co.uk/My-Manifesto-and-Vision-for-Ni/my-manifesto-and-vision-for-nigeria-by-muhammadu-buhari.htmlhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://www.christianaid.org.uk/images/Africa-tax-and-inequality-report-Feb2014.pdfhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://somo.nl/publications-en/Publication_2955http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/what-buhari-promised-nigerians/http://c/Users/Aborisade/Dropbox/Documents/NLC/nlc%20retreat%202015/Final%20The%20labour%20movement%20and%20socioeconomic%20challenges.docxhttp://www.igbofocus.co.uk/My-Manifesto-and-Vision-for-Ni/my-manifesto-and-vision-for-nigeria-by-muhammadu-buhari.htmlhttp://www.igbofocus.co.uk/My-Manifesto-and-Vision-for-Ni/my-manifesto-and-vision-for-nigeria-by-muhammadu-buhari.html