Aberdeen, Scotland—Athens, Greece

research stations in, 798, m 835; Ross IceShelf in, 843; scientific research in, p 783;vegetation in, m 801, 803; view fromunder ice in, p 833; as white plateau, 798;winter ice in, p 799

Antarctic Circle, 60Antarctic Peninsula, 798, 814Antarctic Plateau, 803Antarctic Treaty, 821anthrax, 164Antigua, c 186Anti-Taurus Mountains, 475Antwerp, Belgium, 318Aorangi, 797apartheid, 524Apennine Mountains, 320Apennine Peninsula, 272, 274Appalachian Mountains, 116aquaculture, 695–96aquifer, 49, 470Arabian Desert, 428Arabian Peninsula, 421–22, 424, 440Arabian Sea, 556, 569, 573Arabic language, 440Arabs, 440, 441, 450–51Arafat, Yasir, p 450Arakan Yoma Range, 722Aral Sea, 422, 473; shrinking, m 473archipelago, 646, 720architecture: Angkor Wat, p 741; Badshahi

Mosque, p 592; Eiffel Tower, p 318;European influences, 268–69, p 268–69;Gothic style, 268; Islamic, 455; NotreDame de Paris, 296; pagoda, 679; QueenAnne style, 269; in Southeast Asia, 750–51;stupas, 603–04; Taj Mahal, 604

Arctic Circle, 60, 68, 278, 352Arctic Ocean, p 46, 47, 349, 350Argentina, c 186; climate regions in, 201,

g 202; hydroelectric power in, 197; live-stock in, 238; lowlands and plains in, 196;population density in, 214

Arizona: desert climate in, 56; lightning in,p 56

Armenia, c 414; Christianity in, 408, 454;ethnic groups in, 441; leisure time in, 457

Armenians, 441art: East Asian, 648, 678–79; Latin

American, 228–29; mosaics, 228; murals,228; Southeast Asian, 750–52. See alsoentries for culture regions

Aryans, 593Asia: birthrate in, 76; as continent, 35;

developing countries in, 93; tropicalsavannas in, 67. See also East Asia; SouthAsia; Southeast Asia

Asian Development Bank (ADB), 763Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

Group (APEC), 393, 689Asir Mountains, 424Asmara, Eritrea, p 518Assam, India, 572Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN), 763asteroids, 35Aswan High Dam, 27, 409, 423, 472, p 472Atacama Desert, p 201, 202Atatürk Dam, 474–75atheism, 376Athens, Greece, 295; Acropolis in, 321;

Parthenon in, 305

conservation farming, 539; cooperatives,317, 686; desertification and, 539; domesti-cation, 446; dry farming, 321; geneticallymodified food, 317; graziers, 834; greenrevolution, 613, 624–25; high-yield variety(HYV) seeds, 625; kolkhozes, 390; live-stock, 238; mixed farming, 317; organicfarming, 318; overgrazing and, 539; riceand soy, 654, 760; Russian, p 391; seden-tary farming, 538; shifting cultivation, 770;shifting farming, 538; slash-and-burnfarming, 244, 538, 620, 770; soil erosionand, 539; sovkhozes, 390; state farms in,317; stations, 834; subsistence crop, 760;subsistence farming, 538, 611–12, 826, 834;subtropical, 464; in tropical rain forest,506. See also specific regions

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), 516, 605

Ainu, 663air pollution, 95, 322, 398; in Indonesia,

p 770Ajena, Ghana, 502Alaska: Inuit village in, 105; purchase from

Russia, 142; severe earthquake in, 40Alaska Range, 116Albania, c 264Alexander II (Czar), 370Alexander III (Czar), 374Alexandria, Egypt, p 453Algeria, c 414, 442, 466, 468; desert art in,

p 427Algerian Sahara, p 406–07alluvial plain, 572alluvial soil, 423Alps: climate in, 279; earthquakes in, 320;

location of, 275; Rhine River through, 276;southern European climate and, 280

Altay Mountains, 647altiplano, 194Amazon Basin, 66, 197, 241Amazon rain forest, 200–01, 242–44; clear-

ing field in, p 249Amazon River, p 193, 197, 241Amnok River, 649Amritsar, India, 604Amu Darya River, 447, 470Amur River, 349, 375Anatolian Peninsula, 422Anatolian Plateau, 425Andes, 194, 196, p 241; peaks of, p 179Andorra, c 264Angkor Wat, p 741Angola, c 490, 503, 504, 540animals: African elephants, 548–49; endan-

gered species, 546, 549; endemic species,728; in farming, 612; giant panda, 652;introduced species, 839; marsupials, 839;poaching of, 546, 619; rain forest, 201;wolves, 324

Annam Cordillera, 722Annapurna Range, p 573, p 618Antarctica, 35, 42, m 784, m 785, m 795;

Byrd Expedition to, 822–23, p 822–23; cli-mate regions in, m 800, 803; communica-tions in, 837; economic activity in, m 787;expeditions to, 821–23; human settlementin, 814; ice cap in, 48; melting ice in,842–43; mining in, 834–35; national claimsin, m 835; natural resources in, 838–41;ozone layer over, 841; penguins in, p 778–79; population density in, m 786;

Aberdeen, Scotland, p 258Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, p 480–81, 518Aboh, Nigeria, 503Aborigines: Ainu, 663; in Australia, 781,

p 782, 811–12, 817–19, 825; in Taiwan,662–63; Uluru and, p 781; use of eucalyp-tus by, 790

absolute location, 3, 9, 14, 20Accra, Ghana, 518accretion, 40, d 40acid deposition, 321acid rain, 95, 166–67, m 166, 321, 326–27,

398, 694Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 518Adriatic Sea, 274, 292Aegean Sea, 274, 422, 447Afar people, p 484Afghanistan, c 414, m451; agriculture in,

464; government in, 452; Hindu Kushmountains, p 407; in Islamic Women’sGames, 457; Khyber Pass and, 570; popula-tion of, 441, 443; standard of living in, 456;war against terrorism in , 164, 451–52

Africa: birthrate in, 76; as developing coun-try, 93; early kingdoms in, m 520; ethnicgroups, colonial rule, and conflict, m 523;hunger in, m 544; independent countriesin, m 522; Sinai Peninsula and, 36; slavetrade in, 521–22, m 521; tropical savannasin, 67. See also Africa south of the Sahara;North Africa, Central Asia, SouthwestAsia

Africa south of the Sahara, m 486, m 487,m 501; agriculture in, 537–39 g 538; arts in,527–29; climate regions in, 505–13, m 506;communications in, 541–42; conflict in,544–45; country profiles, c 490–94; culturein, 525–29; desertification in, 544; economicactivity, m 489; ecotourism in, 546–47; edu-cation in, 527; endangered animals in, 546;European colonization in, 521–23; fishingin, 539–40; Great Rift Valley, 500; highlandsin, 500; history of, 519–24; industrializationin, 540–41; ivory trade in, 548–49; lakes in,502; landforms in, 499–01; land use in,545–47; languages in, 525–26; lifestyles in,529; logging in, 539; mining resources in,540; mountains in, 500; natural resourcesin, 504; physical barriers in, 503; plateausin, 500; population density, m 488; popula-tion patterns in, 515–18; rain forests in,545–46; religions in, 526–27, g 526; riverbasins in, 503; hunger in, 543–45; trans-portation in, 541; urbanization in, 517; vegetation in, 505–13, m 507; water systems in, 500, 502–03

Agra, India, p 558–59, 604Agricultural Revolution, 84agriculture: campesinos, 238; canal irriga-

tion, 447; cash crops, 238, 538, 612–13, 760;cereals, 431; collective farms in, 317; com-mercial farming, 538; communes, 686;

c = chartd = diagramg = graph

m = mapp = photoptg = painting

IndexIn

dex

I n d e x 879

880 I n d e x

IndexAtlantic Coastal Plain—Canada

Atlantic Coastal Plain, 116Atlantic Ocean, 47, 499, 503Atlas Mountains, 424, p 424, 430atmosphere, 35, p 36atolls, 796Auckland, New Zealand, 814Auschwitz National Monument, p 298Australia, 35, m 784, m 785, m 786;

Aborigines in, 817–19, 825; agriculture in,833–34; Asians in, 813; climate in, 841;blend of cultures in, 824–26; cattle ranchin, p 834; central lowlands in, 794; climateregions in, 799–801, m 800; communica-tions in, 837; as continent and country,793; country profile, c 788; drought in, 63;early migrations to, 817; economic activityin, m 787; education and health care in,826–27; ethnic groups of, g 813; eucalyp-tus from, 790–91, p 790–91; Europeancolonies in, 818–19, m 818; Europeans in,812–13; everyday life in, 826–27; govern-ment in, 87, 819–20; immigration to, 815;language in, 813; manufacturing in, 835;mining in, 834; mountains and plateausin, 794; music of, 817; natural resources in,795, 838–41; “outback” of, 780, 794; popu-lation density in, m 786; population pat-terns in, 811–13; rabbits in, 45; religionsin, g 825; rock formations near LakeArgyle, p 811; service industries in,835–36; soil conservation in, 839; sportsand leisure in, 827; swamp, p 838;Sydney Opera House in, p 782–83; termitemounds in, p 793; tourism in, 836; tradelinks with, 836; transportation in, 836–37;tropical savannas in, 67; Uluru in, p 781;unusual animals in, 839; urbanization in,814–15; vegetation in, 799–801, m 801

Austria, c 264autobahnen, 318autocracy, 87–88automobiles, 161–62axis, 56Axum, 520Ayers Rock, p 781Aymara, 213Azerbaijan, c 414; agriculture in, 465; bor-

der conflicts, 452; Islam in, 454; in IslamicWomen’s Games, 457; oil in, p 463, 467;standard of living in, 456

Aztec civilization, 221

Baghdad, Iraq, 443Bahamas, c 186Bahrain, c 414, 444, 465Baku, Azerbaijan, 467; oil derricks, p 463Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 218Balearic Islands, 274Bali, Indonesia, p 705, 750, 752, 767Balkan Peninsula, 274, 280, 292, p 294, 304;

ethnic tensions in, 288, p 291Ballet Folklórico, 229Baltic Sea, 272, 348, 368, 398; inspection of,

p 325Baluchistan, 614bamboo, 652, p 694Bangalore, India, p 567, 616Bangkok, Thailand: environmental pollu-

tion in, p 768; flooding in, 767; growingpopulation in, 768; as primate city, 738;recreation in, 753; rush hour in, p 766;

shrimp farm outside, p 748; urban growthin, 771

Bangladesh, c 564; agriculture in, 612;energy resources in, 573; erosion incoastal deltas in, 621; heavy industry in,616; lack of clean water in, 619; monsoonsin, 579; natural gas in, 614; population in,590; population density in, 78; rivers in, p584; Sundarbans region, 576, 620

Bantu migrations, 520–21Barbados, c 186, 214, 224, 239Barbuda, c 186bar graph, 12, 28, g 28barriadas, 244Bashkirs, 365basin, 14Basques, p 259Batumi, Georgia, 430, 467bauxite, 276, 613, 834Bavaria, p 275bay, 14, 47Bay of Bengal, 556, 569, 572, 576, 621bedouins, p 404–06, 455Beijing, China, p 80, 649, 664; Tiananmen

Square in, p 634, 689Belarus, c 264; in Commonwealth of

Independent States, 372; Dnieper River in,348; population density in, 365; Ukraine,399; wilderness area in, 324

Belarusians, 368Belgium, 78, c 264, 288, 300Belize, c 186Belorussia, 371Benin, c 490Ben Nevis, 274Bering Sea, 395, 398Bering Strait, 104Berlin, Germany, 275Berlin Conference of 1884–1885, 531,

p 531Berlin Wall, p 258, 300Bethlehem, p 418Bhadravati, India, 616Bhutan, c 564; agriculture in, 612; Chhukha

Hydel hydroelectric project in, 573;farmer drying chiles in, p 611; forests of,574; Himalaya and, 570; industry in, 614;population of, 588–89; subtropical climatein, 576; tourism in, 617

Bialowieza forest, 324Bikini Atoll, 840Bilauktaung Range, 722Bill of Rights: English, 297; United States,

144, 147bin Laden, Osama, 164, 451–52biodiversity, 248biologists, 324biomass, 613biosphere, 35birthrate, 76Black Earth Belt, 349black market, 388Black Sea, 292; Balkan Peninsula and, 274;

Bosporus strait and, 422; Caucasus Moun-tains and, 425; climate, 430; Georgia and,464; Russia and, 347, 348, 368; threatenedwildlife, 324; transportation on, 467

blizzards, 125Bogachova, Regina, 372Bogotá, 245Bolívar, Simón, 223, p 224Bolivia, c 186; in Amazon Basin, 197; Andes

mountain ranges in, 194; industry in, 239;Lake Titicaca in, 198; language in, 213;

population in, 212Bolsheviks, 370–371, p 371Bombay, India. See Mumbai, IndiaBorneo: highlands climate in, 729; jungle

in, 723; Malaysia on, 720; natural gasdeposits of, 723; rivers in, 723; surveyorsin, p 25

Bosnia, c 264, 293Bosnia-Herzegovina, 288, 304Bosporus strait, 347, p 409, 422Boston, Massachusetts, 278Botswana, c 490; desert in, 509; diamonds

in, 504; elephants in, 549; health care in,p 517

boundary line, 9Brahmaputra River, 570, 572, p 587Brasília, Brazil, 229Brazil, c 186; Amazon Basin in, 197; cash

crops from, 238; deforestation in, 243;government in, 87; highlands of, 196; lan-guage in, 213; natural resources in, 198;rain forests in, 248–49, p 248–249; selva in,200; urbanization in, 246

British Columbia, 122, p 158British Isles, 274, 307Brunei, c 714; in ASEAN, 763; influences

on, 736; as insular island, 720; UnitedKingdom holdings in, 743

Buddhism, m 82; in Laos, p 708–09; in LatinAmerica, 226; in Russia, 377–78; shrine, p 554–55; in South Asia, 558, 594, 601; inSoutheast Asia, 749–50; in Tibet, 662

Buddhist Sinhalese, 617, 623Buenos Aires, Argentina: population in,

79, 214; urbanization in, m 216, 217, 245,246

buffer state, 743Bulgaria, c 264; people of, 368Burkina Faso, c 490Burundi, c 490, 530–31, 538Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 822–23,

p 822–23Byzantine Empire, 377Byzantium, 296

cacao, 190–91Cairo, Egypt, 443Calcutta, India. See Kolkata (Calcutta),

IndiaCalifornia: climate of southern, 123; earth-

quakes in, 41; entrepreneur in, p 89;Hollywood, 149; patchwork fields in, p 17;San Andreas Fault, p 37, 40; Silicon Valley,160

calligraphy, 455, 679Cambodia, c 714; Annam Cordillera

Mountains and, 722; in ASEAN, 763;flooding in, p 767; French holdings in,743; GDP of, 752; gems in, 724; industryin, 762–63; people in, 736, 737, 739; ricecultivation in, 760; rivers in, 723

Cameroon, c 490, 503, 538Canaan, 440Canada, m 106, m 107, m 117; acid rain in,

m 166; agriculture in, 158–59; arts in,148–50; border of, 138–39, p 138; celebra-tions in, 151; cities in, 135–37; climate of,121–25, m 122; communications in, 162;country profile, c 110; cultural characteris-tics of, 146–48; economic activities in, m 109, 157–59; education in, 150; ethnic

I n d e x 881

IndexCanadian Rockies—Corn Belt

origins in, g 135; European colonies in, 141;Fraser Plateau, 116; government in, 87,144–45; health care in, 150; history of,140–44; human impact on, 165–66; icehockey in, 112–13, p 112–13; immigrants to,104, 133; Inuit village in, p 105; islands in,116; Korean migration to, 664; Labradorcoast, p 19; landforms in, 115–16; languagein, 147–48; lifestyles in, 150–51, 157; litera-ture in, 149; long-haul trucks in, p 162;manufacturing in, 159–61; music in, 148;natural resources in, 119–20; NechakoPlateau, 116; Northwest Territories, p 105;pollution in, 166–68; popular entertain-ment, 149–50; population density in, 78, m 108; population patterns in, 133–39;province and territory names, c 111; reli-gious freedom in, 147; service industry in,160–61; Shakespeare Festival in, 149; socialchange in, 143–44; social indicators in, g 150; sports and recreation in, 150–51;technological change in, 143–44; trade and,c 139, 163; transportation in, 161–62; vege-tation in, 121–25; water in, 116–19; YukonTerritory in, 121

Canadian Rockies, p 103Canadian Shield, 116canopy, 200, 506Canterbury Plains, 797canyon, 14cape, 14Cape Breton Island, 116Cape Comorin, 569Cape of Good Hope, 499–500Cape Mountains, 500Cape Town, South Africa, p 484–85, 518;

Whitbread race in, p 59Cape Verde, c 490capital, 9Caracas, Venezuela, 214, 217Carajás, Brazil, iron mine in, p 179carbon dioxide, 843cardinal direction, 8Caribbean area, climate and vegetation

in, 66Caribbean islands, 194Carpathian Mountains, 275, 292, 324cartograms, understanding, 754, c 754cartographer, 8cartography, 24–25Casablanca, Morocco, 430Cascade Range, 43, 116cash crops: in Africa south of the Sahara,

538; in Australia and Oceania, 834; inEurope, 317; in Latin America, 238; inNorth Africa, Southwest Asia, andCentral Asia, 464; in South Asia, 612; inSoutheast Asia, 760; in the United Statesand Canada, 158

Caspian Sea: Caucasus Mountains and,425; in Central Asia, 422; fishing in, 465;in Mediterranean climate zone, 430; oil in,426, 463, 467; pollution in, 473; rainfalland, 427; Russia and, 347, 378, 397

Castro, Fidel, 224cataracts, 500, 502, 503categorizing information, 400Catherine the Great, 369; palace of, p 369Caucasian people, 441Caucasus area, 365Caucasus Mountains, 346, p 346, 425, 430Caucasus region, 372caudillo, 224cause-and-effect relationships, 204

Cayman Islands, 224Celts, 288Central Africa: conflict in, 530–31, p 530–31;

seasonal fishing camp in, p 515Central African Republic, c 490Central America, 194; Mayan dialects in,

213; mountains in, 194; tropical savannasin, 67. See also Latin America

Central Asia: economic activity in, m 413;population density in, m 412. See alsoNorth Africa, Southwest Asia

Central Highlands, 194Central Siberian Plateau, 346Ceylon, 596. See also Sri LankaChad, c 490, 540, 544chadris, p 408Changbai Mountains, 648Chang Jiang. See also Yangtze River channel, 14Channel Islands, p 256Chao Phraya River, 706, 723chaparral, 68, p 68, 281chart, 13Chechens, 365Chechnya, 392Chen Shui-bian, 666–67Chernobyl accident, 398–99, p 399chernozem, 346, 354–55Chesapeake Bay, 136Chiang Kai-shek, 666–67, 671Chicago, Illinois, 137Chihuahuan Desert, 123Chile, c 186; Atacama Desert of, p 201; cop-

per exports, 198; industry in, 239; Internetuse in, 230; mountains in southern, p 199;population in, 214; Santiago, p 236

China, c 640; agriculture in, 650, 686; bal-ance of trade in, g 688; basins in, 648;buried army, p 668; as communist country,90; as culture hearth, 84; deserts in, 648;dynasties in, 669–70, m 669; environmentalconcerns in, 693–94; ethnic groups in,661–63; fishing in, 650; flooding in, 696–97;Great Wall of, p 634; industrialization in,93, 688–89; influence on Southeast Asia,736; Kashmir as buffer between India and,599; languages in, 674; Manchuria region,646, 647; mid-latitude climates in, 652;migration in, 664–65; new direction in,676; “one-child” policy in, 665, p 665; out-door classroom in Xinjian, p 645; plateausin, 648; population, g 662; revolutionary,670–71; rivers in, 648–49; Silk Road to, 447;tale of two, 666–67; terraced paddies in, p 632–33, 686; Three Gorges Dam, 649,693, 696, 698–99; trade and human rightsin, 689–90; United States trade with, 164;Yellow River basin, 42

chinampas, 221chinook, 124Chipko, 621Chittagong, Bangladesh, 616chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), 695choke point, 764Christchurch, New Zealand, 814Christianity, m 82; in Africa south of the

Sahara, 526–27; in Australia, 825; inEurope, 295–96, 303–04; in North Africa,Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, 408,448, 454; in Oceania, 825; in Russia, 377

Chunnel, 318Churash, 365Cincinnati, Ohio, 137circle graph, 13, 28, g 28

cities. See urbanizationcity, 8city-states, 295clans, 529, 817clear-cutting, 165Cleveland, Ohio, 137, 168climate: changes in, 69; elevation and, 61; fac-

tors affecting, 59–64; landforms and, 63–64;latitude and, 59–61; weather and, 55–56;world patterns, 65–69. See also climateregions

climate map, interpreting a, 172, m 172climate regions, 65–69, m 66; See also entries

for specific climate regionsclimographs, understanding, 356coal, 276, 613–14, 650; lignite, 322Coast Range, 116cold climate, living in, 353–54Cold War, 298, 371, 398, 472collective farms, 317Cologne Cathedral, 321Colombia, c 186; in Amazon Basin, 197; cash

crops from, 238; emeralds in, 198; llanos of,196; tropical savanna in, 201

Colorado Plateau, 116Colorado River, 43, 116, 118Columbian Exchange, 44–45, 190–91, 221, 223–24Columbia Plateau, 116Columbus, Christopher, 220, 222, 297comets, 35command economy, 89, 388, 685commercial farming, 538commodities, 158, g 465Commonwealth of Independent States

(CIS), 372communes, 686communications. See entries for culture regionscommunism, 89–90; birth of, 298; in Europe,

315, 320; in North Vietnam, 747; in SovietUnion, 371

Comoros, c 490comparing and contrasting, 50compass rose, 8conclusions, drawing, 774condensation, 47condomblé, 228Confucianism, 750Confucius, 669–70Congo, c 491, 500, 503–04, 518Congo River, 503conic, 4conic projection, 5coniferous forests, 68, 122–23, 279, 281, 353conquistador, 222conservation farming, 539Constantinople, 296consumer goods, 388continent, 14continental drift, 38continental islands, 797continental shelf, 36contour line, 10Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species, 549Cook Islands, p 780cooperatives, 686copper, 613–14, 723, 834coral reefs, 772–73, p 772–73; Great Barrier

Reef, 794–95cordilleras, 194, 719–20, 722Cordillera Sarmiento, p 199Coriolis effect, 62Corn Belt, 21, 159

882 I n d e x

IndexCorsica—endemic species

Corsica, 274Cortés, Hernán, 191, 222Costa Rica, industry in, 239Côte d’Ivoire, c 491, 538, 545cottage industries, 615cradle of civilization, p 408–09; rivers as,

423Crete, 274crevasses, 803Croatia, c 264, 275, 292–93Croats, 368“crossroads of civilization,” 447Crusades, 296, 449Cuba, c 187; cash crops from, 238; ethnic

groups in, 213; industry in, 239; asSpanish colony, 224

cultural contact, 85cultural diffusion, 84cultural diversity: in Southeast Asia,

748–50. See also ethnic diversityculture: changes in, 84; economic activities

and, 83; elements of, 80–84; geographyand, 27; government and, 83. See also specific regions

culture hearths, 84, m 84; East Asia, 668;North Africa, Southwest Asia, andCentral Asia, 447

culture regions, 83–84, m 83; Africa southof the Sahara, 480–555; Australia, Oceania,and Antarctica, 778–847; East Asia,630–99; Europe, 254–331; Latin America,176–253; North Africa, Southwest Asia,and Central Asia, 404–79; Russia, 332–403;South Asia, 554–629; Southeast Asia,704–77; United States and Canada, 100–75

cuneiform records, 447Curaçao, 224currents, 62Cuyahoga River, 168Cuzco, Peru, 222; villages and farms near,

p 180–81cyclones, 579, 767, 620cylindrical, 4cylindrical projection, 5Cyprus, c 264czars, 369–70Czechoslovakia, 371, 399Czech Republic, c 264; acid rain and, 327;

forests in, 321; manufacturing in, 317, p 320; people of, 367; population distri-bution in, 289

Dagestan, 392; people of, 365Dakar, Senegal, 541Dalai Lama, 675Dalits, 623dams: Aswan, 27, 409, 423, 472, p 472;

Atatürk, 474–75; Tarbela, 573; ThreeGorges, 649, 693, 696, 698–99

Danube River, 274, 275, 323, 324Dardanelles Strait, 347, 422Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 518, 529Darling River, 794Dead Sea, 36, 49, 422, 473death rate, 76Death Valley, 116, 123Deccan Plateau, 571, 577, 579, 613, 589deciduous forests, 68, 124decision making, 700deforestation: of Africa’s tropical rain for-

est, 507; in East Asia, 694–95; in Latin

America, 242, 828; soil conservation and,839; in South Asia, 620; in Southeast Asia,761, 770; wildlife and, 546, 619

Delhi, India, p 556, 591delta, 14, 503Delta Plan, 321democracy, 88–89Democratic Republic of the Congo, 518.

See also Congo Deng Xiaoping, 676Denmark, c 264; celebrations in, 307; farm

cooperatives in, 317; Greenland as terri-tory of, 116; two seasons in, p 301

desalination, 47, 436–37, 470desert, 67desert climate region: in Africa south of

the Sahara, 509; in East Asia, 653; in LatinAmerica, 202; in North Africa, SouthwestAsia, and Central Asia, 428–29; in theUnited States, 123

desertification, 508–09, 539, 544, 694Detroit, Michigan, 137developing countries, 93, 238Dhaka, Bangladesh, p 558, p 590, 591dharma, 593diagram, 13diagram, reading a, 70dialects, 213diatoms, 841dikes, 272divide, 14, 118Djenné, Mali, market in, p 484–85Djibouti, c 491, 543Dnieper River, 276, 348, 368Doctors Without Borders, 545doldrums, 62–63, 802Dominica, c 187, p 201Dominican Republic, c 187, 213, 228dominion, 145, 820Don River, 348doubling time, 76downstream, 14Drakensberg Range, 500dry climates, 67, 508–09, 577dry farming, 143, 321Dubai, 467Dust Bowl, 124–125, p 124

earth, air on, 35; external forces of changeon, 42; heights and depths of, 36; internalforces of change on, 39–42; landforms on,35–36; revolution of, 56; in solar system,34; in spatial terms, 20; structure of, 37–39,d 38; and the sun, 55–58; tilt and rotationof, 56; variety on, 19; water on, 35, 46–49

earthquakes, 40–41; in East Asia, m 696; inEurope, 320; faults, 500; Ring of Fire and,194, 646–47; in Turkey, 425, p 425

East Asia, m 636, m 637, m 647; agriculturein, 686; ancient, 668–70; architecture in,679; challenges for, 665; climate regionsin, 651–56, m 652; communications in, 691;country profiles, c 640; cultures in, 673–79;early contact with the West, 670; earth-quakes in, m 696; economic activity in, m 639; education in, 676–77; electric powerin, 692–93; electronics from, 642–43; envi-ronmental concerns in, 693–95; ethnicgroups in, 661–63; feng shui in, 649; festi-vals in, 677; food in, 677; fossil fuels in,693; government in modern, 670–72;

health care in, 677; industry in, 687–89;islands in, 646; languages in, 673–74;lifestyles in, 673–79; literature in, 678;migration in, 664; monsoons in, 654–55;mountains in, 647–48; natural disasters in,696–97; natural resources in, 649–50;ocean currents in, 655; peninsulas in, 646;political and economic systems in, 685–86;population density in, m 638, 664; popula-tion patterns in, 661–68; religions in,674–75, g 674; river systems in, 648–49;seas in, 646; sports in, 677; standard of liv-ing in, 675; theater in, 678–79; trade and,689–90; transportation in, 690–91; vegeta-tion in, 651–56, m 653; visual arts in, 679

East China Sea, 646Eastern Ghats, 556, 570–71, 574, 577Eastern Hemisphere, d 20Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 364, 369,

370, 376–77, 381East Germany, 371East Indies, 720east longitude, 3East Timor, 720, 721, 745, 763e-commerce, 542economic activity: in Latin America,

m 185; map of, 680, m 680; in UnitedStates and Canada, m 109; world, m 92.See also entries for specific culture regions

economic activity map, 11Economic Community of West African

States (ECOWAS), 541economic development, 93economic geographer, c 26economics, geography and, 27economic sanctions, 689economic systems, 89–90; command, 89,

388, 685; free market, 157; market econ-omy, 89, 388–89; socialism, 614

economies: black market, 388; changingRussian, 387–90; consumer goods, 388,615; diversifying, 426; privatization, 389;supply and demand, 388

ecosystem, 22; fragile, 95ecotourism, 546–47, 617Ecuador, c 187; in Amazon Basin, 197; cash

crops from, 238; flooding in, p 65; goldmask from, p 198; language in, 213;Native Americans in, 212

education. See entries for culture regionsEgypt, c 414; agriculture in, 464; ancient

civilization in, 408, 447, 455; Aswan HighDam, 472, p 472; Christianity in, 454; asculture hearth, 84; Gaza Strip, 426; gov-ernment in, 452; Nile Delta, p 75; popula-tion density in, 78, 443; road systems in,466; standard of living in, 456

Eiffel Tower, p 318Elbe River, 276Elburz Mountains, 430, 473electronic database, creating an, 96electronic spreadsheet, using an, 458elephants, slaughter of, 548–49elevation, 10, 14; climate and, 61elevation profile, 580, g 580Ellesmere Island, 116El Niño, 63, d 63, 841El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO),

841El Salvador, c 187, 213, 238, 246embargo, 452, 468Empire State Building, p 163endangered species, 549endemic species, 729

I n d e x 883

IndexEngland—government

England: colonies in Canada, 141; NorthEuropean Plain in, 275; printed Indianfabrics in, 567. See also United Kingdom

English language, 81English Parliament, 297Enlightenment, 297environment, society and, 22environmental challenges: acid deposi-

tion, 321; acid rain, 166–67, 321–22, 326–27,398, 694; agricultural runoff, 839–40; airpollution, 95, 322, 398; chemical dangers,472–73; chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), 695;coral reefs, 772–73, p 772–73; deforestation,242, 694–95, 761; desertification, 694;diverting water for irrigation, 474–75;global warming, 169, 322–23, 695, 842–43;greenhouse effect, 322; industrial pollution,247; invasive species, 44–45; meltwater,322; monsoon devastation, 621; nucleardangers, 472–73; nuclear wastes, 398; over-population, 621; pesticides, 398; in Russia,p 396; smog, 69, 167. See also pollution

environmentalists, 322environmental specialist, c 26Equator, 14, 20, d 20, d 21; Africa south of

the Sahara and, 482; the earth’s diameterat, 35; seasons and, 56; tropical rain forestnear, 506

Equatorial Guinea, c 491equinox, 56ergs, 428Eritrea, c 491, 545; Rashaida women of,

p 525erosion, 42–43escarpment, 196, 500, 502Estonia, c 265, 372estuary, 197, 503Ethiopia, c 491; Axum empire in, 520; high-

lands in, 500; hydropower in, 504; starva-tion in, 543, 545

Ethiopian Highlands, 500ethnic cleansing, 288ethnic diversity: in Europe, 287–89; in

North Africa, Southwest Asia, andCentral Asia, 408, 439

ethnic groups, 82; in Europe, 288; inRussia, 363–64

eucalyptus, 790–91, p 790–91Euphrates River, 423, 447, 470, 474–75Eurasia, 271Europe, 35, m 260, m 261, m 273, m 299;

agriculture in, 317–18; arts in, 304–05; celebrations in, 306–07; Christianity in,295–96; climate regions in, 277–81, m 278;Cold War in, 298–99; communications in, 318, 319; conflict and division in, 298;country profiles, c 264–67; culture in,301–05; early peoples in, 295; eastern, 315;economic activity in, m 263; economies in,313–16; education in, 306; ethnic diversityin, 287–89; expansion of, 296–97; familiesin, 306; human services in, 306; industryin, 316–17; islands in, 274; languages in,302–03, m 302; lifestyles in, 306–07; moun-tains in, 274–75; music of, 303; naturalresources in, 276; new era in, 299–300;peninsulas in, 272, 274; plains regions in,275; pollution in, 321–25; population den-sity of, m 262; population movements in,290–91; population patterns in, 287–93;religion in, 295–96, 303–04, g 304; revolu-tions in, 297–98; rise of, 294–96; road tounity in, c 314–15; seaports in, 318–19;seas in, 271–72; sources of unity in,

288–89; sports in, 306; tourism in, 317;transportation in, 318; urbanization in,289–91; vegetation in, 277–81, m 279;water systems in, 275–76

European Community (EC), c 314European Union (EU), 94, 300, 313–14,

m 316, 321, 324–25eutrophication, 168evaluating information and sources, 606evaporation, 47Everglades, 125exports, 237extinction, 546

Fahrenheit (ºF), 56fall line, 106, 118families: clans, 529, 817; extended, 229, 529;

nuclear, 529farming. See agriculturefaults, 40, d 41, 500favelas, 244federal system of government, 87Federated States of Micronesia, c 788,

819, 836Fengdu, China, p 699feng shui, 649Fertile Crescent, 447, m 447Fés, Morocco, 430feudalism, 296Fiji, c 788, 796, 812, 820, 834Finland, c 265, 277, 281, 399fishing: aquaculture, 695; commercial,

539; diatoms, 841; fish farming, 724; inhuman-made ponds, 465; krill, 798; inNorth America, 120, p 120; Russian supertrawlers, 394–95

fjords, 272Flemings, 288flooding: in Cambodia, p 767; in Europe,

321; in Southeast Asia, 767–68; by Yellowand Yangtze Rivers, 696, 698

flora and fauna, 723–24Florida: Everglades, 124, p 170foehns, 279folds, 40food web, 840forests: bamboo, p 694. See also specific typesFormosa, 671. See also TaiwanFort Erie, Ontario, p 138Fox, Vicente, 225, p 225France, c 265; Bastille Day in, 307; climate

regions in, g 280; Cold War and, 299; colo-nial holdings of, 141, 743; in EuropeanUnion, 300; government in, 87, 88; immigrants to, 290; industrial center in, 317; Massif Central in, 274; NorthEuropean Plain in, 275; population distribution in, 289; tourism in, 317; inVietnam, 746

Frankfurt, Germany, 278free market economies, 157free port, 764free trade, 94French Guiana, c 187French Revolution, 297freshwater, bodies of, 48–49Fujiyama, 648Fukuoka, Japan, 664Fulani people, 538Funan Empire, 742functional region, 21

fútbol, 230, p 231

Gabarone, Botswana, p 529Gabon, c 491, 504Gambia, c 491Gandhi, Mohandas K., 595, p 596, 615Ganesh, 594Ganesh Chaturthi, p 558Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, 579Ganges Delta, p 557, 573, 575, 613, 620Ganges Plain, 570, 572, 579, 589, 613Ganges River, 556, 558, 570, 572Garagum (Kara Kum), 425gas giant planets, 34gauchos, 197, p 197Gauteng Province, 540Gaza Strip, 426, 451, 452Gdansk, Poland, 319General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs

(GATT), 94generalizations, making, 532general-purpose map, 10genetically modified food, 317Genoa, Italy, 319geographer, 19, 24–25; career as, 27; types

of, c 26geographic information systems (GIS),

25–26, 152, 208geography: branches of, 23–24; as career,

27; elements of, 19–20; exploring, 19–22;human, 24; jobs in, c 26; physical, 24

Georgia (Republic of), c 414; agriculturein, 464; Christianity in, 408, 454; govern-ment in, 452; grape vineyards in, p 431;rainfall in, 430; religion in, 442

geothermal power, 798Germany, c 265; acid rain and forests in,

326–27, p 326, p 327; birthrates in, 291;coal in, 276; as developed country, 93;East, 371; four zones in, 299; industrialcenter in, 317; negative population growthin, 77; population of, 289; reuniting of, 315;tourism in, 317

geysers, 41Ghana, c 491, 504, 520, 538, 540Ghats, Eastern and Western. See Eastern

Ghats; Western GhatsGibson Desert, 794glaciation, 272glaciers: 14; Canadian, 118–119; erosion

and, 42–43; ice age, 69; mountain, 43;nunataks, p 121; sheet, 43

glasnost, 371Global Positioning System (GPS), 23,

152; Indians’ use of, p 23global warming, 58, 169, 322–23, 695, 842–43globe, 2glyphs, 221Gobi (desert), 632, 648, 653, 654Golan Heights, 442–43gold, 834; mining, 540Gold Rush of 1849, 142Good Friday Peace Agreement, 304Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area

projection, 7Gorbachev, Mikhail, 367, p 367, 371,

388–89government, 83: autocracy, 87–88; in

Canada, 144–45; communism, 89–90;democracy, 88–89; features of, 86–87; federal system of, 87; geography and, 26;

884 I n d e x

IndexGran Chaco—industrial capitalism

oligarchy, 88; socialism, 90; types of,87–90; in the United States, 144–45; uni-tary system of, 87

Gran Chaco, p 179Grand Canal, 691, p 691Grand Canyon, 43, 116; water erosion in,

p 42graph, 12graphs, understanding, 28graziers, 834Great Artesian Basin, 794Great Australian Bight, 794Great Barrier Reef, 794–95, 840Great Basin, 116Great Bear Lake, 119Great Britain. See England; United

Kingdomgreat circle route, 3Great Dividing Range, 794Great Hungarian Plain, 275Great Indian Desert, p 556, 577Great Lakes, 63, 119Great Lakes Water Quality Act, 168Great Plains, 42, 116, 124Great Rift Valley, 482, 500, 502Great Salt Lake, 49Great Salt Lake Desert, 123Great Sandy Desert, 794Great Slave Lake, 118Great Victoria Desert, 794Greece, c 265; ancient, 295; climate in, 277;

environmental protection laws and, 324;immigrants to Australia from, 815; urban-ization and, 290

greenhouse effect, 58, d 70, 243, 322Greenland, 42, 116, 122green revolution, 613, 624–25Greenwich, England, 20Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), 510“green zones,” 771Grenada, c 187Grenadines, the, c 189grid system, 3, 20, d 21gross domestic product (GDP), 465, 675groundwater, 49, 167Guadalcanal, 819Guam, 812Guangzhou, China, 649, 664, 670, 690Guatemala: farmer in, p 191; in Latin

America, c 187; textiles from, 228; urbanization in, 246; woman at market in, p 210

guest workers, 290–91Guinea, c 492, 540Guinea-Bissau, c 492, 544gulf, 14, 47Gulf of Aden, 421Gulf of Aqaba, 422, 467, 473Gulf Coastal Plain, 166Gulf of Fonseca, 246Gulf of Gdansk, pollution in, p 323Gulf of Guinea, 503, 516Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, 119Gulf of Mexico, 47, 196Gulf Stream, 278Gulf of Suez, 422Gulf of Thailand, 742Gunung Agung, 767Gupta Empire, 595guru, 601Guyana, 23, c 188, 213, 246gypsy moth, 45, p 45

habitats, 546Hagia Sophia, p 409Hainan, 654Haiti, c 188, 223hajj, 466hamada, 429Han, 662Han dynasty, 670Hangzhou, China, 649Hanoi, Vietnam, p 708, p 716Han River, 649Harappa, 593harbor, 14harmattan, 508Harran Plain, 475Hausa people, 538Havana, Cuba, 217Hawaii: Mauna Loa Observatory, 55; Pearl

Harbor, 819; tropical rain forests in, 125;as volcanic islands, 41, 116

health care: acupuncture, 677; malnutri-tion, 230; sanitation and, 516. See alsoentries for culture regions

heavy industry, 317Hejaz Mountains, 424hemispheres, 20, d 20Herzegovina, c 264, 293hieroglyphics, 447highland, 14highlands climate: in East Asia, 654; in

North Africa, Southwest Asia, and CentralAsia, 430–31; in Southeast Asia, 728

high latitude climates, 68–69, 352high latitudes, 60hill, 14Himalaya, 556, p 556–57; climate in, 575–76;

in East Asia, 647; ecosystem, 618; forma-tion of, 39; monsoon rains and, 579; sher-pas in, p 588; in South Asia, 570–71;tourism in, 616; train through foothills of,p 569

Hindi language, 81Hinduism, m 82; Ganesha temple, p 594; in

India, 598, 623; Kashmiri, 599; respect forliving things, 619; in South Asia, 558, 601;in West Indies, 226

Hindu Kush mountains, p 407, 570, 594Hindu Tamils, 617Hiroshima, 685history: geography and, 26. See also entries

for culture regionsHitler, Adolf, 87, 298Ho Chi Minh, 746Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam, 747, 764, p 735Hokkaido, Japan, 646–47, 655, 663Hollywood, California, 149Holocaust, 298Honduras, c 188, 238, 246Hong Kong: dancer in, p 630–31; economy

of, 689; migration in, 664; as port, 646Hong River. See Red (Hong) River Honshu, Japan, 646, 648Horn of Africa, 543–44horse latitudes, 62Horseshoe Falls, 118Houston, Texas, 136, p 156Huang He. See also Yellow River Hudson Bay, 141, 166human-environment interaction, 22human geographer, c 26

human geography, 24human rights, 689human systems, 22humid continental climate, 68, 354humid subtropical climate, 68, 201, 280, 728Hungary, 77, c 265, 275, 281Hurricane Mitch, 238hurricanes, 125Hussein, Saddam, 452Hutu people, 530–31, p 545Hyderabad, India, 616Hyderabad, Pakistan, p 605hydroelectricity: in East Asia, 693; in Latin

America, 197; in New Zealand, 798; inRussia, 348–49; in South Asia, 572–73, 620;Three Gorges Dam and, 699

hydrosphere, 35, p 36hypothesis, 69

Iberian Peninsula, 272, 274, 275Ice Age glaciers, 272, 275Iceland: climate region in, 277, 281; in

Europe, c 265; volcanic activity in, p 271,274

ideograms, 674Iguaçu Falls, Brazil, p 192immigrants: to Canada, 104, 133–34; to

Europe, 287, 290–91; to Latin America,212; to the United States, g 28, 104,133–34, p 133

Inca civilization, 222India: agriculture, g 613; border disputes,

617, 622–23; cash crops from, 612–13; cul-ture in, 570; economy in, 614–15; GangesDelta, 573; government in, 597; greenrevolution in, 624–25; heavy industry in,616; hydroelectric power in, 620; influ-ence on Southeast Asia, 736; invasivewater hyacinths in, p 45; Narmada Riverbasin, 620; nuclear warheads in, 623;population diversity in, 588; rice paddiesin, p 624; in South Asia, c 564; subtropicalclimate zone in, 576; tourism in, 616;train tracks through Sonada, p 569; twofaces of, p 591; U.S. electronics plants in,p 616; urban life in, 590–91; weather disasters in, 579

India Chipko movement, 621Indian Ocean, 47; in Africa south of the

Sahara, 499, 503, 543; Great AustralianBight in, 794; sailing in southern, p 59; inSouth Asia, 556, 569; in Southeast Asia,721, 742

indigenous people, 212Indochina Peninsula, 706; cordilleras of,

720; Khmer Empire on, 741Indo-Gangetic Plain. See Ganges PlainIndonesia: air pollution in, p 770; in

ASEAN, 763; growing population in, 771; Irian Jaya province of, 719; as island country, 720; Krakatau, p 707;lumber exports from, 761; major regionalports of, 764; Malay groups in, 736; minerals in, 723–24; mining in, 770; inOPEC, 723; in Southeast Asia, c 714;terraced rice fields in, p 704–705;tropical savanna climate in, 727–28; volcanoes of, 722–23

Indus River, 558, 566, 570, 572, 575, 577Indus River valley, 593, p 593, 613industrial capitalism, 297

I n d e x 885

Indexindustrialization—languages

industrialization, 93Industrial Revolution, 85, 289industry: light and heavy, 317; service and

technology, 317; in South Asia, 614. See alsoentries for culture regions

inferences, making, 804Information Revolution, 85information technology, 86infrastructure, 443, 540Ingushetians, 365Inland Sea, 695insular countries, 720intelligentsia, 378INTELSATs, 319intermediate direction, 8internal migration, 215International Red Cross, 545International Telecommunications

Satellite Organization, 319Internet: in Africa south of the Sahara, 542;

in East Asia, 691; in Latin America, 241; forresearch, 328; in South Africa and Zambia,527; in South Asia, 616

interrupted projection, 7interviewing, 25introduced species, 839Inuit people, p 105invasive species, 44–45Ionian Sea, 274Ipanema Beach, p 196Iran, c 414; education in, 456; Elburz

Mountains of, 473; Kurds in, 442; modernera in, 450, 452; oil in, 444–45, 465, 468; reli-gion in, 454; road systems in, 466; urbaniza-tion in, 443

Iranians, 441Iraq, c 414; Atatürk Dam, 474–75; as culture

hearth, 84; Kurds in, 442; modern era in,450, 452; oil in, 468; religion in, 454; riversin, 422–23

Ireland: computer industry in, 317; inEurope, c 265; forests in, 279–80; northern,304; potato famine, 134; reforestation in, 280

Irian Jaya, 761, p 762, 764, 770–71Irish potato famine, 134iron ore, 276, 613, 650, 834Irrawaddy River, 706, 723, 728, 760Irtysh River, 348, 391Islam, m 82; in Europe, 296; in Latin America,

226; in North Africa, Southwest Asia, andCentral Asia, 408, 419, 440, 448–49;Ramadan, 605; in Russia, 363, 377–78; Shia,454; Sikhs, 623; in South Asia, 601; inSoutheast Asia, 708, 736, 743, 749; Sunni,453–54. See also Muslims

Islamabad, Pakistan, 588, 591islands: 14; atolls, 796; continental, 797Israel, c 414; agriculture in, 464; Israeli peo-

ple, 440, 451; as Jewish state, 408; Judaismin, 418; standard of living in, 456; water in,442, 470; West Bank and Gaza Strip areas,451

Istanbul, Turkey, p 409, 443, 467isthmus, 14Italy, c 265; birthrate in, 291; climate in, 277;

in European Union, 300; government in, 87;industrial center in, 317; Roman republic in, 295

Ivan III (“the Great”), 336, 369Ivan IV (“the Terrible”), 369ivory trade, 548–49Iwo Jima, 819

Jains, 619Jakarta, Indonesia, 738, 753; population

in, p 765, 768Jamaica: bauxite mining in, 198, p 247;

British holdings in, 224; cash crops from,238; language in, 213; in Latin America, c 188

James Bay, 116Jammu, India, 596, 598–99, 615Japan, 646; agriculture in, 650, 687; archi-

pelago of, 646; balance of trade in, g 688;center of commerce and culture, p 634–35;coastal plains in, 648; constitutionalmonarchy in, 87; as developed country,93; downturn and recovery in, 675–76;dynasties in, 670; in East Asia, c 640; eth-nic groups in, 663; expansion (1895–1942),m 671; fishing in, p 650; haiku poetry, 678;industry in, 687; Inland Sea, 695; mid-lati-tude climates in, 652; modern governmentin, 671–72; nuclear energy in, 693; pollu-tion control in, 695; population, g 662, 664;rivers in, 649; Shinto shrines in, p 635;shoguns and samurais in, 670; standard of living in, 675; trade surpluses and, 689;transportation routes, m 690; travel in, p 664; urban lifestyle in, 664

Japan Current, 655Japanese macaques, p 633Java, 737Java Sea, 742jazz, 148, 496–97Jerusalem, 418, 448, 451, p 462Jews, 418, p 419, 440, 450, 454; Russification

and, 370. See also JudaismJodhpur, India, p 566Johannesburg, South Africa, 518John Paul II (Pope), 304Jordan, c 415, 452, 466; constitutional

monarchy in, 87Jordan River, 443, 451, 470, 500Judaism, m 82, 418–19; origins of, 408, 448;

in Israel, 454; in Russia, 377–78. See alsoJews

Jupiter, 34

Kabul, Afghanistan, p 408Kalahari Desert, p 505, 509Kaliningrad, Russia, p 390, p 392Kalmykia, Russia, 378Kamchatka Peninsula, 346, 397Kampala, Uganda, 542Karachi, Pakistan, 591Karakoram Mountains, 570, 576Kara Kum. See Garagum (Kara Kum)karma, 593Karnataka Plateau, 571Kashmir: regional conflict in, 596, 598–99,

622–23; tourism in, 617; wool from, 615Kathmandu Valley, 613Kazakhstan, c 415; agriculture in, 465; gov-

ernment in, 452; Islam in, 378; in IslamicWomen’s Games, 457; oil and gas in, 349;Soviet nuclear bases in, 472; Turkic peoplein, 441

Kazan, Russia, 366Kenya: in Africa south of the Sahara, c 492;

climate in, 509; farming in, p 485, 538;herders in, p 537; Masai Mara, 546

Khai Dinh (Emperor), tomb of, p 751key, 8Khmers, 736, 742Khyber Pass, 570, 594Kiel Canal, 319Kiev, Ukraine, 398Kievan Rus, 368–69, 377Kikuyu people, 538Kilimanjaro, 482, 500Kinshasa, 518Kiribati, c 788, 812, 826, 834, 843koala, p 790Kobe, Japan, 664, 697; earthquake in, 41,

p 697Kolkata (Calcutta), India, 591kolkhozes, 390Korea: divided, 672; dynasties in, 670; eth-

nic groups in, 663; mid-latitude climatesin, 652; rivers in, 649. See also KoreanPeninsula; North Korea; South Korea

Korean Peninsula, 646, 648, 650, 654–55Kos, Greece, wedding in, p 306Kosovo, 288, 293, 304Krakatau volcano, p 707, 722Kremlin, 369krill, 798Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 751, p 758Kumbi, Ghana, 520kums, 425Kunlun Shan, 647–48Kurdistan, 442Kurds, 452Kuril Current, 655Kuroshio Current, 655Kush, kingdom of, 520Kuwait, c 415; Iraq’s invasion of, 452, 472;

oil production in, p 406, 444–45, 464; inOPEC, 468; desalination towers in, p 48

Kyrgyzstan, 457, c 415Kyushu, Japan, 646, 664Kyzyl Kum. See Qizilqum (Kyzyl Kum)

lagoons, 796Lagos, Nigeria, 518, 541Lahore, Pakistan, p 592Lake Argyle, p 811Lake Baikal, 347–48, 374–75, 378, 397, p 398Lake Chad, p 33, 502Lake Kariba, fishing in, p 539Lake Malawi, 500, 502Lake Maracaibo, 198Lake Michigan, fisherman in, p 120lakes, 14, 49Lake Tanganyika, 500, 502Lake Taupo, 797Lake Titicaca, 198Lake Victoria, 502Lake Volta, 502lamas, 675landforms, 35; climate and, 63–64land pollution, 95LANDSAT images, analyzing, 828languages, 81; African, 525–26; Arabic, 440;

Sanskrit, 601; in Canada, 147–48; Chinese,674; dialects, 213, 302; Dravidian, 601;

886 I n d e x

IndexLaos—Mogul Empire

English, 147–48, 302; families of, m 81, 303; Farsi, 441, 454; Indo-Aryan,601; Japanese, 674; Khalkha Mongolian,663; Korean, 674; Kurdish, 454; in LatinAmerica, 213, m 213; lingua franca, 526;Malayo-Polynesian, 749; Mon-Khmer, 749;pidgin English, 813; Pushtu, 454; Russian,p 366; Sino-Tibetan, 673, 749; Strine, 813;Turkic, 454; Urdu, 601

Laos: in ASEAN, 763; Buddhist temple in, p 708–09; deforestation in, 770; Frenchholdings in, 743; industrialization in, 762;minerals in, 724; mountains in, 722; out-ward migration and, 739; per capita GDPin, 752; planned migration in, 771; reli-gion in, 749; in Southeast Asia, c 714

La Paz, Bolivia, p 215large-scale map, 9latifundia, 238, p 238Latin America, m 182, m 183, m 195, m 200;

agriculture in, 237–38; architecture of, p 223; arts in, 228–29; birthrate in, 76; citiesin, 217, 245–46; climate regions in, 199–202,m 200; communications in, 241; countryprofiles, c 186–89; developing countries in,93; disaster preparedness in, 247; disputedborders in, 246; economic activity in, m 185; education in, 230; elevation in,202–03; era of dictatorships in, 224; ethnicgroups in, g 212; European colonies in,222–24, m 222; families in, 229–30, p 230;fiestas in, 231; food crops in, 190–91; healthcare in, 230; history of, 212–13; industrialpollution in, 247; industry in, 238–40; lakesin, 198; language in, 213, m 213; lowlandsand plains in, 196–97; migration in, m 216,215–216, 246–47; mountains and plateausin, 194, 196; movements for change in,224–225; music of, p 228; Native Americanempires in, 220–222; natural resources in,198; population density in, m 184, 214–15;population growth in, g 245, 246–47; popu-lation patterns in, 211–19; potters in, p 240;as region, 178; religion in, 226–28, c 227;settlement patterns in, 213–15; sports andleisure in, 230; trade and interdependenceof, 240; transportation in, 240–41; urbanenvironments in, m 215, 245–46; vegetationregions in, 199–202, m 200; water systemsin, 197–98

latitude, 3, 14, 20; climate and, 59–61; linesof, d 21; horse, 62; world zones of, m 60

Latvia, c 265, 372leach, 506Lebanon, c 415, 440, 454, 466leeward side, 64Le Havre, France, 318Lena River, 348Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 370, p 371Lesotho, c 492Liberia, c 492, 522, 538, 544Libya, c 415, 426, 450, 452, 468, 471–72Liechtenstein, c 265light industry, 317Lincoln, Abraham, 143line graph, 12, 28, g 28Li River, rafter on, p 632literature. See entries for culture regionslithosphere, 35, p 36Lithuania, c 266, 372Livingstone, David, 530–31llaneros, 197llanos, 196Local Earth Observation, 23

location, 20loess, 42, 275, 648Loire River, 276London, England, 290, 318; Tower of

London, 321; Victoria Station, p 319longhouses, 752–53longitude, 3, 14, 20; lines of, d 21Los Angeles, California, 136; earthquakes

in, 41; smog in, p 167Los Panchitos dance troupe, p 226Louisiana Purchase, 142lowland, 14low latitudes, 60, m 60lumber. See timberLuxembourg, c 266, 300Luxor, Egypt, canal near, p 441

Maastricht Treaty, 300, 314Macau, China, 646, 649, 689Macdonald, John A., 141Macedonia, c 266Mackenzie River, 118Madagascar, c 492, 526, 538, p 543, 546Madidi National Park, p 242Maghreb, the, 440magma, 38Main-Danube Canal, p 275main idea, finding and summarizing, 282Main River, 276Makkah (Mecca), 448, 466Malabar Coast, 613Malacca, 743Malawi, c 492, 521, 540Malay Archipelago, 720Malay Peninsula, 706, 708, 736, 742, 743Malaysia, c 714, 720; in ASEAN, 763; eco-

nomics in, 762; floating homes in, p 752;forest conservation in, 771; Indian andChinese communities in, 736; industrial-ization in, 93; master kite maker in, p 734;Muslim girl in, p 708; open-air market in,p 759; population growth in, 737; religionin, 749; timber in, 761, p 761; tropical rainforest climate in, 727; United Kingdomholdings in, 743

Maldives, c 564, 571, 617, 621, 589Mali, c 492, 520, 528, 540, 544malnutrition, 230Malta, c 266, 274Manchuria, 646, 648Manchurian Plain, 647Mandela, Nelson, 524mangrove forest, 576, 620Manila, Philippines, 722, 763, 768mantle, 38manuka, 803Maori people, 781, 812, 818, 819, 825Mao Zedong, 634, 666, 671, 676–78map, 4, 15mapping, 24–25map projection, 4maquiladoras, 239–40Marianas, 812marine west coast climate, 68maritime empires, 741–42market economy, 89, 388–89; c 388–89Márquez, Gabriel García, 229Marrakech, Morocco, 430Mars, 34Marseille, France, 318Marshall Islands, c 788, 796, 819, 836, 840

Martinique, 213, 224Marx, Karl, 370Masai, 538; traditional dancers, p 527Masai Mara, 546mass culture, 525Massif Central, 274Mato Grosso Plateau, 196Mauna Loa Observatory, 55Mauritania, c 492, 541, 544Mauritius, c 492Mauryan Empire, 595Maya civilization, 221Mayan dialects, 213Maya ruins, p 176–77Mayon Volcano, 767Mediterranean climate, 68, 430–31, 464Mediterranean Sea, 47, p 256; Europe

and, 272, 323; North Africa, SouthwestAsia, and Central Asia, 421, 424, 446, 451, 467

megacities, 217megalopolis, 136, 591Mekong River, 706, p 706–07, 723, 742;

boat traffic on, p 740Melanesia, 795, 812Melbourne, Australia, 814meltwater, 322Mercator projection, 7Mercury, 34meridian, 3, 15mesa, 15Meseta, 274Mesopotamia, 423, 447, 448, 454–55meteoroids, 35meteorology, 24metropolitan area, 135Meuse River, 323Mexican Plateau, 194Mexico: cash crops from, 238; as culture

hearth, 84; government in, 87; Internetusage in, 230; in Latin America, c 188;Maya in southern, 221; mountains in,194; natural resources in, 198; Popocatépetlvolcano, p 246; population of, 215; verti-cal climate zones in, d 203; Zapatistasin, p 220

Mexico City, Mexico, 79, 215, 218, 245Miami, Florida, 136Micronesia, c 788; as island, 795–96, 812;

tourism in, 836; trust territories in, 819Middle Ages, 296–97Middle America, 194. See also Latin Americamid-latitude climate, 66, m 60, 68; in East

Asia, 652–53; in Russia, 354–55; in SouthAsia, 576

midnight sun, 57migration, 79; internal, 216; Latin America

and, 216, 246–47; out-migration, 246;world population change due to, g 28

Milosevic, Slobodan, 293Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 137minerals, 119–20, 198, 465, 540, 574, 613–14,

574, 761. See also entries for culture regionsminifundia, 238Mississippi, voters in, p 88Mississippi River, 118Missouri Breaks, 115, p 115Missouri River, 118mistral, 280mixed economy, 89mixed farming, 317mixed forests, 68mobility, 137Mogul Empire, 595

I n d e x 887

IndexMohenjo-Daro—North China Plain

Mohenjo-Daro, 593Mojave Desert, 123Moldova, c 266, 468Mombasa, Kenya, 541Monaco, c 266monarchy, 88Mongolia, c 640; agriculture in, 686;

Buddhism in, 675; climate in, 653–54; coalmines in, 650; environmental challengesin, 695; ethnic groups in, 663; free, 672;land and sea in, 645–46; mountains in,647; nomads in, p 651; population densityin, 664; Silk Road and, 468

Mongolian Plateau, 648Mongols, 364, 368, 447, 449monopoly, 162monotheism, 448monsoons: in Africa south of the Sahara,

508; in East Asia, 632, 652, 654–55; inRussia, 349; in South Asia, 556, m 578,p 578, 579, 613

Mont Blanc, 275Montenegro, 293Monterrey, Mexico, p 181Montevideo, Uruguay, 217Montreal, 136moraines, 42Morocco, c 415; agriculture in, 464; climate

in, 430; government in, 452; phosphatefrom, 465; population growth in, 443; pro-posed highway system in, 541

mosaics, 228, p 229Moscow, Russia, p 337, 346, 366, p 387;

Red Square in, 372Moskva River, 397mosques, 448, 455mountain peak, 15mountain ranges, 15; creation of, 39; sides

of, 64Mount Ararat, 424–25Mount Cook, 797Mount Etna, 274Mount Everest, 36, 570, 648Mount Isarog, 726Mount Kenya, 500Mount McKinley, 116Mount Pinatubo, 722, 767Mount Ruapehu, 797mouth, 15Mozambique, c 493, 500, 504, 517Mt. Fuji, 648multimedia presentations, 656Mumbai, India, 590, 601, 615Murray-Darling River Basin, 839Murray River, 794Muscovy, 369music: African American, p 104; of East

Asia, p 678; jazz, 496–97; NativeAmerican, 148–149, p 147; of North Africa,Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, p 466;raga, 603; tala, 603. See also musical instru-ments and entries for culture regions

musical instruments: bagpipes, 303; bal-alaika, 380; didgeridoo, 817; flute, NativeAmerican, 147; gamelan, 750; oud, 466;panpipes, 228; shakuhachi, 678; tabla, 604;tala, 603; talking drum, 528

Muslims, 440, 448, 450–51, 457, 466, 623;empires, m 449; in Jerusalem, p 419; strug-gle for Kashmir and, 598–99. See also Islam

Mussolini, Benito, 87, 298Myanmar: in ASEAN, 763; Asian elephant

in, p 706; climate in, 729; deforestation in,770; gems in, 724; indigenous people in,

736; mountains in, 722; religion in, 749;rice cultivation in, 760; rivers in, 723; inSoutheast Asia, c 714; teakwood exports,761; United Kingdom holdings in, 743;world trade and, 763

Nabataeans, 471Nagoya, Japan, 664Nagpur, India, 615Nairobi, Kenya, 518Nakuru, Kenya, p 498Namib Desert, p 482, 509Namibia: in Africa south of the Sahara,

c 493; cheetah in, p 547; early paintings in,519; elephants in, 549; fishing in, 540; goldmining in, 504; Kalahari Desert in, 509;population density in, 516

Naples, Italy, 290Narmada River, 620Nashua River, p 168nationalism, 449nationalized, 450Native Americans: ancestors of, 104; in

Andes, p 180; art forms of Latin American,228; corn as staple of, 190; empires of,220–22, m 221; history of, 141; LakeTiticaca and, 198; music of, 148, p 147; inNorth America, 134; Yurok group, p 134

natural gas, 426, 465natural resources, 91–92; human impact

on, 165–66; in Latin America, 198; miner-als, 198. See also resources and entries forculture regions

natural vegetation, 66; acacia tree, 801;bamboo, 652; coniferous forests, 122–23,279, 281, 353; deciduous forests, 124, 279;endemic species, 729; eucalyptus, 801;lichens, 803; manuka, 803. See also vegeta-tion and entries for culture regions

Nauru, c 788, 812, 814, 834, 835Nazi Germany, 87Ndumu Game Reserve, 546Nepal: agriculture in, 612; Annapurna

Range in, p 573, p 618; Buddhist shrine in,p 554–55; forests, 574; Himalaya and, 570;hydroelectricity in, 573; KathmanduValley, 613; Namche Bazaar, p 556–57;population in, 588–89; in South Asia, c 564;subtropical climate in, 576; tourism in, 616

Neptune, 34Netherlands, the, c 266; celebrations in,

307; dikes in, 272; in European Union,300; ice-skating in, 306; immigrants toAustralia from, 815

Neva River, p 334Nevis, c 189New Britain, 818New Brunswick, 141New Caledonia, 797, 812–13Newfoundland, 116, 125Newfoundland and Labrador, 107, 111New Guinea, 728, 761New Mexico, p 104, 148New Orleans, Louisiana, p 24, 136New York City: Broadway in, 149; Lower

Manhattan in, 133; St. Patrick’s Cathedralin, 269; World Trade Center, Sept. 11thattacks on, 163–64

New York City Ballet, 343New York State, wetlands, p 171New Zealand, 780, c 788; agriculture in,

833–34; aluminum smelting in, 834; arts in,825–26; Asians in, 813; Byrd Expedition stopin, 823; climate regions in, 802–03; educa-tion and health care in, 826–27; Europeansin, 812–13; government in, 819–20; land-scape of, 797–98; language in, 813; manufac-turing in, 835; Maori people in, 781, 812,818, 819, 825; nuclear ban in, 840; inPolynesia, 795; service industries in, 835–36;sheep in, p 781; sports and leisure in, 827, p827; timber resources in, 839; trade linkswith, 836; transportation in, 836–37; urban-ization in, 814–15; vegetation in, 802–03

Niagara Falls, 119Nicaragua, c 188, 239, 246Nicholas II (Czar), 370Niger, 78, c 493, 504, 519, 544Nigeria: in Africa south of the Sahara, c 493;

agriculture in, 538; colonial legacy of, 524;conflict in, 523; fishing in, 540; populationgrowth in, 516; railroad system in, 541;resources in, 503

Niger River, 503Nile Delta, 423; Egypt, p 75; satellite view

of, p 469Nile River: Aswan Dam on, 27; crops

along, p 422; early civilizations on, 408,446, 447; as freshwater source, 470; lengthof, 422; population density around, 78

nirvana, 594Nizhne Kamchatsk, p 351Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia, 366Nobel Peace Prize, 672North Africa, Southwest Asia, and

Central Asia, m 410–11, m 423; Afghanisin, 441; agriculture in, 464–65; Arab-Israeliconflict in, 450–51; Arabs in, 440; arts in,454–55; Baku Bay oil derricks, p 463; bor-der conflicts in, 452; Caucasian people in,441; climate regions in, 427–29, m 428;communications in, 467–68; country pro-files, c 414–16; cultures in, 453–57; eco-nomic density in, m 413; education in,456; empire and trade in, 447; environ-mental concerns for, 472–73; everyday lifein, 455–56; fishing in, 465; food needs in,463–65; governments in, 452; health carein, 457; independence in, 450; industrialgrowth in, 465–66; interdependence and,468; Iranians in, 441; Israelis in, 440, 451;Kurds in, 451–52, m 451; land use in, c 464; languages in, 454; leisure time in,457; literature of, 455; modern era in,449–52; mountains in, 424; naturalresources in, 425–26; Palestinians in, 451;peoples in, 439–42; plains in, 424; plateausin, 424; population and resources in,442–43; population density in, m 412; pre-cipitation in, m 470; prehistoric peoples in,446–47; as region in motion, 425; religionsin, 453–54, m 454; rivers in, 422–24; seasand peninsulas in, 421–22; standards ofliving in, 456; streambeds in, 423–24;transportation in, 466–68; Turks in, 441;urbanization in, g 443; vegetation in,427–29, m 429; water and, 442–43, 469–72;waterways and pipelines in, 467

North America, 35–36. See also Canada;United States

North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA), 94, 163, 169, 240

North Atlantic Drift, 278North Carolina, Research Triangle, 160North China Plain, 647, 648

888 I n d e x

IndexNorth Dakota—Potomac River

North Dakota, sunflowers in, p 102Northern Hemisphere, d 20; mid-latitude

regions of, 68; seasons in, 56, d 57; tundraregions of, 68; winds in, 62

Northern Ireland, 304Northern Mountains, 648North European Plain, 275, 346North Island, New Zealand, 797, 802–03North Korea, 646, 650, 664; agriculture in,

686–87; in East Asia, c 640; environmentalchallenges in, 694; industry in, 687–88

north latitude, 3North Pole, 20, d 20, d 21, 56–58North Sea, 272, 319, 323North Vietnam, 744Northwest Territories, 142Norway, c 266, 272, 277, 327Notre Dame Cathedral, 305Nova Scotia, Canada, p 103, 141nuclear capability, m 622nuclear energy, in East Asia, 693nuclear family, 529nuclear proliferation, 623nuclear wastes, 398nuclear weapons, testing of, 840–41Nullarbor Plain, 794Nunavut, 142

oasis, 67Ob River, 348, 391ocean, 15, 47–48; aquaculture in, 695–696ocean currents, 15, m 61, 61, 62, 655Oceania, m 784, m 785, m 796; agriculture

in, 834; Asians in, 813; climate in, 841; cli-mate regions in, m 800, 802; communica-tions in, 837; Cook Islands, p 780; countryprofiles, c 788–89; economic activity in,m 787; European colonies in, 818–19, m818; Europeans in, 812–13; everyday life in,826–27; freshwater resources in, 839–40;global trade links in, 836; government in,820–21; indigenous lifestyles in, 817–18;islands in, 795–97; languages in, 813; musicof, 817; natural resources in, 838–41; popu-lation patterns in, 812–13; religions in, g 825; service industries in, 835–36; sportsand leisure in, 827, p 827; tourism in, 836;transportation in, 836–37; urban areas in,814; vegetation in, m 801, 802

oil, 650; in Azerbaijan, p 463, 467; inCaspian Sea, 426, 463, 467; in Iran, 444–45,465, 468; in Iraq, 468; in Kazakhstan, 349;in Kuwait, p 406, 444–45, 464; OPEC,444–45, 468; in Persian Gulf, 444–45, p 444–45; in Saudi Arabia, 444, 465, 468; inVenezuela, 197, 198; world reserves, g 465

Okavango Delta, 505, 549Old Faithful, 41oligarchy, 88Olmec culture, 84Olympic Games: 1980 Winter, 113; 1984

Winter, 294Oman, c 415, 457Ontario, 141Opéra Garnier, p 259oral tradition, 528Ore Mountains, 327organic farming, 318Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC), 445, 468, 540, 761,723

Orinoco River, 198Orissa, India, 579Orkney Islands, 302Oruro, Bolivia, carnival in, p 74Osaka, Japan, 664Ottawa, Canada, 136Ottoman Empire, 441Ottoman Turks, 293, 450outline, creating an, 250out-migration, 246Oyashio Current, 655ozone layer, 841

Pacific Islanders, 812Pacific Ocean, 47; Hawaiian Islands in, 41;

islands in, 780; Mariana Trench in, 36; Ringof Fire in, 41, 194, 646, 706, 722, 766; salmonin, 350; Southeast Asia islands in, 721

Pacific Ranges, 116, 123Pakistan, c 564; agriculture in, 612–13;

border disputes, 617, 622–23; cash cropsfrom, 612–13; cotton production in, p 612;as cuture hearth, 84; fishing in, 614;industry in, 616; Kashmir and, 598–99;Khyber Pass and, 570; lack of clean waterin, 619; nuclear warheads in, 623; peoplein, 588, g 589; rainfall in western, 579;Tarbela dam in, 573

Palau, p 780–81, c 788, 819Palawan, 724Palenque, Mexico, p 176–77Palestine, 450Palestinians, 440, 451Pamirs, 647pampas, 196, 201–02Panama, c 188Panama Canal, 218–19, p 218, 241Pangaea, 38Papeete, Tahiti, p 789Papua New Guinea, c 788; cash crops in,

826; gold and copper in, 834; as island,797; in Melanesia, 812; mountainous areasof, 802; shell money used in, 818; timberresources in, 839

Paraguay, 213; Gran Chaco in, p 179; inLatin America, c 188

Paraguay River, 197parallel, 3, 15Paraná-Paraguay River, 241Paraná River, 197Paris, France, 275, 278, 290; Eiffel Tower in,

p 318; Notre Dame Cathedral, 305; shop-ping in, p 288

Parthenon, in Athens, 305Patagonia, 194–95, 214patois, 213patriarch, 377patriotism, 151, p 151Pearl Harbor, 819peninsula, 15People’s Republic of China. See Chinaperestroika, 371permafrost, 68, 281, 349permanent normal trade relation status

(PNTR), 163Persian Empire, 447Persian Gulf, 421–23, 465, 470, 475; desali-

nation of water from, p 48; oil in, 444–45,p 444–45

Persian Gulf War, 445, 472Persians, 408, 441

Peru, c 188; Amazon Basin, 197; the Andes,194; Chinese settlers in, 213; Incas in, 222;Lake Titicaca, 198; Native Americans in,212; trans-Andean highway, 241; urban-ization in, 246

pesticides, 398Peter I (“the Great”), 369Petra, Jordan, p 404–05petroleum, 426Philippines: in ASEAN, 763; energy

sources in, 723; industry in, 762; as insularcountry, 720–21; languages in, 749; lumberexports from, 761; rice farming in, p 706,760; Roman Catholicism in, 749; inSoutheast Asia, c 714; urbanization in,737, c 738; volcanoes in, 722–23, 767

Philippine Sea, 646Phoenicians, 408, 447phosphate mining, 426, 834, 835photosynthesis, 95physical feature, 15physical geographer, c 26physical geography, 24physical map, 10physical systems, 21–22Piedmont, 116, m 117pie graph, 13Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 137, 161Pizarro, Francisco, 222place, 21plain, 15planar, 4planets, 34–35plateau, 15Plateau of Tibet, m 647, 648, 654Plateau of Xizang, 632, 648plates, 39, 40plate tectonics, 38–39Pluto, 34poaching, 546, 619pogroms, 378Poland, c 266; acid rain and, 327; Bialowieza

Forest in, 324; coal in, 276; industrial cen-ter in, 317; manufacturing centers in, 316;North European Plain in, 275; pollutionin, 322, p 322; population in, 289; radia-tion in, 399; in Soviet Union, 371

polar easterlies, 62Polar Plateau, 822polders, 272Poles, 364, 367political map, 10, m 107. See also specific

culture regionspolitical systems, 86–90. See also govern-

mentpollution, 94–95; acid rain and, 166–67;

air, 95, 322, 398; “ecological stress,” 397;industrial, 247; reducing, 323–25; smog,167, p 167; from volcanoes, 769; water,167–68, 323, 397–98, 473. See also environ-mental challenges

Polynesia, 795, 812, 817Pontic Mountains, 424Popocatépetl volcano, p 246population: density of, 77–78, m 78; distri-

bution of, 77–79; growth of, 75–77, g 76;movement, 79

population density map, 232, m 232population projections, world, g 28Po River, 275, 276Portugal, c 266, 272, 297Positano, Italy, p 257post-industrial economies, 158, 160Potomac River, 136

I n d e x 889

IndexPrague, Czech Republic—seasons

Prague, Czech Republic, historic build-ings of, p 290

prairies, 68, 124precipitation, 47predicting consequences, 626Pregolya River, p 392prevailing winds, 62primate city, 217, 738Prime Meridian, 3, 15, 20, 510Prince Edward Island, 116privatization, 389problem solving, 844Protestant Christianity, 227Protocol on Environmental Protection,

835Puerto Rico, c 189; tropical rain forests in,

125Putin, Vladimir, 390Pyongyang, Korea, 663Pyrenees Mountains, 272, 274–75

qanats, 447Qatar, c 415, 456, 468Qing dynasty, 670Qin Ling Mountains, 648, 655Qin Shi Huang Di, 668Qizilqum (Kyzyl Kum), 425Quebec, 136, 141, 147–48Quechua, 213quipu, 222Quito, Ecuador, 61Qurghonteppa-Kulob railway, 467

Raca, Yugoslavia, p 292radioactive waste, 95rain forests: in Africa south of the Sahara,

545–46; biodiversity in, 248–49; canopy in,200; clearing field in Amazon, p 249; inKarnataka Plateau, 571; in Latin America,200, 242–44; shrinking, m 243; inSoutheast Asia, 719, p 725. See also tropicalrain forests

rain shadow effect, 64, d 64, 123Ramses II (Pharaoh), p 409realism, 305Red (Hong) River, 706, 723, 742Red Sea, 421, 467, 499reforestation, 244, 280Reformation, 297regional geographer, c 26regions, 21; climate, 65–69. See also culture

regionsregs, 428relative location, 9, 20relief, 10, 15relief map, reading a, 126, m 126religion, m 82; atheism, 376; Buddhism,

558, 594, 601, 619, 673–74, 749–50, p 708–09; in Canada, 147; Christianity, 448;Confucianism, 673–74, 750; Daoism, 674;Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 364, 369,376–77, 381; in Europe, 295–96; Hinduism,558, 593–94, 598, 601, 619, 623; Islam, 296,448–49, 598, 601, 623, 675, 708; Jains, 619;Judaism, 448; in Latin America, 226–28, c 227; monotheism, 448; Reformation, 297;Roman Catholicism, 295–96; shamanism,

675; Shia Islam, 453–54; Shiite Muslims, c 454; Shintoism, 673–74; Southwest Asianroots of, 418–19; Sunni Islam, 453–54;Sunni Muslims, c 454; syncretism, 228;three major, 448–49; in the United States,147; world, m 82

Renaissance, 296–97reparation, 298republic, 141Republic of China. See TaiwanResearch Triangle, 160resources, 91–92retooling, 161Revolutionary War, p 141Reykjavík, Iceland, 274Rhine River, p 257, 275–76, 319, 323Rhône River, 276rift valley, 500Ring of Fire: cities along, 41; East Asia and,

646; Latin America and, 194; Oceaniaislands in, 795; Southeast Asia in, 706,722, 766

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 196, p 181, p 196,214, 217, 246, 729

Río de la Plata, 198Rio Grande, 197rivers, 15, 49; flow calculations of, 584–85,

p 584–85Robinson projection, 6Rocky Mountains, 43, 116, p 118, 122; min-

erals in, 119; rivers from, 118Roman Catholic Church, in Europe, 296–97,

303–04, 307; in Latin America, 222, 227;Lent observance, 231; in Philippines, 749

Roman Empire, 295, m 295Romania, c 267, 275, 281, 322, 324romanticism, 305Rome, ancient, p 269, 295Rondônia, Brazil, 828Rongelop Atoll, 840Roosevelt, Theodore, 219Ross Ice Shelf, 843Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 318Ruhr, 317Russia, m 338, m 339, m 347; agriculture in,

390–91, p 391; air quality in, 398; arts in, p 370, 379–81; Caucasian peoples in, 365;Caucasus area under, 449; Chernobyl acci-dent, 398–99; Christianity in, 377; climateregions in, 351–55, m 352; climograph of, g 356; coastline of, 347; country profile of, c 340; culture in, 376–81; early peoples and states in, 367–69; Eastern OrthodoxChristianity in, 376–77, 381; economic activ-ity in, m 341, 387–90; education in, 378–79;ethnic diversity in, 363–65, m 364; expan-sion of, m 368; Fabergé Easter eggs, p 370;fishing industry in, 350, 394–95; forest landin, 349, p 397; global interdependence and,393; health care in, 379, c 379; history of,367–75; industry in, 390–91; internationalrelations and, 393; Kremlin, 381; lakes in,347; life and leisure in, 381; market econ-omy in, c 388–89; mass communications in,392–93; mountains in, 346; natural resourcesin, 349–50; new, 372–73; North EuropeanPlain in, 275; The Nutcracker ballet and,342–44; plains areas in, 346; plateaus in,346; pollution in, 397–99; population density in, m 340; population patterns in,363–66; privatization in, 389; purchase ofAlaska from, 143; Red Square, 381; religionin, 376–78, m 377; resources of, 396–97;rivers in, 348–49; Romanov czars in, 369;

Russian Revolution, 370; schoolchildren in, p 386; seas in, 347; size as compared toUnited States, c 346; Slavs in, 364–65; soilin, 349, 398; Soviet era in, 370–71; total landarea in, 345; trade with, 393; transportationin, 391–92; Trans-Siberian Railroad, 374–75,p 374–75; Turkic peoples in, 364; vegetationin, 351–55, m 353; Volga River, p 345; warand winter in, 354–55

Russian language, 81, p 366Russian Orthodox churches, p 336–37Russians, 368, 441Russification, 370Rust Belt: retooling, 160–61Ruwenzori Mountains, 500Rwanda, c 493, 516, 530–31, 544Rwanda, Parc National de Volcans, 546

Sahara, p 33, 67, 428; Algerian, p 406–07; camel travel in, p 421

Sahel, p 33, 508, 544Saigon, Vietnam, 747St. Kitts, in Latin America, c 189St. Lawrence River, 118St. Lawrence Seaway, 119St. Lucia, c 189St. Petersburg, Russia: palace of Catherine

the Great in, p 369; Peter the Great’sSummer Garden in, p 336; population in,366; snow-covered trees in, p 332–33; inRussian plains, 346; as “window to theWest,” 369; WWII and, 354

St. Vincent, c 189Sakha, 365salt water, bodies of, 47–48; swamp, p 838Samarqand, 447Samoa, p 782, c 788, 812, 826; diver in, p 816samurai, 670San Andreas Fault, p 37, 40San Francisco, California, 136; earthquakes

in, 41; Golden Gate Bridge in, p 100–01sanitation, 516San Marino, c 267San Martín, José de, 223, p 224Sanskrit, 601Santiago, Chile, 214, 217, p 236, 246São Paulo, Brazil, 244Sao Tome and Principe, c 493Sarajevo, 294Sardinia, 274satellites, Soviet, 371Saturn, 34Saudi Arabia, c 416; food and, 464; govern-

ment in, 87, 452; oil industry in, 444, 465,468; population growth in, 443

savanna: in Africa, p 483, 507–08. See alsotropical savanna climate

scale, 9scale bar, 8, 9Scandinavia: climate in, 281; environmen-

tal cleanup in, 324; government in, 90;political map, m 308; rivers in, 275

Scandinavian Peninsula, 272sea, 15, 48seacoast, 15Sea of Azov, 348Sea of Galilee, 443Sea of Japan, 374, 646, 654Sea of Marmara, 347, 422Sea of Okhotsk, 352, p 395, 646seasons, 56, d 57

890 I n d e x

IndexSeattle, Washington—stupa

Seattle, Washington, 55–56, 136, 160sedentary farming, 538Seine River, 276selva, 200Sena people, 517Senegal, c 493, 508, 540Seoul, Korea, 664separatism, 148Serbia, 275, 292–293Serbs, 368Serengeti National Park, 546Serengeti Plain, 508serfs, in Russia, 369service centers, 518service industries, 238, 465, 616Seychelles, c 493shakuhachi, p 678shamanism, 675Shang dynasty, 669Shanghai, China, 649, 664, 690Shan Plateau, 729shantytowns, 244Shatt al Arab, 423shatterbelt, 288Shenyang, China, 694shifting farming, 538Shikoku, Japan, 646Shilka River, 375shogun, 670Sholapur, India, 615Siberia: Caucasus area in, 365; climate in,

351–53, p 354; Lake Baikal, 347, 397; “mysterious fireball” strikes, 35; pipeline in western, p 334; rivers in, 348–49

Siberian Plateau, 397Siberian tigers, p 335Sichuan Basin, 648Sicily, 274Sierra Leone, c 493, 504, 544Sierra Madre Mountains, 194Sierra Nevada, 116Silicon Valley, 136, 160Silk Road, 447, 467–68Sinai Peninsula, 422Singapore, p 709, c 714, 729; in ASEAN,

763; communications in, 765; economicsin, 762; environmental success in, p 768;as free port, 764; as insular country,720–21; languages in, 749; per capita GDP in, 752; population density in, 737;recreation in, 753; United Kingdom hold-ings in, 743

siroccos, 280–81sketch maps, creating, 476, m 476slash-and-burn farming, 244, 538slave trade, 521–22, m 521Slavic people, 292Slavs, 367; in Russia, 364–65Slovakia, c 267, 275Slovaks, 367Slovenes, 368Slovenia, c 267, 292–93small-scale map, 9smog, 69, 167social groups, 82socialism, 89–90, 370, 614socialist realism, 380socioeconomic status, 150soil, alluvial, 423soil composition, 130soil erosion, 539, 621 solar energy, 92solar system, 33–35, d 34Solidarity, 299

Solomon Islands, c 789, 804, 812, 820, 836solstice, 57Somalia, c 493, 509, 543, 544Songhai, 520source, 15sources, analyzing primary and

secondary, 382South Africa, c 494; apartheid in, 524;

diamond deposits in, 504; mineral wealthin, 540; mining in, p 482; rural community,p 519; sedentary farming in, 538

South America, 36; Amazon River basin,66; Andes mountain ranges, p 179, 194,196; continent, 194; as cradle of El Niño,65; mountains in, 194; “populated rim” in,214; rivers of, 197–98; tropical savannasin, 67. See also Latin America

South Asia, m 560, m 561, m 571; agricul-ture in, 611–13; arts in, 602–04; celebra-tions in, 605; challenges for, 622–23;climate regions in, 575–77, m 576, c 577;colonization of, 708; country profiles, c 564; cultures in, 600–05; deforestation in,620; economic activity in, m 563; energyresources in, 573; fishing in, 614; govern-ment in, 597; Himalaya in, 570; history of,592–96; industry in, 614–16; invasions andempires in, 594–95, m 595; lack of cleanwater in, 619; landforms in, 570–71; lan-guages in, 600–01, m 601; minerals in, 574,613–14; modern, 595–97; monsoons in, m578, p 578, 613; natural resource manage-ment in, 618–21; natural resources in,573–74; pashmina shawls from, p 615;population density in, m 562; populationpatterns in, 587–91; promise and possibil-ity in, 623; quality of life in, 604–05; refor-estation in, 621; religions in, 593–94,601–02, m 602; river systems in, 572; sea-sons in, 577–79; as separate land, 569; tim-ber in, 574, p 574; tourism in, 616–17;urban and rural life in, 590–91; vegetationin, 575–77, m 576; water in, 573; weatherdisasters in, 579; wildlife in, 619

South China Sea, 646, 650, 707, 709, 723,742

Southeast Asia, m 710, m 711, m 721; agri-culture in, 759–61; architecture of, p 741;arts in, 750–52; burning forests in, c 769;climate regions in, 725–29, m 726; commu-nications in, 765; coral reefs in, 772–73, p 772–73; cordilleras in, 722; country pro-files, c 714; crafts in, 751; cultural diversityin, 748–50; dance and drama in, 752;drought in, 63; early civilizations in, 740;economic activity in, m 713; environmentalpollution in, 768–69; environmental protec-tion in, 770–71; ethnic diversity in, 708–09,p 708–09; farming in, 770; floods andtyphoons in, 767–68; flora and fauna in,724; forests in, 761; governmental forms in,745; health and education in, 752; housingin, 752–53; indigenous people of, 736;industry in, 761–63; interdependence in,763–64; islands of, 720–21; kingdoms andempires in, m 741, 742–43; languages in,749; less industrialized countries in,762–63; lifestyles in, 752–53; literacy in,752; literature in, 751–52; logging in, 770;mainland, 720; mining in, 723, 761, 770;mountains in, 722; movement to cities in,737–38; music of, 750; natural resources in,723–24; outward migrations, 738–39;peninsulas in, 719–21; population density

in, m 712; population patterns in, 735–39;religions in, 749–50, m 749; rice paddies in,p 760; rivers in, 723; struggle for freedomin, 743–45; transportation in, 764–65; vege-tation in, 725–29, m 727; Western coloniza-tion in, 737, 743, m 744

Southeast Asia, peninsula of, 646Southeastern Anatolia Project, 475Southern Alps, 797Southern Hemisphere, d 20; seasons in,

56; winds in, 62South Island, New Zealand, 797, 803South Korea: agriculture in, 686–87; in

East Asia, c 640; environmental challengesin, 694; industry in, 687–88; immigrationfrom, 664–65; in Korean Peninsula, 646;minerals in, 650; nuclear energy in, 693;standard of living in, 675

south latitude, 3South Pacific: archipelagos in, 720; arts in,

825; blend of cultures in, 824–26; climateand weather in, 841; nuclear weaponstesting in, 840–41; sports and leisure in,827; World War II in, 836. See alsoAustralia; New Zealand; Oceania

South Pole, 20, d 20, d 21, 56–58, 821, 822South Vietnam, 744Southwest Asia, m 410–11; economic activ-

ity, m 413; importance of freshwater in, g 471, m 471; population density in, m 412.See also North Africa, Central Asia

sovereignty, 365Soviet Union: breakup of, 336, 345, 371–72;

command economy in, 388; communica-tion in, 392; culture and, 380; intelligentsiain, 378; stagnant economy of, 90; as super-power, 371; transportation and, 391–92;trawlers of, 395

sovkhozes, 390Spain, c 267; climate in, 277; colonies of,

141, 222; on Iberian Peninsula, 272; Islamin, 296; Meseta in, 274, 280, 321

Spanish language, 81spatial relations, 20specialization, civilization and, 85special-purpose map, 11spheres of influence, 670, 743spreading, 40, d 41Sri Lanka: 596; Buddhist Sinhalese in, 623;

Ceylon tea from, p 559; climate in, 575–76;ethnic groups in, 588; fishing in, 614; asisland, 571; natural resources in, 574;plantations in, 612; in South Asia, c 564;tourism in, 617; vegetation in, 576

Srivijaya Empire, 742Stalin, Joseph, 87, 371; statue of, p 336state farms, 317stations, 834statistics, 25; interpreting, 550steppe, 67; in Africa south of the Sahara, 508;

in Central Asia, 447; Indian, 576; in LatinAmerica, 202; in South Asia, 577

steppe climate region: in Australia, 801; inEast Asia, 653; in Europe, 280; in NorthAfrica, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia,429; in Russia, 355; in the United States, 123

strait, 15Strait of Gibraltar, 272, 323, 421Strait of Hormuz, 467Strait of Malacca, 709, 742, 764Strait of Tiran, 467streams, 49strip mining, 165, p 165stupa, 604

I n d e x 891

Indexsubarctic climate—United States

subarctic climate, 68, 353subcontinent, 569subduction, 39, d 40subsistence crop, 760subsistence farming, 538, 826, 834; in

South Asia, 611–12subtropical climate, in South Asia, 576suburbs, 135Sudan, c 494, 508, 544Suez Canal, m RA18, 467sulfate deposits, 426sulfur dioxide, 327Sulu, 724Sumatra, 742Sumerians, 408, 447, 455Sunbelt, 135, 160–61Sundarbans region, 576, 620Sunda Strait, 742supercells, 124supertrawlers, 394–95Suriname, c 189sustainable development, 242, 619Swaziland, c 494Sweden, 87, c 267, 272, 277, 288, 327, 399Swiss Alps, p 257Switzerland: in Europe, c 267; government

in, 87; languages in, 303; tourism in, 317Sydney, Australia, 814, 819, p 824Sydney Opera House, p 782–83Syr Darya River, 470Syria, c 416; Atatürk Dam and, 474, 475;

government in, 452; in Islamic Women’sGames, 457; Kurds in, 442; religion in,454; Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in, 423;tourism and, 466

table, 13Table Mountain, p 484–85tables, reading, 550Tahiti, 796, 812–13taiga, 353–54Taipei, Taiwan, 663, 666, p 666, 692Taiwan: aborigines in, 662–63; agriculture

in, 687; climate in, 654; coastal plains in,648; in East Asia, c 640; economic boomin, p 687; environmental challenges in,694; ethnic groups in, 662; government in,666–67, 671; industry in, 688; Japan and,671; land and sea in, 646; mid-latitude cli-mate in, 652; mineral reserves in, 650;nuclear energy in, 693; population densityin, 664; standard of living in, 675

Tajikistan, c 416, 441, 467Tajiks, 442Taj Mahal, p 558–59, 604Taklimakan Desert, 632, 648, 650, 653Taliban, 451–52Tamils, 623Tang dynasty, 670Tangiers, Morocco, 541Tanzania, c 494, 521, 529, 538, 546Tarbela Dam, 573Tarim Basin, 648Tasmania, 839Tasman Sea, 780Tatarstan, 365, p 365Taurus Mountains, 424, 425, 446Tavaerua Island, p 843technology, 25–26; in South Asia, 616Tehran, Iran, 443, 457Tema, Ghana, 502

temperature, 56Tenochtitlán, 221terrestrial planets, 34terrorism: global issue of, 93; Sept. 11th

attacks, 163–64; U.S. response, 164textiles, South Asian, 566–67, 615Thailand: climate in, 729; constitutional

monarchy in, 87; cuisine of, 716–17; defor-estation in, 770; floating produce marketin, p 717; gems in, 724; influences in, 736;industry in, 762; lumber exports from, 761;monkey feast in, p 753; physical featuresof, 722–23; rice trade in, 760; shrimp farm,p 748; in Southeast Asia, c 714; Tai PhiNational Park, 769; urban challenges 738

Thames River, 275, 324Thar Desert. See Great Indian DesertThree Gorges Dam, 649, 693, 696, 698–99Tiananmen Square, p 634, 689Tianjin, China, 664, 690Tian Shan, 425, 647, 648Tibet, 662, 675, p 632; Plateau of, 648tierra caliente, 203tierra fría, 203tierra templada, 203Tigris River, 422, 423, 447, 470, 475Tijuana, Mexico, 237, p 237timber: in Canada, 120; in Malaysia, 761,

p 761; in New Zealand, 839; in Oceania,839; in South Asia, 574, p 574; in SoutheastAsia, 761; in the United States, 120

timberline, 124, 279Timbuktu, Mali, 520time zones, understanding, 510, c 510Tito, Josip Broz, 293Togo, c 494Tokaido corridor, 663Tokyo, Japan, p 634–35; fish market in,

p 695; population of, 663; street at night, p 661

Tonga, c 789, 812, 820, 836topography, 10Toronto, Ontario, 136; city hall and out-

door ice rink in, p 132; lights of, p 105tourism. See entries for culture regionsToussaint-Louverture, François, 223, p 224trade: barriers to, 93–94; embargo, 452, 468;

free, 94; U.S. clothing imports, p 93trade deficit, 163, 689trade surplus, 163, 689trade winds, 62traditional economy, 89trains á grand vitesse (TGVs), 318Trans-African Highway, 541Trans-Amazonian Highway, 241trans-Andean highway, 241Transantarctic Mountains, 798Trans-Canada Highway, 161Trans-Mongolian Railway, 690Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-

Asia (TRACECA), 468Trans-Siberian Railroad, 374–75,

p 374–75, 391Treaties of Rome, c 314Treaty of Paris, c 314tributaries, 15, 118Trinidad, c 189, p 211Tripoli, Libya, 472tropical climate regions, 66–67; in Africa

south of the Sahara, 505–08; in SouthAsia, 575–76; in Southeast Asia, 725–28; inthe United States, 121

tropical rain forests, 66; in Africa south ofthe Sahara, 545, 506; burning of, 58; in East

Asia, 654; loss of, 620; in Latin America,200; reforestation, 621; toucan in, p 178; inthe United States, 125. See also rain forests

tropical savanna climate, 67; in East Asia,727–28; in Latin America, 201; in SouthAsia, 576. See also savanna

Tropic of Cancer, 56, 62, 199, 575Tropic of Capricorn, 57, 62, 199Tropics, 66–67, 482trust territories, 819tsunami: Ring of Fire and, 646–47tundra, 68, 122, 352Tunisia, 464, c 416Tupi-Guarani, 213Turan Lowland, 425Turkey, c 416; Atatürk Dam, 474–75; earth-

quakes in, 425; guest workers in, 290;interdependence of, 468; people in,441–43; road systems in, 466–67; Tigrisand Euphrates Rivers in, 423; wheat harvest in, p 45

Turkic peoples, 364, 441Turkmenistan, c 416, 426, 457, 464–65Turks, 441Tutsi people, 530–31Tuvalu, c 789, 812, 843typhoons: in East Asia, 655, 697; lab activ-

ity about, 808–09; in Oceania, 802; inSoutheast Asia, 767–68

U.S. Constitution, 144, 147U.S. immigrants, g 28Uganda, c 494, 500, 540, 541Ukraine, c 267; in Commonwealth of

Independent States, 372; Dnieper River in,348; ice-skating in, 306; mineral resourcesin, 276; North European Plain in, 275;Soviet rule in, 371

Ukrainians, 364, 368, 442Uluru. See Ayers RockUnderground Railroad, 143, p 143uniform region, 21Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(USSR). See Soviet Unionunitary system of government, 87United Arab Emirates, c 416, 426, 456, 467,

468United Kingdom: Australia’s ties with,

820, 836; coal in, 276; in Cold War era,299; constitutional monarchy in, 87; inEurope, c 267; government in, 87–90;immigrants to, 290–291; immigrants toAustralia from, 815; manufacturing cen-ters in, 316; New Zealand’s trade with,836; population distribution in, 289;Southeast Asia colonies of, 743; SriLanka’s independence from, 612; tourismin, 317. See also England

United Nations: FAO, 544; Kashmir and,599; Security Council, 393; WorldHeritage site, 397

United States, m 106, m 107, m 117; acidrain in, m 166; agriculture in, 158–59;architecture of, p 163; arts in, 148–50;Australia’s trade with, 836; balance oftrade in, g 688; border with Canada,138–39, p 138; celebrations in, 151, p 157;cities in, 135–37; Clark Air Force Base,722; climate regions in, 121–25, m 122,g 202, g 280; climograph of, g 356; ColdWar and, 371; communications in, 162;

892 I n d e x

Indexupstream—Zionists

comparing size of Canada and, c 116;country profile, c 110; cultural characteris-tics of, 146–48; deserts in, p 103; economicactivity in, m 109, 157–59; education in,150; ethnic origins in, g 135; Europeancolonies in, 141; federal system in, 87;government in, 88, 144–45; health care in,150; history of, 140–44; ice hockey in,112–13, p 112–13; immigrants to, 104, 133;islands in, 116; Korean migration to, 664;landforms in, 115–16; language in, 147–48;lifestyles in, 150–51, 157; literature in, 149;long-haul trucks in, p 162; manufacturingin, 159–61; music in, 148; natural resourcesin, 119–20; New Zealand’s trade with, 836;at night, m 136; patriotism in, p 151; pollu-tion in, 166–68; popular entertainment,149–50; population density in, m 108; popu-lation patterns in, 133–39; religious free-dom in, 147; research station in Antarctica,p 783; service industry in, 160–61; socialchange in, 143–44; social indicators in, g 150; Southeast Asian cuisine in, 716–17;sports and recreation in, 150–51; statenames, c 110–11; technological change in,143–44; terrorism in, 163–64, trade and, c139, 163; transportation in, 161–62; univer-sal suffrage, 524; vegetation in, 121–25;Vietnam War and, 746–47, p 746–47; votingin, p 88; water in, 116–19; wetlands undersiege, 170–71

upstream, 15Ural Mountains, p 335, 346, 365, 375, 391Ural River, 391Uranus, 34urbanization: in Africa, 517; in Europe,

290; internal migration and, 216; Japanese,664; in Latin America, 216, 245; megalopo-lis, 591; in North Africa, Southwest Asia,and Central Asia, 443, g 443; primate city,738; in North America, 135

Uruguay, c 189, 196; climate in, 201Uruguay River, 197Uttar Pradesh, 621Uzbekistan, c 416; agriculture in, 464–65;

ethnic groups in, 442; Qizilqum desert in,425; population groups in, 443; Silk Roadin, 447

valley, 15Vancouver, British Columbia, 136; grain

trade in Port of, p 137Vanuatu, c 789, 820, 836, 839Varangians, 368Vatican City, c 267, 289vegetation: in Canada, 121–25; deciduous

forest, 576; desert, 67; in mid-latitude cli-mates, 68, p 68; regions in world, m 67; intropical climates, 66; in the United States,121–25. See also natural vegetation andentries for culture regions

vegetation map, reading a, 432, m 432Venezuela, c 189; in Amazon Basin, 197;

industry in, 239; as oil producer, 198; inOPEC, 444–45; population density in, 214;tropical savanna in, 201; urbanization in,246

Venice, Italy, gondolier in, p 255Venus, 34Versailles peace treaty, 298

Vesuvius, 274viceroys, 222Victoria Falls, 503, p 483Vientiane, Laos, p 708–09Vietnam: Annam Cordillera and, 722; in

ASEAN, 763; Chinese influences in, 736;as communist country, 90; cuisine of,716–17; empire in Southeast Asia, 742–43;energy sources in, 723; forestry in, 761; asFrench territory, 743; gems in, 724; humidsubtropical climate in, 728; Khmers in,736; language and religion in, 749; out-ward migrations, 738–39; per capita GDPin, 752; Red (Hong) River, 723; regionalconflicts in, 744–45; rice exports from, 760;silk making in, p 763; in Southeast Asia, c714; street vendors in, p 708; Tet celebration, 753; workers, p 720

Vietnam War, 746–47, p 746–47villas miserias, 244Vindhya Mountains, 570Virgin Islands, c 189, 224Vistula River, 276, 323Vladimir (Prince of Russia), 377Vladivostok, Russia, 374, 391Vojvodina, 293volcanoes: 15; eruptions, 41; geothermal

power from, 798; of Indonesia andPhilippines, 722–23; in Japan, 697;Vesuvius, 274; pollution from, 769; Ringof Fire and, 194; in Southeast Asia, 767

Volga River, p 345, 348, 363, 368, 397Volgograd, Russia, 366Volta River, 502

wadis, 424Walloons, 288war refugees, p 77Washington, D.C., 136, p 268Washington, George, 141, 268water, on Earth, 35water cycle, 46–47, d 47, 62water erosion, 43water pollution, 94–95, 323, 397–98, 473wats, 750wattle, 801weather: climate and, 55–56, 62. See also cli-

mate; climate regionsweathering, 42Wei River, 669welfare states, 306Wellington, New Zealand, 814Weser River, 276West Africa, 503West Bank, 451, 452westerlies, 62Western Dvina River, 348western Europe: climate in, 278–80; migra-

tion to, 287. See also EuropeWestern Ghats, 556, 571, 576, 577Western Hemisphere, d 20Western Plateau, 794, 800West Germany, 300West Indies, 194, 226. See also Latin

Americawest longitude, 3West River. See also Xi RiverWest Siberian Plain, 346wetlands: purple loosestrife in, 45; in the

United States, 170–171

whaling, 695–96Wheat Belt, 159wildlife. See animalswind: erosion and, 42; ocean currents and,

61; patterns, m 60, 62; prevailing, 62;trade, 62

windward side, 64Winkel Tripel projection, 7Witwatersrand, 540World Bank, 245–46; Sustainable Forestry

Pilot Project, 397World Heritage Site, 795World Trade Center, Sept. 11 attacks on,

163–64, p 164World Trade Organization (WTO), 94,

393, 690writing about geography, 730Wuhan, China, 690Wye River, 451

Xi’an, China, 668Xinjiang, China, p 645, 664Xi River, 649, 664, 690Xizang, 648xocoatl, 191, 221

Yalu River, 649Yangtze River, 632, 649, 663, 690, 693, 694,

696, 698–99Yekaterinburg, Russia, 366Yellow River, 632, 648–49, 664, 669, 690,

694, 696; tributary of, p 649Yellow Sea, 646Yellowstone National Park, 41, 151Yeltsin, Boris, 372, 389–90Yemen, c 416, 457; woman of, p 446Yenisey River, 348, 391Yugoslavia, c 267, 288; immigrants to

Australia from, 815; then and now,292–93, p 292–93

Yukon Territory, 121, 125, 142Yunnan Province, 697Yurok Native American group, p 134

Zagros Mountains, 425, 446Zambezi River, 503, 515, 517; Victoria Falls

on, p 483Zambia: in Africa south of the Sahara,

c 494; Bantu states in, 539; conservationfarming in, 521; natural resources in, 504;rivers in, 503; Sena people in, 517

Zapatistas, 220, p 220zero population growth, 76Zheng He, 670Zhou dynasty, 669ziggurats, 454Zimbabwe: in Africa south of the Sahara,

c 494; AIDS in, 516; Bantu states in, 521;commercial farms in, 538–39; elephantsin, 549; Lake Kariba, fishing in, p 539; nat-ural resources in, 504; rivers in, 503; Senapeople in, 517

zinc, 276, 614, 724Zionists, 450