abnormal uterine bleeding: not just ocps or hysterectomy anymore tony ogburn md professor, dept. of...
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Abnormal Uterine Bleeding:Not just OCPs or hysterectomy
anymore
Tony Ogburn MDProfessor, Dept. of Ob/GynUniversity of New Mexico
Objectives
• Discuss the classification of abnormal uterine bleeding
• Understand the evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive aged women
• List the non surgical treatment options of abnormal uterine bleeding
• Discuss the indications for surgical management for abnormal uterine bleeding
A lot of confusing terms!Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Epimenorrhagia
Epimenorrhea
Functional uterine bleeding
Hypermenorrhea
Hypomenorrhea
Menometrorrhagia
Menorrhagia (all usages: essential menorrhagia, idiopathic menorrhagia, primary menorrhagia, functional menorrhagia, ovulatory menorrhagia, anovulatory menorrhagia)
Metrorrhagia
Metropathica hemorrhagica
Oligomenorrhea
Polymenorrhagia
Polymenorrhea
Uterine hemorrhage
Common TerminologyDescriptive Term Bleeding patternMenorrhagia Regular cycles,
prolonged duration, excessive flow
Metrorrhagia Irregular cyclesMenometorrhagia Irregular, prolonged,
excessive
Hypermenorrhea Regular, normal duration, excessive flow
Polymenorrhea Frequent cyclesOligomenorrhea Infrequent cyclesAmenorrhea No cycles
A new classification systemPALM - COEIN
• Initial conference – 2005– Wide participation of stakeholders
• FIGO, ACOG, FDA, Researchers, Journals• Focused on terminology, defining needs and resources
• Follow-up conference – 2009• Nomenclature and classification systems– Approved by FIGO - 2011
• Useful for clincians, researchers, and educators• Provides a tool for structured history, evaluation
Nomenclature
• Acute AUB – “an episode of bleeding in a woman of reproductive
age, who is not pregnant, that, in the opinion of the provider, is of sufficient quantity to require immediate intervention to prevent further blood loss.”
• Chronic AUB – “bleeding from the uterine corpus that is abnormal
in duration, volume, and/or frequency and has been present for the majority of the last 6 months.”
Suggested “norms”Clinical dimensions of menstruation and menstrual cycle
Descriptive term Normal limits (5th-95th percentiles)
Frequency of menses, d
Frequent <24
Normal 24-38
Infrequent >38
Regularity of menses: cycle-to-cycle variation over 12 months, d
Absent No bleeding
Regular Variation ± 2-20
Irregular Variation >20
Duration of flow, d
Prolonged >8.0
Normal 4.5-8.0
Shortened <4.5
Volume of monthly blood loss, mL
Heavy >80
Normal 5-80
Light <5
PALM-COEIN• 4 categories that are defined by visually objective structural
criteria (PALM) – Polyp– Adenomyosis– Leiomyoma– Malignancy and hyperplasia
• 4 criteria that are unrelated to structural anomalies (COEI)– Coagulopathy– Ovulatory dysfunction– Endometrial– Iatrogenic
• 1 criterion that is reserved for entities that are not yet classified (N).
Causes of AUBStructural abnormalities (PALM)
• Polyps – AUB-P– endocervical or
endometrial
• Detected by ultrasound or sonohysterography
• Often irregular, light bleeding
Structural abnormalities (PALM)
• Adenomyosis –AUB-A• Controversial as a cause
of bleeding• Diagnosed with
ultrasound, MRI, pathology
Structural abnormalities (PALM)
• Leiomyoma – AUB-L– Submucous– Intramural– Subserosal
• Diagnosed with exam, ultrasound, MRI, CT
• Heavy, regular bleeding
Structural abnormalities (PALM)
• Malignancy and hyperplasia – AUB-M
• Diagnosed by biopsy• Irregular bleeding
Non Structural Causes - COEI
• Coagulopathy• Usually suspected
based on history• Von Willebrands most
common• Heavy, regular bleeding
• Ovulation disorders• Suspected on history– Variable cycle length
• Can be confirmed with laboratory testing
• Wide range of bleeding patterns – usually irregular
Causes of AUB
• Anovulatory– Most common cause of
AUB– Many reasons for
anovulation• Unknown• PCOS• Stress, weight change,
exercise• Endocrine
– Thyroid, PRL– Secreting tumors
Non Structural Causes - COEI
• Endometrial• A diagnosis of exclusion– A wastebasket…
• Iatrogenic– Hormone Use– IUD, implant
Not Yet Classified - N
• “Other entities that may or may not contribute to or cause AUB but have not been identified or have been poorly defined, inadequately examined, and/or are extremely rare”
Evaluation• History
– Acute• Stable?
– Chronic– Characterize bleeding pattern
• Examination– Is it from the uterus?!
• Laboratory studies– Pregnancy test– Hct/CBC– Other labs only if indicated – e.g.
• TSH/PRL• Iron studies• Labs for disorders of hemostasis
Evaluation
• Other diagnostic procedures– EMB• Consider in all patients over 45 or refractory bleeding• Pipelle vs. D&C
– Ultrasound– Sonohysterogram– Hysteroscopy
Sonohysterogram– Inject small amount
of fluid in uterine cavity
– Transvaginal ultrasound
– Endometrial thickness and evaluation of intrauterine structures
Treatment
• Acute or chronic?• If you find something in your evaluation– Treat it!– Thyroid disease, cervical polyp, pregnancy, etc.
• Structural – consider referral early on– Surgery, embolization, hormonal Rx
• Often left with no obvious cause– Now what?
Treatment - Acute
• Unstable?– High dose hormones vs D&C• IV estrogen – 25 mg IV q 4-6 hours
• Stable– Oral meds• Monophasic OCPs – One TID for seven days, then daily
for at least one cycle• Medroxyprogesterone (Provera) – 20 mg TID for seven
days, then daily for at least three weeks• Tranexamic acid (Lysteda) – 1.3 mg TID for five days
Treatment - ChronicConsiderations
• Etiology and severity of bleeding (eg, anemia, interference with daily activities)
• Associated symptoms (eg, pelvic pain, infertility)• Contraceptive needs or plans for future pregnancy• Contraindications to hormonal or other
medications• Medical comorbidities• Patient preferences regarding medical versus
surgical and short-term versus long-term therapy
Treatment Options
• Non-surgical – usually the first line of treatment– Expectant management– NSAIDs
• Reduce blood loss by ~50%
– Antifibrinolytic agents - Tranexemic acid (Lysteda)• Expensive
– Hormonal methods• Combination methods
– Reduce blood loss by ~50%– Regulate cycles in ~85%
• Levonorgestrel IUD – Reduce blood loss by ~85%– Less effective at regulating cycles but usually not an issue
• Cyclic progestin– Most appropriate for anovulatory bleeding if other methods contraindicated
• GnRH agonists (leuprolide) – Expensive for long term use but good for pre-procedure preparation
Levonorgestrel IUD
• FDA approved for treatment of abnormal bleeding– More effective than OCPs,
oral progestins, Depo-Provera, NSAIDs
• Cost effective • Few side effects• Reduces blood loss by up to
97%• Takes 3-6 months for
optimal effect
Combination Methods
• OCPs– Use monophasic at least
for first three months– Use 30-35 of estrogen– Continuous vs. cyclic
• Patch/Rings– No good trials about
efficacy for this indication
Surgical Treatment
• Two main approaches– Global endometrial ablation– Hysterectomy
• Future pregnancy contraindicated/impossible
Global Endometrial Ablation
• Outpatient procedure• Excellent safety profile• A variety of methods
– Balloon – Thermachoice– Radiofrequency electricity – Novasure– Freezing – Her Option– Circulating hot water – HTA
• Unclear which, if any, is best!– All have about 80% “success”– Less in younger patients…– Equal to IUD in efficacy
Hysterectomy
• Random facts…– 100% effective for AUB– A significant minority of women with
“conservative” management end up with a hyst eventually
– Satisfaction rates are very high– Major complications do happen– Expensive
Cora
• 37 yo with longstanding history of regular, heavy menses now bleeding heavily for 16 days. Passed out at home and brought in by ambulance.
Jane
• 42 yo G3P3 presents with heavy, regular bleeding for 9-12 months.
• Bleeds 2-3 weeks each month with large clots and cramps.