INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES

2CR(Materials & Metallurgical Engineering Option)

Introduction to Materials & MetallurgicalEngineering

Origin and Development of Materials

Basic knowledge necessary to understandmaterials and their applications

The concept of Material Science &Engineering

UNITS IN MATERIALS & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERINGChemical Metallurgy – Corrosion,

Extractive Metallurgy, MineralProcessing, Metal Purification andAlloying, Polymer Engineering.Alloying, Polymer Engineering.

Physical Metallurgy – Microstructure –Property relationship, Growth ofCrystals, hardness characteristics andimpact properties, Development inCasting & Cast products.

Mechanical Metallurgy – addressstress/strain values, Metal forming andFabrication.

UNITS IN MATERIALS & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING (Cont’d)

Fabrication.

Process Metallurgy – addressing flowsituations in Casting, Steel machiningetc. Erosion/Corrosion and wear ofmaterials.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR A MATERIALS & METALLURGICAL

ENGINEER Entrepreneurship –

Development of foundry,Welding out-fit or act ascorrosion consultant.

Lecturers in tertiary Lecturers in tertiaryinstitutions

Process Engineers inChemical & Alliedindustries.

Research & Development inNew Materials

MATERIALS IN OUR DAILY LIFE

Materials are part of what makes our livingauthentic because without them, we cannotexist.

We need materials to develop:

Shelter that we liveShelter that we live

Vehicles to transport us from one place to theother.

Clothes that we cover ourselves with

Pen and paper for writing

Chairs & Tables to sit on

Water for drinking

Food items for sustenance life

Machines to propel fans, photocopiers,workshop tools etc.

MATERIALS IN OUR DAILY LIFE (Cont’d)

workshop tools etc.

Look around you, you are surroundedby materials.

Materials can be defined as substances thatexist in nature or processed from matter toprovide useful properties for machines,structures, devices or products.

They can be classified into various types as:

TYPES OF MATERIALS

They can be classified into various types as:

Metals :- Aesthetics, shining lustre and withmobile electrons to conduct electricity e.g.cu. Also can be strong or made strong forstructural applications e.g. Steel forreinforcement.

Cast-iron as pedestals of heavy equipment,Gold and Silver as ornaments

Stainless steels for corrosion resistance

High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steels forstructures (Underwater)

TYPES OF MATERIALS (Cont’d)

structures (Underwater)

Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) for theautomobile industries, sporting equipmentand situation where flexibility is necessary.

Aluminium:- for situations where lightness isimportant e.g. aerospace industries.

Titanium (Ti), Tungsten (W):- where Hightemperature resistance are required

TYPES OF MATERIALS (Cont’d)

temperature resistance are requiredand as alloying elements

Ceramics:– High temperature resistance materialswhich are brittle. Employed as furnacelining and insulating devices. It belongsto the class of refractories.

Silicon (Si):- Semi-conductors; used for constructionof integrated circuit. Super conductors

TYPES OF MATERIALS (Cont’d)

of integrated circuit. Super conductorslike Silicon chips with modifiedmicrostructure to eliminate the energygap in semi-conductors.

Polymers (plastics)

Glasses

Dielectrics

Fibres

TYPES OF MATERIALS (Cont’d)

Fibres

Wood – natural composite

Stone

Composites or Engineered materials

MATERIALS CYCLE

Materials Developmentis in cycle. The rawmaterials are obtainedfrom the earth bymining after a geologicalmining after a geologicalassessment of theeconomy of deposit.Others can be obtainedby drilling, excavating orharvesting.

They are thenconverted throughextractive metallurgyto metal ingots or

MATERIALS CYCLE (Cont’d)

to metal ingots orcrushed to stone orprocessed topetrochemicals andlumbar.

They are then subsequentlyfabricated to Engineeringmaterials such as structuralsteels, Electric wire,concrete, plastics andplywood to meet societal

MATERIALS CYCLE (Cont’d)

plywood to meet societalneeds. The values ofMaterials and MetallurgicalEngineering to the societycan be seen all along and itsrelevance to all engineeringdisciplines obvious.

After the materials havebeen used by man, theyreturn to the earth asscraps and sometimesprocessed for furtheruse by man until their

MATERIALS CYCLE (Cont’d)

use by man until theirultimate disposal.Hence the adage ofcradle-to-grave ofmaterials as embeddedin a materials cycle.

Materials cycle thereforedepicts the stronginteractions amongMaterials, Energy and theEnvironment, all of whichare necessary in National

MATERIALS CYCLE (Cont’d)

are necessary in Nationalplanning and technologicaldevelopment. Hence, therelevance of the Materialsand Metallurgical Engineerto the nationaldevelopment.

Indeed, today’s technologieshave emerged from a strongknowledge of materialsdevelopment. For example, Siwhich was known as asemiconductor before,because of the energy gap has

MATERIALS CYCLE (Cont’d)

because of the energy gap hasbeen processed to a superconductor throughmicrostructural modification

by materials engineer. Thisrevolutionised computersand computing includingelectronic gadgetries.

The understandings ofmaterials have also assistedCivil Engineers to buildingbetter roads and designstructures to avoidcollapses. It has also

MATERIALS CYCLE (Cont’d)

collapses. It has alsoassisted AgriculturalEngineers to design longlasting farming implementsor chemical engineers todevelop corrosion resistantmaterials.

MATERIALS AT THE CROSSROADS

Basic understandingof materialsemanate from thescientific disciplines– Physic, Chemistry,– Physic, Chemistry,Biology andMathematics.

Hence, the nomenclature “MaterialsScience and Engineering (MSE)”. Thisis the acronym for the course now allover the World. Materials Science and

MATERIALS AT THE CROSSROADS (Cont’d)

over the World. Materials Science andEngineering therefore is concernedwith the use of scientific principles todevelop materials with uniqueproperties for humans use.

Hence, important terms in Materials ScienceEngineering are: Structure, Properties, Processing andPerformance.

Schematically, Van Vlack represented Materials Scienceand Engineering as shown below:

MATERIALS AT THE CROSSROADS (Cont’d)a

Basic Scientific PerformancePropertiesStructureBasic Scientific Understanding

Societal needs

Processing

PerformancePropertiesStructure

For example, for theaerospace industry thematerials needs areenormous.

The International SpaceStation (ISS) researchlaboratory that moves at

debris and the innerpressure of 15 psi must beconfounded in the modules.All these are pointers to thefact that materialsknowledge is pushing thefrontiers of Technological

MATERIALS AT THE CROSSROADS (Cont’d)

laboratory that moves at27,000 km/hr through spacerequires materials thatwould be light weight tominimize payload weightduring lift-off. The outershell must be protectedagainst impacts of tinymeteoroids and man-made

frontiers of TechnologicalDevelopment

RELEVANCE OF A MATERIALS ENGINEERS TO ENGINEERING DISCIPLES

Mechanical Engineers are interestedhigh temperature materials for efficientoperation of jet engines.

Electrical Engineers are interest inelectronic materials that would permitelectronic materials that would permitfaster operation.

Aerospace Engineers are interested inhigh strength to weight (δ/wt) ratiomaterials for the design of spacevehicles.

Chemical Engineers are interested in highlycorrosion resistant materials.

Industries are interested in smart materialsand devices with micro electro-mechanical

RELEVANCE OF A MATERIALS ENGINEERS TO ENGINEERING DISCIPLES (Cont’d)

and devices with micro electro-mechanicaldevices which could be used as sensors andactuators to ease production.

Nano materials ( 10-9pm) are nowcommonly used to solve many engineeringand mechanical problems.

Therefore, it is necessary forEngineers in all disciplines to haveknowledge of materials. Hence, theimportance of Materials and

RELEVANCE OF A MATERIALS ENGINEERS TO ENGINEERING DISCIPLES (Cont’d)

importance of Materials andMetallurgical Engineering (MME) toall engineering disciplines in orderto have good and effective design.

The basic linkage between Science,Materials Engineering and other disciplinesare depicted in the figure below by Smith &Hashemi.

RELEVANCE OF A MATERIALS ENGINEERS TO ENGINEERING DISCIPLES (Cont’d)

Hashemi.Materials Science

Basic Knowledge of

materials

Materials Science and engineering

Resultant Knowledge of the structure,

properties, processing and performance of

engineering materials

Materials Engineering

Applied Knowledge of

materials

Material Science is at the basicend of the spectrum while

RELEVANCE OF A MATERIALS ENGINEERS TO ENGINEERING DISCIPLES (Cont’d)

end of the spectrum whileMaterials Engineering is theapplied end of the spectrum.

ORIGIN OF MATERIALSThe atom with:

A nucleus – containingprotons & neutronswhich determines themass of the element.

electrical conductivity.Its nature also controlsthe reactivity.

mass of the element.

Adjoining ringscontain the electronsthat revolves round thenucleus. Its mobilitydetermines the heat &

All properties – physical,mechanical, chemical, electrical,magnetic or otherwise depends onatomic behaviour in materials.

ORIGIN OF MATERIALS (Cont’d)

atomic behaviour in materials.

Most of these, you should learn inEngineering Materials (MME 272).Infact, the course should be taggedMaterials Science and Engineering.

OPPORTUNITIES IN MATERIALS AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Entrepreneurship

In foundry to produce replacement parts in machineries etc for industries, automobiles etc.automobiles etc.

As a consultant in material analysis for industries, as Corrosion Engineers for industries and in Oil and Gas as consultant in material procurement & welding.

Work in many government establishment &parastatals (Interest now in mineralDevelopment) Last year news had if that thesolid mineral sector contributed substantiallyto our economic growth.

OPPORTUNITIES IN MATERIALS AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING (Cont’d)

to our economic growth.

Work in R & D on Materials Development

Work as facilities Engineering or processEngineers in all industries

CONCLUSIONMaterials and Metallurgical

Engineering is a necessity for humanexistence as it permeates allEngineering disciplines.

Any engineering design is incompleteAny engineering design is incompletewithout knowledge of materials.

That’s why materials engineering istaught to all Engineers in all tertiaryinstitutions.

Infact, the Engineering program in a Faculty ofEngineering will not be accredited without a MaterialsEngineer as a faculty member.

The progress we witness in Technology today is from theknowledge of Engineering materials – Light cars, highδ/W ratio for the aerospace and sporting industries andthe revolution in electronic industries through the use of

CONCLUSION (Cont’d)

the revolution in electronic industries through the use ofSi chips. Nanotechnology has come to revolutioniseBiomedical Engineering, Materials and MetallurgicalEngineering training are lucky to be at the for front oftechnological advancement.

Thank you