Abbreviations Used in the Notes

Add.MSS ADM AIR DBFP

CAB CID CO C.P. Curzon FCG

FO I.C.P. L/P&S

PD(C) PD(L) T WO

British Museum, Additional Manuscripts Public Record Office, Admiralty Files Public Record Office, Air Ministry Files Documents on British Foreign Policy, First Series, 25 volumes (London, HMSO, 1947-84) Public Record Office, Cabinet Files Committee of Imperial Defence Public Record Office, Colonial Office Files Cabinet Paper Curzon's account of the fall of the Coalition Government, written at Lausanne, 30 November 1922, and continued later, Curzon Papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/319 Public Record Office, Foreign Office Files International Conference Papers India Office Library, Viceroy's Political and Secret Depart­ment Parliamentary Debates (Commons), 5th Series, 1919-24 Parliamentary Debates (Lords), 5th Series, 1919-24 Public Record Office, Treasury Files Public Record Office, War Office Files

202

Notes

1 LORD CURZON AND THE FOREIGN OFFICE

1. I. Kirkpatrick, The Inner Circle: Memoirs (London, 1959), p. 33. 2. Lord Hardinge of Penshurst's memoirs, Old Diplomacy (London, 1947)

leave little doubt as to Hardinge's thoughts on Curzon. 3. Sir O. O'Malley, The Phantom Caravan (London, 1954), pp. 59-60. 4. See A. J. Sharp, The Foreign Office in Eclipse 1919-22', History, vol.

61, 1976. 5. Curzon FCG. 6. Ibid. 7. C. J. Wrigley, Lloyd George and the Challenge of Labour: The Post-

War Coalition 1918-1922 (London, 1990). 8. Speech by Cecil, 20 May 1920, PD(C), vol. 129, col. 1682. 9. Speech by Curzon, 10 February 1920, PD(L), vol. 39, col. 25.

10. Speech by Balfour, 17 June 1920, PD(C), vol. 130, col. 1507.

2 WESTERN EUROPEAN SECURITY

1. J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919). 2. Austen Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 21 December 1919, Austen Cham­

berlain papers AC5/1/46. 3. See Roddie to Sir Almeric FitzRoy, 14 December 1919, circulated as

C.P.322, CAB24/95; and Roddie to FitzRoy, 20 January 1920, C.P.598, CAB24/97, for example.

4. Hardinge to Curzon, 22 January 1920, Hardinge papers H.P.42. 5. Memorandum by the General Staff, 29 December 1919, circulated to the

Cabinet with covering letter by Churchill, 8 January 1920, C.P. 428, CAB24/96.

6. Churchill to Lloyd George, 24 March 1920, Lloyd George papers, F/9/2/20. 7. See Curzon to Derby, 6 April 1920, DBFP vol. IX (London, 1960), pp.

324-5; & Cabinet conclusions, 8 April 1920, CAB23/21. 8. Arthur Henderson, Secretary of the Labour Party, to Lloyd George, 7

January 1920, Lloyd George papers F/27/3/39. 9. Austen Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 29 January 1921, Austen Cham­

berlain papers AC5/1/190. 10. Cabinet conclusions, 7 March 1921, CAB23/24. 11. H. Nicolson, Curzon: The Last Phase (London, 1934), p. 235. 12. Curzon to Col Percival (Oppeln), 22 March 1921, DBFP, vol. XVI, (London,

1968), p. 1. 13. Memorandum by Major Ottley on the Silesian situation, 20 July 1921,

C14828/92/18, ibid., No. 236, p. 258. 14. Cabinet conclusions, 24 May 1921, CAB23/25.

203

204 Notes

15. Ibid. 16. See Curzon to Churchill, 13 June 1921, Lloyd George papers F/13/2/30;

& Churchill to Curzon, 16 June 1921, Curzon papers, reproduced in M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. IV, companion part 3 (London, 1976), p. 1510.

17. Derby to Lloyd George, 10 June 1921, Lloyd George papers F/14/5/27. 18. Speech to the Imperial Conference, 22 June 1921, Curzon papers

MSS.Eur.F.l 12/308. 19. D'Abernon to King George V, 11 July 1921, D'Abernon papers 48922. 20. Treasury memorandum on German reparation, 16 November 1921, C.P.3556,

CAB24/131. 21. Ibid. 22. Memorandum by R.S. Home, 28 November 1921, C.P.3612, CAB24/131. 23. Memorandum by Curzon, 28 December 1921, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.

F. 112/242. 24. Curzon to Hardinge, 28 December 1921, Hardinge papers H.P.44. 25. For the key discussions at Cannes see DBFP, vol. XIX (London, 1974),

pp. 1-136. See also H. H. Hall, 'Lloyd George, Briand and the Failure of the Anglo-French Entente', Journal of Modern History, vol. 50, 1978, supplementary article D1137.

26. Curzon to Balfour, 23 November 1921, No. 37, A8711/18/45, F0371/ 5623.

27. Hankey to his wife, 10 January 1922, Hankey papers HNKY.3/30. 28. Conversation between Lloyd George and Briand, 4 January 1922, DBFP,

vol. XIX, No. 1, pp. 1-7 [p. 3]. 29. British Secretary's notes of a conversation between Lloyd George and

Briand, 8 January 1922, ibid., pp. 56-8. 30. Cabinet conclusions, 10 January 1922, CAB23/29. 31. Hardinge to Curzon, 27 January 1922, Hardinge papers H.P. 45. 32. Cabinet memorandum by Curzon, 17 February 1922, C.P.3760, CAB24/

133. 33. League of Nations Union, executive committee minutes, 9 February 1922,

League of Nations Union papers, L.N.U. II 4. 34. Lloyd George to Derby, 18 February 1922, Derby papers 29/1. 35. Ibid., Derby diary, 18 February 1922. 36. Ibid., 20 February 1922. 37. Ibid., Curzon to Derby, 27 February 1922. 38. Curzon to Lloyd George, undated, MSS.Eur.F.l 12/319. 39. Curzon to Hardinge, 2 May 1922, Hardinge papers H.P.45. 40. Minute by Crowe, 29 March 1922, DBFP, vol.XX (London, 1976), p. 23. 41. H. Nicolson, op. cit., p. 243. 42. Ibid., p. 244. 43. Cabinet conclusions, 15 March 1922, CAB23/29. See also memorandum

by Secretary of State for Air, 24 March 1922, C.P.3901, CAB24/136; and Air Ministry memorandum to CID, March 1922, Trenchard papers 76/1/21.

44. R. R. James, Memoirs of a Conservative: J. C. C. Davidson's Memoirs and Papers 1910-37 (London, 1969), p. 143.

45. Memorandum by Hoare, February 1923, C.P.88, CAB24/158.

Notes 205

46. Cabinet conclusions, 20 June 1923, CAB23/46. 47. D'Abernon to Curzon, 10 October 1922, D'Abernon papers 48924B. 48. Cabinet conclusions, 7 December 1922, CAB23/32. 49. Derby to Bonar Law, 7 December 1922, W0137/1. 50. Hardinge to Curzon, 13 December 1922, No. 660, C17146/99/18, T160/

141/F5232/1. 51. Bonar Law to Smuts, 26 December 1922, Smuts papers, vol. 25, Item

135. 52. Diary entry, 3 January 1923, reproduced in K. Middlemas (ed.), Thomas

Jones: Whitehall Diary (London, 1969), vol. 1, p. 225. 53. Davidson to Baldwin, 6 January 1923, in R. R. James, op. cit., pp. 144-6. 54. Neville Chamberlain diary, 10 January 1923, Neville Chamberlain pa­

pers NC2/21. 55. Chamberlain to his wife, 11 January 1923, ibid., NCI/26/311. 56. Smuts to Bonar Law, 28 March 1923, Smuts papers, vol. 27, item 201. 57. Simon diary, 15 March 1923, Simon papers MS. Simon 5. 58. Morning Post, 12 January 1923. 59. Annual Conference of National Unionist Associations and of Liberal

Unionist Associations, 25-26 October 1923, conference report, motion 16. 60. Derby to Crewe, 22 January 1923, Derby papers 35/2. 61. H. Nicolson, op. cit., pp. 362-3. 62. Curzon to Crewe, 11 May 1923, Crewe papers C/12. 63. Neville Chamberlain diary, 20 July 1923, Neville Chamberlain papers

NC2/21. 64. Cabinet conclusions, 9 August 1923, CAB23/46. 65. Derby to Baldwin, 15 August 1923, W0137/1. 66. Derby to Baldwin, 16 August 1923, ibid. 67. Davidson to Hoare, 30 August 1923, Davidson papers DAV159. 68. Neville Chamberlain diary, 24 September 1923, Neville Chamberlain papers

NC 2/21. 69. H. Nicolson, op. cit., p. 372. 70. Curzon's statement to the Imperial Conference, 5 October 1923, Curzon

papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/312. 71. See Crowe's memorandum for Baldwin on a letter from Poincare, 8 Oc­

tober 1923, Baldwin papers 108. 72. See note by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, 10 January 1924, C.P.29,

CAB24/164.

3 EASTERN EUROPE. CORDON SANITAIRE OR POWDER-KEG?

1. M. L. Dockrill, J. D. Goold, Peace without Promise: Britain and The Peace Conferences, 1919-1923 (London, 1981), p. 128.

2. Speech by Bonar Law, 14 April 1920, PD(C), vol. 127, col. 1755. 3. Speech by Kenworthy, 20 April 1921, PD(C), vol. 140, col. 1921. 4. The Times, 6 December 1919. 5. Speech by Curzon, 13 April 1921, PD(L), vol. 44, col. 959. 6. Article by S. Hoare, 'Vienna and the State of Central Europe', Nine­

teenth Century, March 1920, pp. 409-23. See also The Question of a

206 Notes

Danubian Confederation' by a Czech Socialist, The New Europe, 15 January 1920, pp. 15-17.

7. Wilson diary entry, 17 June 1919, Wilson papers HHW.28 DS.Misc 80, reel VIII.

8. E. Anderson, 'British Policy toward the Baltic States 1918-1920', Journal of Central European Affairs, vol. 19, No. 3, October 1959, pp. 276-89.

9. Cabinet conclusions, 12 November 1919, CAB23/18. 10. See, for example, memorandum by First Sea Lord, 4 November 1919,

C.P.60, CAB24/92. 11. Memorandum by First Sea Lord, 20 May 1920, C.P.1332, CAB24/106. 12. Cabinet conclusions, 7 June 1920, CAB23/21. 13. Cabinet conclusions, 10 July 1920, CAB23/22. 14. Lloyd George to Churchill, 4 August 1920, Churchill papers 16/48, in

M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. IV, companion pt.2, (London, 1976), p. 1159.

15. In 1920 Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia concluded a defensive alliance. In 1921 Czechoslovakia and Roumania, and Roumania and Yugoslavia concluded alliances. The Little Entente was established with the support of France. Poland was linked to the Little Entente in 1921 with the sig­nature of a treaty of mutual assistance with Roumania which was di­rected against the Soviet Union.

16. Curzon to Muller, 19 March 1923, DBFP, vol. XXIII (London, 1981), pp. 807-8.

17. Young (Belgrade) to Curzon, 28 September 1922, ibid., pp. 108-9; Dering (Bucharest) to Curzon, 29 September 1922, ibid., p. 112.

18. Cabinet conclusions, 18 October 1920, CAB23/23. 19. Introduction to DBFP, vol. XXIII, p. vi. 20. Ibid., p. ix. 21. See DBFP, vol. XXIV (London, 1983), pp. 1-126. 22. See memorandum respecting M. Schanzer's proposals for an Anglo-Italian

agreement, 22 June 1922, ibid., pp. 11-26. 23. Note of a conversation held at 10 Downing St, 7 July 1922, I.C.P. 249J,

ibid., pp. 117-26. 24. Curzon to Bonar Law, 4 December 1922, Bonar Law papers 111/12/39. 25. Kennard (Rome) to Curzon, 30 August 1923, DBFP, vol. XXIV, p. 943. 26. League of Nations Journal, November 1923, covering the period 31 August-

29 September 1923. 27. Curzon to Cecil, 5 September 1923, DBFP, vol. XXIV, pp. 986-7. 28. Interestingly, Lord Cecil of Chelwood [Robert Cecil] had mixed impres­

sions of the Corfu crisis. In A Great Experiment (London, 1941), pp. 148-51, he seems to have thought that the Corfu crisis represented a victory for the League. However, in All the Way, (London, 1949), p. 179, he regarded the crisis as an important defeat for the League.

29. Kennard (Rome) to Curzon, 6 September 1923, DBFP, vol. XXIV, pp. 995-6.

30. League of Nations Journal, November 1923, p. 1305. 31. A. Orde, British Policy and European Reconstruction after the First World

War (Cambridge, 1990), p. 310. 32. Cabinet conclusions, 27 January 1920, CAB23/20.

Notes 207

33. Memorandum by Sir William Goode, 17 December 1920, circulated as C.P.2318, CAB24/117.

34. Cabinet conclusions, 4 July 1922, CAB23/30. 35. The Times, 24 August 1922. 36. League of Nations Journal, November 1922, p. 1458. 37. Memorandum by Cecil, 27 December 1923, C.P.482, CAB24/162.

4 THE BOLSHEVIK EMPIRE

1. Speech by Lt-Col Malone, 23 February 1920, PD(C), vol. 125, cols 1417-18. Elected as a Coalition Liberal, Malone eventually announced that he had become a Communist.

2. Speech by W. Adamson, 22 December 1920, PD(C), vol. 136, col. 1852. 3. Lloyd George to Churchill, 22 September 1919, Lloyd George papers F/

9/1/20. 4. Speech by Lloyd George, 7 June 1920, PD(C), vol. 130, col. 170. 5. Lloyd George to Churchill, 22 September 1919, Lloyd George papers F/

9/1/20. 6. Ibid. 7. Manchester Guardian, 6 November 1919. 8. See S. White, Britain and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Study in the Poli­

tics of Diplomacy 1920-1924 (London, 1979), pp. 146-7. 9. Memorandum by Curzon, 9 February 1920, C.P.594, CAB24/97.

10. Memorandum by Churchill, 28 April 1920, C.P.1194, CAB24/104. 11. O'Grady to Lloyd George, 1 February 1920, Lothian papers GD40/17/

799/3. 12. Cabinet conclusions, 29 January 1920, CAB23/20. 13. Memorandum for the Prime Minister by Kerr, 8 February 1920, Lothian

papers GD40/17/801. 14. Chamberlain to his sisters, 28 February 1920, Austen Chamberlain papers

AC5/1/151. 15. Manchester Guardian, 23 February 1920. 16. Memorandum by Churchill, 11 May 1920, C.P.1309, CAB24/106. 17. See memorandum on Russian policy by O'Malley, 20 May 1920, 202895,

F0371/3961. 18. Fisher diary, 27 May 1920, Fisher papers MS.Fisher 16. 19. Note by Lord Curzon, 27 May 1920, C.P.1350, CAB24/106. 20. Cabinet conclusions, 28 May 1920, CAB23/21. 21. Note by Lloyd George, 31 May 1920, C.P.1421, CAB24/107. 22. Curzon to Lloyd George, 3 March 1920, Lloyd George papers Fl2/3/13. 23. The Times, 4 June 1920. 24. Long to Curzon, 25 June 1920, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/199. 25. Memorandum by Curzon, 2 September 1920, Balfour papers Add.MSS.

49734. 26. Director of Naval Intelligence to J. T. Davies, 9 September 1920, Lloyd

George papers F34/1/43. 27. Ibid. 28. Fisher diary, 9 September 1920, MS.Fisher 16.

208 Notes

29. Intelligence Department (Naval Staff) to Hankey, 22 March 1921, Lloyd George papers F25/1/20.

30. S. White, op. cit., p. 15, citing White Paper Cmd. 2740 (1926), p. 50. 31. Hankey to Curzon, 12 November 1920, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/

217A. 32. Cabinet conclusions, 17 November 1920, CAB23/23. 33. Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement, 16 March 1921, C.P.2724, CAB24/121. 34. See letter, presented with the above, by Home to Krassin, 16 March

1921, in R. H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations 1917-1921, vol. 3, The Anglo-Soviet Accord (Princeton, 1972), pp. 479-82.

35. Curzon to Lloyd George, 5 August 1921, Lloyd George papers Fl3/2/38. 36. Cabinet conclusions, 16 December 1921, CAB23/27. 37. Churchill to Curzon, 24 December 1921, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/

219A. 38. Crowe to Curzon, 28 December 1921, ibid., MSS.Eur.F.l 12/219B. 39. Chamberlain to Lloyd George, 21 March 1922, Lloyd George papers F/

7/5/20. 40. Lloyd George to Home, 22 March 1922, ibid., F/7/5/21. 41. Lloyd George to Chamberlain, 22 March 1922, Austen Chamberlain papers

AC23/6/19. 42. Chamberlain to Lloyd George, 23 March 1922, Lloyd George papers F/

7/5/22. 43. Home to Lloyd George, 23 March 1922, ibid., F/27/6/58. 44. Hankey to Chamberlain, 27 April 1922, Davidson papers DAV/128. 45. Chamberlain to Worthington-Evans, 3 May 1922, Austen Chamberlain

papers AC23/6/32. 46. Curzon to Chamberlain, 13 May 1922, ibid., AC23/6/34. 47. Memorandum by Sanders, 8 February 1923, C.P.86, CAB24/158. 48. Hodgson to Curzon, 1 April 1923, DBFP, vol. XXV (London, 1984), p. 58. 49. Cabinet conclusions, 25 April 1923, CAB23/45. 50. Appendix 1, Cabinet conclusions, 2 May 1923, CAB23/45. 51. Speech by Banks, 15 May 1923, PD(C), vol. 164, col. 330. 52. C. Keeble, Britain and the Soviet Union 1917-1989 (London, 1990), p. 92. 53. Cabinet conclusions, 11 June 1923, CAB23/46. 54. Curzon to Crewe, 13 June 1923, Crewe papers C/12. 55. Cabinet conclusions, 23 January 1924, CAB23/47. 56. F. S. Northedge, The Troubled Giant: Britain among the Great Powers

1916-1939 (London, 1966), p. 210.

5 TURKS V. GREEKS IN ASIA MINOR

1. Cabinet memorandum by Churchill, 25 October 1919, Churchill papers 16/18, in Gilbert, M., Winston S. Churchill, vol. IV, companion pt 2, pp. 937-9.

2. See Curzon to Balfour, 20 June 1919, in Earl of Ronaldshay, The Life of Lord Curzon (3 vols, London, 1928), vol. Ill, pp. 267-8.

3. De Robeck to Curzon, 18 November 1919, De Robeck papers DRBK 6/1. 4. See Montagu to Lloyd George, 15 April 1919, in S. D. Waley, Edwin

Notes 209

Montagu: A Memoir and an Account of his Visits to India (London, 1964), pp. 240-1.

5. Telegram from the Viceroy, 30 October 1919, No. 146856, F0371/4231. 6. Minute by Hardinge, 14 October 1919, on memorandum by the Aga Khan,

approximately 3 October 1919, 140890, F0371/4215. 7. Milner to Montagu, 30 August 1919, Montagu papers AS 1/6/54. 8. Milner to Montagu, 2 December 1919, Montagu papers AS 1/6/55. 9. Montagu to Lloyd George, 11 December 1919, Montagu papers AS4/3/30.

10. W.S. Churchill, The World Crisis: The Aftermath (London, 1929), p. 373. 11. Memorandum by Montagu, 1 January 1920, C.P.382, CAB24/95. 12. Curzon to Milner, 3 January 1920, Milner papers, MS. Milner dep.449. 13. Cabinet conclusions, 6 January 1920, CAB23/20. 14. Montagu to Fisher, 17 February 1920, Montagu papers AS 1/12/3. 15. Fisher to Montagu, 18 February 1920, ibid., AS 1/12/2. 16. Curzon to De Robeck, 18 May 1920, De Robeck papers DRBK 6/1. 17. Memorandum by Kerr of conversation with Venizelos, 8 March 1920,

Lothian papers GD40/17/1127. 18. De Robeck (Valletta) to Long, 1 March 1921, Long papers Add.MSS.62426. 19. Curzon FCG. The same file also contains some of the intercepted pa­

pers. 20. Memorandum by Churchill, 26 October 1921, C.P.3447, CAB24/129. 21. See Viceroy to Montagu, 9 November 1921, PI099, Reading papers

MSS.Eur.E.238/10. 22. Lloyd George to Montagu, 9 March 1922, Montagu papers AS6/1 1/12. 23 The Times, 13 March 1922. 24. Wedgwood Benn diary entry, 14 March 1922, Stansgate papers ST/66. 25. Chamberlain to Lloyd George, 15 March 1922, Lloyd George papers F/

7/5/8. 26. Memorandum by L. Worthington-Evans, 29 July 1922, C.P.4131, CAB24/

138. 27. Bentinck (Athens) to Balfour, 8 August 1922, No. 307, E7824/5/44, F0371/

7869. 28. See W. S. Churchill, The World Crisis: The Aftermath, pp. 426-7. See

also C.P.4200, CAB24/138, covering telegram from Churchill to the Dominions, 15 September 1922, and replies.

29. H. Nicolson, op. cit., p. 272. 30. Governor-General of Australia to Colonial Secretary, 20 September 1922,

in C.P.4200, CAB24/138. 31. Curzon to the Cabinet, telephone message, 20 September 1922, C.P.4202,

CAB24/139. 32. See D. Walder, The Chanak Affair (London, 1969), p. 182; and M. Gilbert,

Winston S. Churchill, vol. IV, p. 834. See C.P.4219, CAB24/139 for minutes of Lloyd George's meeting with the TUC delegation on 23 Sep­tember 1922.

33. Cabinet conclusions, 23 September 1922, CAB23/31. 34. The Morning Post, 28 September 1922. 35. Cabinet conclusions, 29 September 1922, CAB23/31. 36. General Staff appreciation of the situation in Gallipoli and Chanak dur­

ing October 1922, WO 106/709.

210 Notes

37. Cabinet conclusions, 30 September 1922, CAB23/31. 38. Hardinge to Curzon, 2 October 1922, Hardinge papers H.P.45. 39. Chamberlain to Griffith-Boscawen, 5 October 1922, Griffith-Boscawen

papers MS.Eng.hist c.396. 40. The Times, 1 October 1922. 41. Speech by Pollock at Leamington, 7 October 1922, reproduced as a

pamphlet, Hanworth papers MS.Eng.hist.d.432. 42. H. Nicolson, op. cit., p. 283. 43. Derby to Salisbury, 17 November 1922, W0137/5. 44. Neville Chamberlain diary, 10 January 1923, Neville Chamberlain pa­

pers NC2/21. 45. H. Nicolson, op. cit., p. 334. 46. Rumbold to Oliphant, 18 July 1923, cited M. Gilbert, Sir Horace Rumbold:

Portrait of a Diplomat 1869-1941 (London, 1973), p. 290. For some of the intercepts, see Davidson papers, DAV 144.

47. Curzon to Bonar Law, 26 December 1922, Bonar Law papers 111/12/52. 48. Cabinet conclusions, 15 January 1923, CAB23/45. 49. Derby to Hankey, 23 January 1923, WO 137/5. See also memorandum by

Balfour on interview with Poincare, 29 January 1923, Balfour papers (Whittingehame MSS) GD433/2/11.

50. Cabinet conclusions, 5 February 1923, CAB23/45. 51. M. L. Dockrill, J. D. Goold, op. cit., p. 245. 52. Curzon to Bonar Law, 20 November 1922, Bonar Law papers 111/12/34. 53. A. E. Montgomery, 'Lloyd George and the Greek Question, 1918-22', in

A. J. P. Taylor (ed.), Lloyd George: Twelve Essays (London, 1971), p. 284.

6 THE ARAB MIDDLE EAST

1. J. Darwin, Britain, Egypt and the Middle East: Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War 1918-1922 (London, 1981), pp. 143-69.

2. See, for example, I. Friedman, 'The MacMahon-Hussein Correspondence and the Question of Palestine', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 5, No. 2, 1970, pp. 83-122; and E. Kedourie, In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The MacMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpretations 1914-1939 (Cambridge, 1976).

3. Diary of 9th Duke of Devonshire, 27 March 1923, Chatsworth MSS. 4. J. Darwin, op. cit., p. 143. 5. Memorandum by the petroleum department, Foreign Office, December

1918, L/P&S/l 1/151, paper 2120. 6. B. Wasserstein, The British in Palestine: The Mandatory Government

and the Arab-Jewish Conflict 1917-1929 (London, 1978), pp. 10-14. 7. See, for example, Sutherland to Lloyd George, 9 July 1920, cited M.

Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. IV, pp. 402-3. 8. War Cabinet memorandum by Curzon, 26 October 1917, Curzon papers

MSS.Eur.F.l 12/266. 9. B. Wasserstein, op. cit., pp. 2ff.

10. Long-Berenger oil agreement, introductory note, DBFP, vol. IV, (Lon­don, 1952), p. 1089.

Notes 211

11. Admiralty memorandum to Foreign Office, 22 January 1919, 12790, F0368/ 2095.

12. Lloyd George to Clemenceau, 12 June 1919, Lloyd George papers, F/12/ I/25(a).

13. See G. H. Bennett, 'Britain's Relations with France after Versailles: The Problem of Tangier 1919-23', European History Quarterly, vol. 24, No. 1, 1994, pp. 53-84.

14. Curzon to Grahame (Paris), 28 July 1920, DBFP, vol. XIII (London, 1963), pp. 320-2.

15. Minute by H. W. Young, 23 July 1920, E8761/2/44, FO371/5037. 16. Cabinet conclusions, 23 March 1920, CAB23/20. 17. Conclusions of a Conference of Ministers, 23 January 1920, ibid. 18. Speech by Curzon, 10 February 1920, PD(L), vol. 39, col. 30. 19. Speech by Asquith, 25 March 1920, PD(C), vol. 127, cols 644-5. 20. Speech by Lloyd George, 25 March 1920, ibid., col. 662. 21. The Times, 27 March 1920. 22. Manchester Guardian, 19 July 1920. 23. The Times, 1 August 1920. 24. Assistant Secretary to the Secretary of State for War to Chief of the Air

Staff, 19 February 1920, Trenchard papers 76/1/36. See also D. E. Omissi, Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force 1919-1939 (Man­chester, 1990), particularly pp. 18-38.

25. Winterton, Guinness and Ormsby-Gore to Harry St John Philby, 21 May 1920, enclosing petition, Harry St John Philby papers box V, file 3; reproduced as Cabinet memorandum, 26 May 1920, C.P.I372, CAB24/ 106.

26. See C.P.I320, by Churchill, 1 May 1920, CAB24/106; C.P. 1402, by Montagu, 2 June, ibid.; C.P.1434, by Curzon, 8 June, CAB24/107; and C.P.1512, by Milner, 17 June, CAB24/108.

27. Memorandum by Curzon, 16 August 1920, C.P.1777, CAB24/110. 28. Conclusions of a Conference of Ministers, 1 December 1920, CAB23/

23. 29. Montagu to Cox, 1 December 1920, L/P&S/l 1/172, paper 3795. 30. Montagu to Churchill, 6 December 1920, Davidson papers DAV.l 19/759. 31. Speech by W. Ormsby-Gore, 15 December 1920, PD(C), vol. 136, col.

572. 32. Anglo-French convention of 23 December 1920, El6081/4164/44, F0371/

6376. 33. M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. IV, pp. 526-7. 34. Telegram from Wilson, 31 July 1920, No. 9249, in Cabinet memoran­

dum by Montagu, 2 August 1920, C.P.1723, CAB24/110. 35. Report on Middle East Conference held in Cairo and Jerusalem, 12-30

March 1921, C.P.2866, CAB24/122. 36. Cabinet conclusions, 22 March 1921, CAB23/24. 37. Cox to Churchill, 1 July 1921, No. 250, CO730/3. 38. Cabinet conclusions, 5 October 1922, CAB23/31. See also Cox to Churchill,

10 October 1922, No. 719, reproduced as C.P.4274, CAB24/139. 39. Cabinet conclusions, 17 August 1921, CAB23/26. 40. Speech by Sydenham, 14 February 1922, PD(L), vol. 49, cols 145-6.

212 Notes

41. Speech by Islington, 21 June 1922, ibid., vol. 50, col. 994. 42. Minute by Forbes Adam, 5 May 1921, E5173/382/93, FO371/6360. 43. Churchill to Lloyd George, 9 June 1921, in Lord Beaverbrook, The De­

cline and Fall of Lloyd George (London, 1963), p. 252. 44. Lloyd George to Churchill, 11 June 1921, ibid., p. 254. 45. Churchill to Hankey, 20 June 1921, in C.P.3077, CAB24/125. 46. Cabinet memorandum by Churchill, 13 March 1922, C.P.3832, CAB24/

134. 47. Comparison of forces in Mesopotamia between 1920 and 1925, Trenchard

papers 76/1/36. 48. Fisher diary, 9 February 1922, MS. Fisher 18. 49. Peel to Reading, 13 December 1922, Reading papers MSS.Eur.F.238/5. 50. Derby to Devonshire, 8 December 1922, WO 137/12. 51. McNeill to Curzon, 29 November 1922, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/

286. 52. Note by Trenchard, 9 November 1922, C.P.4300, CAB24/139. 53. Shuckburgh to Curzon, 15 November 1922, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/

294. 54. Cabinet conclusions, 16 November 1922, CAB23/32. 55. McNeill to Curzon, 29 November 1922, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/

286. 56. Amery to Curzon, 8 December 1922, ibid., MSS.Eur.F.l 12/295. 57. Amery to Curzon, 13 December 1922, ibid., MSS.Eur.F.l 12/286. 58. Bonar Law to Curzon, 8 January 1923, Bonar Law Papers 111/12/57. 59. Neville Chamberlain diary, 28 March 1923, Neville Chamberlain papers

NC2/21. 60. Cabinet conclusions, 26 April 1923, CAB23/45. 61. Report of the Committee on Palestine, 27 July 1923, C.P.351(23), CAB24/

161.

7 PERSIA AND THE PERSIAN PROBLEM

1. Memorandum by Curzon, 9 August 1919, 114911/150/34, F0371/3862. 2. Ibid. 3. Cox to Viceroy, 17 January 1920, P.25, Chelmsford papers MSS.Eur.E.264/

16. 4. Viceroy to Montagu, 2 February 1920, N.1282, C.P.575, CAB24/97. 5. Cox to Viceroy, 21 February 1920, P.83, Chelmsford papers MSS.Eur.E.264/

16. 6. Montagu to Curzon, 14 April 1920, Montagu papers AS 1/12/121; & Curzon

to Montagu, 14 April 1920, ibid., AS1/12/120. 7. For evidence of this see Norman to Curzon, 18 June 1920, No. 39, 204772,

F0371/3873. 8. Curzon to Bonar Law, 30 June 1920, Bonar Law papers 99/2/16. 9. Curzon to Norman, 31 July 1920, No. 401, C2785/82/34, FO371/4908.

10. Cabinet Finance Committee conclusions, 12 August 1920, CAB23/22. 11. Minute by Hardinge, n.d., approximately 18-19 September 1920, C6676/

56/34, F0371/4905.

Notes 213

12. Curzon to Norman, 5 November 1920, DBFP, vol. XIII, pp. 632-3. 13. The Times, 2 November 1920. 14. Viceroy to Montagu, 6 December 1920, C13549/82/34, FO371/4910. 15. Cabinet conclusions, 4 January 1921, CAB23/24. 16. Memorandum by Lord Lee of Fareham, 26 July 1921, C.P.3165, CAB24/

126. 17. Viceroy to Montagu, 22 January 1921, P.509, El 196/2/34, FO371/6400. 18. Minute by R. Lindsay, 6 June 1921, E6361/76/34, F0371/6414. 19. Minute by Curzon, 29 July 1921, E8788/76/34, F0371/6415. 20. For example, see Curzon to Bridgeman, 10 December 1921, No. 473,

El3225/76/34, T160 469 Fl0207/2. 21. Minute by Crowe, 21 December 1921, E14278/76/34, F0371/6419. 22. Curzon to Loraine, 30 May 1922, in G. Waterfield, Professional Diplo­

mat: Sir Percy Loraine of Kirkharle Bt. 1880-1961 (London, 1973), p. 63. 23. Balfour to Loraine, 25 July 1922, No. 273, E7030/7/34, F0371/7817. 24. Loraine to Curzon, 31 January 1922, No. 62, E3074/6/34, FO371/7804. 25. Minute by Oliphant, 1 June 1922, E5585/7/34, F0371/7816. 26. Loraine to Curzon, 11 December 1922, No. 719, El 110/77/34, F0371/

9024. 27. Minute by Curzon, 25 June 1923, E6353/77/34, ibid.

8 IMPERIAL SECURITY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

1. Minute by Crowe, 26 October 1921, Wl 1338/2263/36, FO371/7108. 2. Minute by G. Villiers, 28 September 1923, W7602/623/41, FO371/9490. 3. See G. H. Bennett, 'Britain's Relations with France after Versailles: The

Problem of Tangier 1919-23', European History Quarterly, vol. 24, No. 1, 1994, pp. 53-84.

4. CID paper No. 256B, note by the General Staff, 12 August 1920, Curzon Papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/238.

5. Hardinge to Curzon, 11 April 1922, No. 917, W3186/197/28, F0371/ 8344.

6. Minute by Curzon, 13 April 1922, W3186/197/28, F0371/8344. 7. Minute by Crowe, 8 February 1923, W1008/1/28, F0371/9458. 8. Minute by Curzon, 8 February 1923, ibid. 9. Minute by Crowe, 30 June 1923, W5220/1/28, F0371/9459.

10. Air Staff memorandum, February 1921, C.P.2622, CAB24/120. 11. Confidential Memorandum for Lord Allenby's Guidance, enclosed in Curzon

to Allenby, 15 October 1919, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/208A. 12. Editorial, Manchester Guardian, 26 November 1919. 13. Allenby to Curzon, 17 November 1919, No. 1594, 152819, FO371/3720. 14. Milner recorded his conversations with Egyptian politicians in diary form,

Milner papers, MS. Milner dep.448. 15. Reproduced from Al Misr, 3 January 1920, Allenby papers 7/3/7. 16. Milner to Lloyd George, enclosed in Allenby to Curzon, 19 February

1920, No. 150, FO800/153. 17. Memorandum on the Future of Egypt by Loder and Murray, 23 January

1920, 173083, F0371/3722.

214 Notes

18. Hardinge to Sir Valentine Chirol, 12 January 1920. Hardinge papers H.P.42. 19. Milner to Curzon, 10 December 1919, Milner papers, MS. Milner dep.449. 20. 'Report of the Special Mission to Egypt - General Conclusions', 3 March

1920, E12578/6/16, FO371/4980. 21. Record of conversation at the Colonial Office, 21 June 1920, Milner

papers, MS. Milner dep.454/2. 22. Memorandum, 18 August 1920, ibid. 23. Curzon to Milner, 17 August 1920, ibid. 24. Bonar Law to Curzon, 20 August 1920, El0237/6/16, F0371/4979. 25. Prime Minister of Australia to Lloyd George, 18 November 1920, C.P.2158.

CAB24/U5. 26. Cabinet conclusions, 29 December 1920, CAB23/23. 27. Fisher Diary, 29 December 1920, Fisher papers, MS. Fisher 15. 28. Cabinet conclusions, 22 February 1921, CAB23/24. 29. Curzon to Montagu, 1 April 1921, Montagu papers Box 5, AS 1/12/21. 30. Curzon to Hardinge, 21 October 1921, Hardinge papers H.P.44. 31. Kerr to Lloyd George, 28 October 1921, Lloyd George papers F/32/2/9. 32. Editorial, The Times, 29 October 1921, p. 9. 33. Cabinet conclusions, 3 November 1921, CAB23/27. 34. Chamberlain to Curzon, note in Cabinet, 4 November 1921, Curzon papers

MSS.Eur.F.l 12/317. 35. Curzon to Allenby, 19 November 1921, C.P.3505, CAB24/131. 36. Allenby to Curzon, 12 January 1922, No. 18, E467/1/16, FO371/7730. 37. Allenby's telegram was circulated to the Cabinet on 21 January 1922 as

C.P.3643, CAB24/132. 38. Curzon to Allenby, 28 January 1922, giving summary of press release,

El040/1/16, F0371/7730. 39. See memoranda of conversations, 15 February 1922, E1964/1/16 and E1965/

1/16, F0371/7731. 40. Draft declaration to Egypt, 16 February 1922, C.P.3743A, CAB24/133. 41. Minute by Murray, 11 October 1922, E10805/1/16, F0371/7738. 42. Drummond to Tufton, 9 November 1922, E12634/1/16, F0371/7739. 43. See memorandum by Murray, 6 March 1923, with minutes by Crowe

and Curzon, E2512/10/16, F0371/8960. 44. Amery to Baldwin, 29 June 1923, Baldwin papers 114. 45. Foreign Office to War Office, 19 September 1923, E9134/1761/16, F0371/

8983. 46. Derby to Salisbury, 1 October 1923, WO 137/2; and CID minutes, 2 Oc­

tober 1923, CAB2/4. 47. Cabinet conclusions, 15 October 1923, CAB23/46.

9 BRITAIN, THE UNITED STATES AND THE FAR EAST

1. Speech by O'Neill, 4 November 1921, PD(C), vol. 147, cols 2110-11. 2. Admiralty memorandum, 24 October 1919, quoted in memorandum by

Long, 22 November 1920, C.P.2176, CAB24/115. 3. See Curzon to Grey, 9 September 1919, DBFP, vol. V (London, 1954),

pp. 997-1000.

Notes 215

4. Ibid., p. 999. 5. Grey to Curzon, 4 October 1919, ibid., p. 1003. 6. Speech by Curzon, 23 June 1921, PD(L), vol. 45, col. 786. 7. F. C. Costigliola, 'Anglo-American Financial Rivalry in the 1920s', Journal

of Economic History, vol. 37, 1977. 8. Memorandum to the Cabinet, 6 January 1922, C.P.3637, CAB24/132. 9. Grey to Lloyd George, 17 October 1919, C.P.89, CAB24/92.

10. Grey to Northcliffe, 4 September 1919, in R. Pound, G. Harmsworth, Northcliffe (London, 1959), p. 752.

11. Speech by Geddes, 17 March 1920, in The Times, 18 March 1920. 12. E. Davies, 'Britain in the Far East, 1922-1931: A Study in Foreign and

Defence Policy', unpublished PhD thesis, Birmingham, 1973, p. 15. 13. Speech by Hoare, 17 June 1921, PD(C), vol. 143, col. 792. 14. Admiralty memorandum, 31 October 1919, C.P.54, CAB24/92. 15. Memorandum by Wellesley, 1 June 1920, DBFP, vol. XIV (London, 1966),

p. 33; see pp. 32-6 for full text. 16. Memorandum by Wellesley, 1 September 1920, ibid., pp. 106-13. 17. Geddes to Curzon, 3 December 1920, ibid., p. 188; see pp. 187-9 for

full text. 18. Cabinet conclusions, 18 February 1921, CAB23/24. 19. Ibid. 20. Memorandum by Lampson, 8 April 1921, DBFP, vol. XIV, pp. 271-6. 21. Cabinet conclusions, 30 May 1921, CAB23/25. 22. Speech by Lloyd George at the Imperial Conference on 20 June 1921, in

The Times, 21 June 1921. 23. Curzon to Geddes, 9 July 1921, giving account of conversation with US

ambassador on 5 July 1921, No. 416, F2461/63/23, F0371/6675. 24. Curzon to Geddes, 14 July 1921, No. 942, A5169/18/45, F0371/5617. 25. Speech by Hughes, 12 November 1921, in US Congress (Senate), Con­

ference on the Limitation of Armament, Senate document 126, 2nd Ses­sion, 67th Congress (Washington, 1922), p. 46.

26. Balfour to Lloyd George, 11 November 1921, DBFP, vol. XIV, p. 467. 27. Speech by Curzon, 7 February 1922, PD(L), vol. 49, col. 22. 28. Speech by Ashley, 24 March 1922, PD(C), vol. 152, col. 842. 29. Memorandum by Curzon, 17 April 1920, C.P.1093, CAB24/103. 30. Memorandum by Churchill, 23 April 1920, C.P.I 156, CAB24/104. 31. The Times, 8 February 1921. 32. Cabinet conclusions, 10 May 1921, CAB23/25. 33. F. Owen, Tempestuous Journey: Lloyd George, His Life and Times (London,

1954), pp. 629-30. 34. Cabinet conclusions, 15 January 1923, CAB23/45. 35. Derby diary, 30 January 1923, Derby papers 920/DER(17)/29/l. 36. Diary of 9th Duke of Devonshire, 31 January 1923, Chatsworth MSS.

10 CONCLUSION: AIMS - CONSTRAINTS - CRITICISMS

1. Speech by Cecil, 3 April 1922, PD(C), vol. 152, col. 1951. 2. Speech by Herbert, 12 February 1920, ibid., vol. 125, col. 347.

216 Notes

3. Speech by Wolmer, 5 April 1922, ibid., vol. 152, col. 2376. 4. Speech by Mosley, 13 March 1923, ibid., vol. 161, col. 1360. 5. Speech by Salisbury, 27 March 1923, PD(L), vol. 53, col. 667. 6. Speech by Shaw, 16 January 1924, PD(C), vol. 169, col. 157. 7. See F. S. Northedge, op. cit., pp. 617ff; and P. A. Reynolds, British

Foreign Policy in the Inter-War Years (London, 1954), p. 167. 8. Lord Beaverbrook, Politicians and the War 1914-1916 (London, 1928);

Men and Power 1917-1918 (London, 1956); The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George (London, 1963).

9. D. Gilmour, Curzon (London, 1994), p. xii. 10. W. S. Churchill, Great Contemporaries (London, 1941), pp. 242-3. 11. Lord Hardinge, Old Diplomacy: The Reminiscences of Lord Hardinge of

Penshurst (London, 1947), p. 275. 12. Draft letter of resignation, 14 October 1922, Curzon papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/

319; and Earl of Ronaldshay, op. cit., vol. Ill, pp. 316-17. 13. H. Nicolson, op. cit., pp. 60-1. 14. N. Goradia, Lord Curzon: The Last of the British Moghuls (Delhi, 1993),

pp. 33ff. 15. K. Middlemas, J. Barnes, Baldwin: A Biography (London, 1969), p. 178. 16. Ibid., p. 179. 17. R. Lamb, The Drift to War 1922-1939 (London, 1989), p. 12. 18. Curzon to Bonar Law, 9 November 1922, Bonar Law papers 111/12/33. 19. Curzon to Bonar Law, 25 April 1923, ibid., 112/15/2. 20. K. Middlemas, J. Barnes, op. cit., p. 179. 21. E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution 1917-1923, vol. Ill (London, 1966),

p. 344. 22. D. Gilmour, op. cit., p. 513. 23. See A. J. Sharp, 'The Foreign Office in Eclipse, 1919-22', History, vol.

61, 1976. 24. K. O. Morgan, Consensus and Disunity: The Lloyd George Coalition

Government 1918-1922 (Oxford, 1979), p. 114. 25. Ibid. 26. J. A. Jacobsen, 'Is there a New International History of the 1920s?',

American Historical Review, vol. 88, 1983, pp. 617-45. 27. Speech by Wilson, 18 May 1920 (approx.), quoted in a speech by Sir

Donald Maclean, 20 May 1920, PD(C), vol. 129, col. 1659. 28. Speech by Curzon, 16 November 1920, PD(L), vol. 42, cols 278-9. See

also speech by Lloyd George, 21 July 1920, PD(C), vol. 132, cols 477-95. 29. Speech by Bonar Law, 13 February 1923, ibid., vol. 160, col. 37. 30. Montagu to Balfour, 28 December 1918, FO800/215. 31. M. Cowling, The Impact of Labour, 1920-1924 (Cambridge, 1971), p. 242. 32. Curzon's speech at the London Conservative and Unionist Association,

8 November 1922, The Times, 9 November 1922. 33. C. J. Bartlett, British Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century (London,

1989), p. 30. 34. Speech by Salisbury, 23 November 1922, PD(L), vol. 52, col. 26. 35. Speech by Morel, 14 December 1922, PD(C), vol. 159, col. 3254. 36. Curzon's speech at the London Conservative and Unionist Association,

8 November 1922, The Times, 9 November 1922.

Notes 217

37. Speech by Baldwin, 21 January 1924, PD(C), vol. 169, col. 630. 38. W. N. Medlicott, British Foreign Policy since Versailles (London, 2nd

edition, 1968), p. 44. 39. H. Nicolson, op. cit., p. 157. 40. Speech by G.A. Spencer, 16 August 1920, PD(C), vol. 133, col. 732. 41. Curzon's speech to the Imperial Conference, 5 October 1923, Curzon

papers MSS.Eur.F.l 12/312. 42. Speech by Balfour, 12 February 1920, PD(C), vol. 125, cols 310-11. 43. Speech by Birkenhead, 11 July 1923, PD(L), vol. 54, col. 962. 44. Manchester Guardian, 25 October 1919. 45. Speech by Grey, 21 March 1923, PD(L), vol. 53, col. 501. 46. Speech by Chamberlain, 8 February 1922, PD(C), vol. 150, col. 195.

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Index Aaland Islands, 50-1, 54, 58 Abdullah, Emir of Transjordan,

110, 112, 113 Abyssinia, 52 Adamson, William, MP, 61 Aden, 107 Adly Pasha, Egyptian Prime

Minister, 147, 149-53 Admiralty, 52, 102, 118, 129, 156,

161, 167, 168, 169 Adriatic Sea, 42, 51-2 Aegean Sea, 81 Afghanistan, 64, 67, 73, 82, 122,

189, 195 Air Ministry, 118 Albania, 44, 51, 52 Aleppo, 103 Alexander, King of the Hellenes, 81 Alexandria, 149, 152, 157 Algeciras, Act of (1906), 139 Allenby, Field Marshal 1st

Viscount, High Commissioner for Egypt (1919-25), 99, 144, 146-9, 151-8

Allenstein plebiscite, 54 Alsace-Lorraine, 14, 26, 42, 43 Alston, Sir Beilby Francis, Minister

to China, 167 Ambassadors, Conference of, see

Conference of Ambassadors Amery, Leopold C. M. S., MP, 4,

111, 160 First Lord of the Admiralty

(1922-24), 118-19, 156 Amritsar massacre, 6, 189 Anatolia, 76-80, 82-5, 92-4, 96 Anglo-Belgian Security Pact,

proposed, 17-18, 24 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, proposed,

146-7 Anglo-French Entente, fluctuations

in, 9, 10, 12-14, 16, 17-18, 19-24, 28, 30-1, 33-4, 37-9, 50, 58, 71, 76, 79, 82-6,

88-91, 94, 95-6, 101-4, 110, 115, 117, 120, 140-2, 164, 166, 170, 175, 176-8, 182, 183, 189, 198, 200-1

Anglo-French Guarantee Pact, proposed, 13-14, 17-18, 20-4, 26-9, 49, 67, 139-40, 142, 163, 182, 201

Anglo-Iraq Treaty (1922), 113, 116, 118-20

Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921), 154, 165 Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902), 6,

41, 156, 166-71, 174, 178, 183, 186, 196

Anglo-Persian Agreement (1919), 1, 123-9, 134, 164, 186, 193

Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 116, 122, 124, 127-30, 164

Anglo-Russian Trade Agreement (1921), 65, 67-75, 130, 176, 194

Anglo-Saudi Treaty (1915), 99 Anglo-Turkish Treaty (1926), 119 Ankara, 81, 82 Arabia, 98-9, 107, 109, 121, 193,

see also individual states Arabian Sea, 186 Arabs, 6, 77-8, 92, 95-7, 99-106,

110-14, 116, 120-1, 134, 150, 193

Armenia, 64-5, 75, 77, 80, 92 Army, British, 5-6, 35, 36, 40, 42,

44, 46, 54, 61, 64-5, 76, 79, 80-1, 85-8, 90, 93, 95, 97-8, 101-3, 105-12, 116-18, 121, 122, 125-31, 134-5, 143, 146, 149-52, 155-8, 183-4, 186, 194-5, 197, 199, 200

Ashley, Lt-Col Wilfrid William, MP, 170

Asia, 60-1, 63-5, 69-70, 73-5, 82, 97, 109, 122, 136, 158, 185-6, 189, 194, see also individual states

229

230 Index

Asquith, Herbert Henry, MP, x, 4, 105, see also Liberal Party

Athens, 85, 93 Atlantic Ocean, 136, 138, 161, 174 Australia, 6, 86, 149, 166 Austria, 41, 44, 48, 55-8, 193 Austro-Hungarian Empire

(Habsburg Empire), 2, 13, 41-4, 190, 198, 200

Azerbaijan, 64-5, 75

Baghdad, 97, 105, 111, 129 Baku, 64, 67-8 Baldwin, Stanley, MP,

Chancellor of the Exchequer (1922-23), 33, 174

Prime Minister (1923-24), 3, 36, 37-8, 40, 62, 94, 120, 156, 177-8, 180-1, 188, 192, 197, 200

Prime Minister (1924-29), 201 Balfour, Arthur James, MP (1st Earl

of Balfour, 1922) Foreign Secretary (1916-19), 1,

3, 4, 5 Lord President of the Council

(1919-22), 27 on Austrian loan, 55-6 Balfour Declaration on

Palestine, 96, 99-100, 113-14, 120

Balfour note on inter-Allied debts (1922), 30, 173

on Britain's financial problems, 192

& Egypt, 144 temporary Foreign Secretary

(1922), 28-9 on League of Nations, 10, 54 on trade with Russia, 69 & Tangier, 140 anti-Turkish views, 78-9, 93 & USA, 161 at Washington Conference

(1921-22), 169-70, 186 Balkans, 41-2, 49, 54, 57-8, 86,

see also individual states Baltic Sea, 42, 45-6, 195 Baltic States, 41-2, 45-6, 185

Banks, Sir Reginald Mitchell, MP, 73 Bartlett, C. J., 187 Basra, 97, 98, 105-6, 109, 117 Batum, 64-6, 126 Beatty, Admiral of the Fleet Earl,

First Sea Lord (1919-27), 46 Beaverbrook, Lord, 178-80 Bekaa Valley, 103 Belgium, 12, 14, 17-18, 19, 24,

32-3, 36-7, 91, 177 Benn, William Wedgwood, MP, 84 Bentinck, Charles Henry, Counsellor

at Athens (1920-24), 85 Berlin, 31, 45, 197 Bessarabia, 48 Birkenhead, 1st Earl of, Lord

Chancellor (1919-22), 71, 89, 94, 194

Black Sea, 92 Blackett, Sir Basil, 55 blockade, 45, 53, 66, 161, 175 Board of Trade, 80, 172 Bolshevik propaganda, 61, 62, 64,

66-74, 130, 132, 194 Bolshevism, concern about, 8, 15,

16, 17, 21, 41, 45, 47-8, 56, 57, 60-1, 63-4, 74, 114, 126, 130-1, 135, 137, 183, 185, 189, 198, 199, see also Russia

Bombay, 79 Bonar Law, Andrew, see Law,

Andrew Bonar Borden, Sir Robert, former

Canadian Prime Minister, 168 Boulogne Conference (1920), 17 Brezhnev, Leonid Uyitch, 73 Briand, Aristide, French Prime

Minister, 22-6, 28, 39, 84, 139-40, 182

Britain, see Great Britain Brussels Conference (1920), 17;

(1921), 18-19 Bulgaria, 41, 42, 48, 58 Burgenland plebiscite, 54 Burma, 122, 185 Burmah Oil Co., 164

Cabinet Finance Committee, 108, 109, 125, 127, 128

Index 231

Cabinet meetings, 15-16, 17, 19, 20-1, 24, 26, 29-30, 34, 36, 37, 45, 47, 49, 55-6, 57, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72-4, 79-80, 82, 85-8, 91, 105, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 120, 126, 128, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 168, 169, 172-3, 174

Cabinet Secretariat, 4, 179-80 Cairo, 110, 143-4, 146, 149, 152,

155-8 Cairo Conference (1921), 110-13 Calegeropoulos M., Prime Minister

of Greece, 83 Caliphate, 78-9, 84, 189 Cambridge Liberal Club, 84 Canada, 6, 86, 166, 168-9, 171,

195, 196 Cannes Conference (1922), 22-5,

30, 70, 139, 201 Carlton Club, 89 Carnegie, Hon. Sir Lancelot,

Minister to Portugal, 137 Carr, E. H., 182 Caspian Sea, 65, 125-6 Cavan, Field Marshal 10th Earl of,

CIGS (1922-26), 87 Cave, 1st Viscount, Lord

Chancellor (1922-24), 174 Cecil, Lord Robert, MP, 1, 9-10,

52-4, 176 Central Powers, 15, 41, 42, 43, 55,

58, 60, 62, 97, 197, see also separate states

Chamberlain, Arthur Neville, MP, 33, 38, 90, 120

Chamberlain, Joseph Austen, MP, Chancellor of the Exchequer

(1919-21), 15, 18, 55, 66, 67, 160, 172-3

Lord Privy Seal (1921-22), 21, 27, 70-1, 83, 84, 88, 89, 94, 152, 200

Foreign Secretary (1924-29), 201 Chanak, 85-8, 90, 92, 94, 177, 191,

195, 196 Cheetham, Sir Milne, Minister in

Paris (1921-22), 140

Chelmsford, Lord (Viscount, 1921), Viceroy of India (1916-21), 6, 78-9, 82, 125, 129, 196

China, 166-8, 195 Churchill, Winston Leonard

Spencer, MP, Secretary of State for War & Air

(1918-21), & Baltic States, 45 & Curzon, see Curzon & Egypt, 143, 148-9 on Germany, 16-17, 20-1 & Iraq, 107, 109 & Middle East, 100, 108 & Persia, 125-6, 128-9, 131,

134 & Russia, 60, 62-3, 66, 68-9 & Trans-Caucasia, 64-6 & Turkey, 76, 79, & war criminals, 15

Secretary of State for the Colonies (1921-22), 110-12, 115, 150

on Anglo-French Pact, 17, 20, 21-2

& Cairo Conference (1921), 111-12

& Curzon, see Curzon on debts, inter-Allied, 172 & Egypt, 150-3 & France, 83 & Iraq, 111-12, 115-16 & Japan, 168 & Middle East, 116, 121 & Palestine, 112-14, 115-16 & Russia, 70-2, 74-5 & Transjordan, 112 & Turkey, 83, 85-7, 89-90, 94 & USA, 115

Clemenceau, Georges, French Prime Minister, .8, 13, 101, 102

Cologne, 35 Colonial Office, 108-10, 111-12,

114-16, 118-19, 121, 150 Committee of Imperial Defence

(CID), 120, 138, 156-7, 170 Conferences, international, 9, 13,

18, 29, 32, 168-9, 180, 182, 190, see also individual locations

232 Index

Conference of Ambassadors, 11, 19, 35, 50, 51, 53, 190

Conservative Party, 3, 9, 13, 23, 29, 31-2, 34-5, 61, 64, 70-1, 72, 73, 74, 77, 89, 94, 99, 100, 103-9, 114, 117, 121, 143, 150, 152, 180, 187, 192

Constantine, King of the Hellenes, 81-2, 93

Constantinople, 76, 78, 79-81, 85, 88, 89, 90, 92, 126

Constanza, 49 Copenhagen, 65 cordon sanitaire, 41-3, 46-9, 57-9,

66, 69, 75, 181 Corfu, 52-4, 58, 184 Costigliola, F. C , 164 Councils of Action, 47, 191 Cox, Maj.-Gen. Sir Percy

Zachariah, acting Minister to Persia

(1918-20), 123-5 High Commissioner in Iraq

(1920-23), 108, 113, 116, 120, 129

Crewe, 1st Marquess of, Liberal Leader in House of Lords

(1918-22), 105 Ambassador to France (1922-28),

35, 36-7, 73, 197 Cromer, 2nd Earl of, 145 Crowe, Sir Eyre, Foreign Office

Permanent Under-Secretary, (1920-25), 2, 28, 70, 119, 131, 137, 140, 141, 142, 153, 156

Curzon, George Nathaniel, (Baron, 1898; Earl Curzon of Kedleston, 1911; 1st Marquess, 1922)

early career, x-xi & Viceroyalty, x, 122 Lloyd George's War Cabinet

(1916-18), x-xi Deputy Foreign Secretary (1919),

1, 123 Foreign Secretary, (1919-24), ix,

1, 4, 10-11, 89 & Aaland Islands, 50 & Anglo-French Pact, 21-3,

26-7, 67, 139-40, 142, 182, 201

as author, x, 63, 122, & Baldwin, 3, 38, 94, 180-1 & Balfour, x, 28 & Bonar Law, 3, 31, 89-91,

94, 180-1 & Cannes Conference (1922),

22-3, 201 & Churchill, 20, 64, 66, 69,

70, 109, 111, 115-16, 126, 131, 149-51, 153, 179-80

death, 201 on debts, inter-Allied, 38, 171-2 & the Eastern Committee, 97,

101, 103, 120 & Eastern Europe, 43-4 & Egypt, 143-6, 148-57, 159 & Foreign Office, 1-2 & Franco-Belgian occupation

of the Ruhr, 32, 34-8, 40 & Franco-German problem,

183 & Germany, 21, 183 & Greece, 93 health problems, 28-9, 71, 84 & Imperial Conference (1921),

21; (1923), 38 & imperialism, 63, 67, 75, 101,

103, 119, 123, 143, 145, 159, 160, 182, 183, 186, 189

& Iraq, 105-6, 116-20 & Italy, 52, 53-4, 58 & Japan, 167-9, 183 on League of Nations, 10, 49,

183 & Little Entente, 49 & Lloyd George, 1,3-5, 11,

27-8, 39, 48, 64, 69, 75, 82-3, 89, 93-4, 109-10, 178-84

& Memel, 50 & Middle Eastern Department,

108-9, 114 & Middle East mandates,

115-17, 120 pacific goals, 11, 12, 40, 187 & pacifism, 191

Index 233

& Persia, 1, 122-35, 183, 189 personal qualities, 1-2, 39, 93,

179-80, 197 record as Foreign Secretary,

176-87, 189, 197, 199-201 & reparations, 19, 30, 37 & Russia, 47-8, 60, 62-9, 71-5,

181-3 & Spain and Portugal, 137-8 & Tangier, 139-42, 159, 182 & Turkey, 30-2, 77-87, 89-94,

116-17, 176, 182-3 underlying policy problems,

2-11 & Upper Silesia plebiscite, 19,

183 & USA, 115-16, 130, 162-3,

168-9, 172 & Vilna, 49-50 & war criminals, 15 & Zionism, 99-100

Curzon, Grace, Marchioness, 179 Cyrenaica, 52 Czech Legion, 60 Czechoslovakia, 23, 41-2, 48, 50,

56, 57

D'Abernon, 1st Baron, Ambassador to Germany (1920-26), 15, 21, 31, 47, 197

Daily Herald, 61, 68 Daily Mail, 87 Damascus, 95, 101, 103 Danube Economic Federation,

suggested, 44, 55 Danube, River, 57 Darmstadt, French occupation

(1920), 17 Davidson, John Colin Campbell,

MP, 33, 37 Dawes Plan (1924), 184 debts, inter-Allied, 30, 38-9, 160-1,

171-5, 186, 192, 193-4, 199 Denikin, General Anton I., 60-1,

64, 66, 126 Denmark, 14 Derby, 17th Earl of,

Ambassador to France (1918-20), 20-1, 27, 197

Secretary of State for War (1922-24), 32, 35, 37, 90, 117, 118-20, 157

De Robeck, Admiral Sir John, High Commissioner at Constantinople (1920), 78, 81, 82

Devonshire, 9th Duke of, Colonial Secretary (1922-4), 97, 118, 120, 174

diplomacy, 8-9, 11, 12, 29, 35, 39, 45, 48, 49, 58, 59, 64, 70, 83, 85, 92, 94, 100, 124, 131, 161, 164, 181, 182, 190, 195, 197

disarmament, 16, 22, 23, 42, 56, 162, 166, 169-70

Dobrudja, 48 Dockrill, Michael L. & Goold,

J. Douglas, 43, 92 Dodecanese Islands, 52 Dorpat, Treaties of (1920), 46 Drummond, Sir James Eric,

Sec.-Gen. of League of Nations, 155

Dyer, Brigadier-General Reginald, 6, 189

Eastern Committee, x, 97, 101, 103, 120

Egypt, 6, 12, 52, 76, 87, 96-7, 100, 107, 109, 118, 136, 142-59, 176, 185, 189, 192, 196, 198

Egypt, Sultan of (subsequently King of), 149, 157-8

Eliot, Sir Charles, Ambassador to Japan (1919-26), 167

English Speaking Union, 165 Enzeli, 64, 125-6 Estonia, 46 Europe, see also individual states,

Eastern, 8, 13, 24, 41, 42-5, 48-9, 54-9, 64, 66, 178, 181, 184, 185, 189, 198

Western, 12, 17, 22, 30, 34, 39. 40, 65, 177, 178, 181, 183, 185, 188, 198

Exchequer, see Treasury

Far East, 41, 160, 166-70, see also individual states

234 Index

Feisal Emir, & Syria, 101, 103-4, 110 King of Iraq (1921), 111-13,

116, 118-20 Finland, 41, 46, 50-1 First World War, see World War I Fisher, Herbert A. L., MP,

President of the Board of Education (1916-22), 66-7, 68, 80, 117, 143-4, 148-9, 151

Fiume, 51-2, 164 Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 43, 94 Foreign Office, British, ix, 1-5, 11,

12-13, 15, 19, 20, 28, 38, 43, 58, 62, 65, 66, 72, 75, 77, 79, 81, 89, 98, 99, 103, 107-9, 111, 115, 117, 118, 124-7, 129-34, 137, 139-42, 143, 145, 146, 155-6, 157, 159, 167, 168, 179-81, 188, 189, 193, 194, 197

France, see also Anglo-French Entente; Anglo-French Pact; Reparations; Ruhr,

air force, 29, 31, 198 & Baltic States, 46 & Corfu, 53 & Czechoslovakia, 23 & debts, inter-Allied, 173 & Eastern Europe, 13, 24, 44-5,

48-9, 58 & Germany, 8, 12-14, 16-21,

24-5, 28-9, 38-40, 48-9, 184, 201

hegemony, French aim suspected by Britain, 13, 18, 19, 21, 23, 28-9, 31, 38, 57-8, 94, 139, 176, 183, 188-9, 198, 200

& Iraq, 111-12, 115 & League of Nations, 10, 141 & Little Entente, 48-9, 58 & Long-Berenger Oil Agreement,

102 & Memel, 50 & Poland, 20, 23, 47-8, 58 & Russia, 70 & Spain, 137 & Syria, 95-6, 101-4, 115

& Tangier, 138-42 & Transjordan, 110 & Turkey, 79, 81-8, 90-1, 96,

117 & Vilna, 49-50 & Washington Conference

(1921-22), 23, 169-70 Franklin-Bouillon, Henri, 83, 94 Frankfurt, French occupation

(1920), 17

Gallipoli, 77 Gandhi, Mahatma, 196 'Garden Suburb', see Prime

Minister's Secretariat Geddes, Sir Auckland Campbell,

President of the Board of Trade (1919-20), 172

Ambassador to USA (1920-24), 165, 167-9, 197

Geddes, Sir Eric Campbell, Minister of Transport (1919-21), 149

Genoa Conference (1922), 28-9, 55, 70-2, 74, 140, 185

George, David Lloyd, see Lloyd George, David

George V, King, 21 Georgia, 64-5, 75 Germany, see also Reparations;

Rhineland; Ruhr, & Austria, 57 & Baltic States, 41, 45-6 former colonies, 6, 166, 196 & Czechoslovakia, 42 defeat (1918), 176, 186, 198, 200 & Eastern Europe, 42, 44, 57-9 & Egypt, 155 financial problems, 21-2, 31, 33,

37, 39-40 & Finland, 46 fleet scuttled (1919), 18, 161 & France, 8, 12-14, 16-21, 24-5,

28-9, 38-40, 48-9, 184, 201 & Great Britain, 7, 14-17, 20-1,

33-5, 38, 181-3, 187, 192, 193

& League of Nations, 9 & Poland 47 political stability & disarmament.

Index 235

14-17, 19, 21, 39, 45, 188, 190, 198

& Russia, 16, 29, 41, 60-1, 71, 74 & Upper Silesia, 19-20

Gibraltar, 136, 138, 156 Gilmour, David, 178 Goode, Sir William, 43, 55-6 Goradia, Nayana, 179 Gough, Lt-Gen. Sir Hubert de la

Poer, 66 Government Code and Cypher

School, 68, 83, 91 Graham, Sir Ronald, Minister to the

Netherlands (1919-21), 15, Grand Mufti, 146 Great Britain,

armed forces, see name of service Dominions, self-governing, 6, 18,

20, 25, 86, 136, 158, 166-9, 195-8, see also individual names

Empire, ix, 1, 2, 5-6, 18, 40, 49, 55, 63, 67, 69, 74-5, 78-9, 89. 95, 97-8, 100, 101, 103, 113, 117, 118, 120-1, 122-3, 128, 132, 134, 136, 143-5, 149, 153-4, 158-9, 161, 164, 168, 170, 175, 176, 183, 185-6, 189, 193, 195-8, 200

expenditure, pressure for reduction in, 7, 25, 42, 63, 76, 100, 104-13, 116-17, 119-21, 124-6, 129, 131, 134-5, 137, 146, 150, 167, 170, 186, 192-4, 197, 198

foreign policy, pacific aims of, 2-3, 7, 9, 11, 12, 39, 40, 43, 45, 47, 54, 58, 66, 71, 99, 100, 185-8, 191, 200-1

foreign relations, see individual states and issues

government, see Baldwin, Law, Lloyd George, and Cabinet meetings

government departments, see individual names

League of Nations, attitude to, 9-10, 54, 58, 190

ministers, see individual names

national economy, 7, 15, 18, 25, 63, 68-9, 104, 161, 175, 183, 187, 189, 192-4, 199, 200

overseas trade, 7, 14-15, 39-40, 43, 55, 58, 61-2, 65, 66, 68-70, 75, 98, 138, 164, 166, 175, 176, 187-8, 192-4, 200

Parliament, influence on foreign affairs, 7, 9, 17, 20, 23, 25, 31, 32, 47, 61, 66, 70, 77, 80, 95, 104-7, 108-9, 114, 117, 121, 128, 134-5, 152, 155, 166, 176-7, 187-8, 191-3, 198-9, see also names of political parties & politicians

press, 9, 25, 34, 48, 61, 63, 77, 87, 106, 121, 145, 153-4, 174, 191, see also individual publications

public opinion, influence on foreign affairs, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 20, 27, 34-5, 37-8, 40, 43, 44, 47, 48, 60-1, 63, 66, 68-9, 77, 80, 87, 90, 99, 108, 172, 180, 187, 191-2, 195, 198-9

unemployment, 7, 40, 68-9, 75, 183,' 187-8, 192, 194

Greece, 51, 52-4, 77-8, 80-86, 92-3, 183, 194

Gretton, Colonel John, MP, 87 Grey of Falloden, 1st Viscount,

former Foreign Secretary, 4, 197-8

Special Ambassador to USA (1919-20), 162-3, 165

Guinness, Hon. Walter MP, 108

Habsburg Empire, see Austro-Hungarian Empire

Hackwood, 86 Hague Conferences (1922), 72 Haj (pilgrimage to Mecca), 98 Hama, 95, 103 'Hands off Russia' campaign, 62, 191 Hankey, Sir Maurice, Secretary to

the Cabinet (1916-38), 4, 5, 23, 68, 74, 116

236 Index

Harding, Warren G, US President (1921-23), 163, 169, 172

Hardinge of Penshurst, 1st Baron, Permanent Under-Secretary,

Foreign Office (1916-20), 2, 15-16, 79, 127, 146

Ambassador to France (1920-22), 22, 26, 88, 139-40, 197

memoirs (1947), 179 Harington, Lt-Gen. Sir Charles,

GOC Army of the Black Sea (1920-23), 85-6, 88

Hedjaz, 99, 108, 109 Herbert, Hon. Aubrey, MP, 44, 176 Hindu opinion, 83, 189 Hitler, Adolf, German Chancellor, 12 Hoare, Sir Samuel J. G, MP, 80,

166-7, 192 Secretary of State for Air

(1922-24), 31 Hodgson, Robert Macleod, British

Agent in Russia (1921-24), 72 Holland, see Netherlands Horns, 95, 103 Hong Kong, 167 Home, Sir Robert S., MP,

President of the Board of Trade (1920-21), 67, 69

Chancellor of the Exchequer (1921-22), 21, 71, 173

Howard, Sir Esme W., Ambassador to Spain (1919-24), 137, 139, 142

Hughes, Charles Evans, US Secretary of State (1921-25), 169

Hughes, William Morris, Australian Prime Minister (1915-23), 149

Hungary, 41-4, 48, 56-8 Hurst, Cecil, 145 Hussein, Sherif of Mecca and King

of the Hedjaz, 96, 99, 101, 105, 110, 112, 121

Hythe Conference (1920), 17

Iberian peninsula, 136-7, see also Portugal; Spain

Ibn Saud, Emir of Nejd, 99, 112, 121

Imperial Cabinet, 149, 170 Imperial Conference (1921), 21,

150, 168, 169; (1923), 38, 196 imperialism, 7, 52, 160, 164,

195-6, see also Curzon; Great Britain (Empire)

India, 6, 41, 61, 63-4, 65, 67, 73, 78-80, 82-4, 97, 98, 100, 118, 119, 122-3, 129, 136, 143, 144, 146, 148, 152, 169, 176, 186, 189, 192, 195, 196

India Act, Government of (1935), 196

India Office, 79, 107-8, 124 Indo-Afghan War (1919), 64, 189 Iraq (Mesopotamia), 41, 76, 95,

97-8, 100-13, 115-21, 122, 135, 176, 185-6, 189, 193

Iraq Committee, 118-20 Ireland, 5, 6, 40, 74, 115, 144,

151-2, 154, 156, 160, 162-3, 165-6, 171, 174, 176, 192, 196, 198

Irkutsk, 60 Irwin, 1st Baron, Viceroy of India

(1926-31), 196 Islam, see Muslim opinion Islington, 1st Baron, 114 Ismet Pasha, 91, 176 Ismid Peninsula, 81, 85, 89, 90 Italy, 8, 32, 41, 44-5, 51-4, 58,

76-7, 81-4, 90-1, 115, 137-8, 164, 184

Japan, 6, 9, 41, 143, 156, 160, 166-71, 174, 178, 183, 186, 193, 196

Jerusalem, 111, 112 Jews, see Zionism Jones, Tom, 33 Jordan, River, 110 Joynson-Hicks, Sir William, MP,

114 Jubaland, 52

Karl, ex-King of Hungary & ex-Emperor of Austria, 56

Kawam-es-Sultaneh, Persian Prime Minister, 130-2

Index 237

Kazvin, 126 Keeble, Curtis, Ambassador to

Russia (1978-82), 73 Kemal Pasha, Turkish Nationalist

leader, 76-7, 81-3, 86-8, 92-4, 117, 185, 189

Kennard, Howard William, Counsellor in Rome (1919-25), 53

Kenworthy, Lieutenant-Commander Joseph, MP, 43, 44, 72

Kerensky, Alexander, Russian Prime Minister, 62

Kermanshah, 126 Kerr, Philip Henry, Secretary to

Prime Minister (1916-21), 4-5, 66, 81, 83, 151-2

Keynes, John Maynard, 8, 15, 171 Kiev, 47 Kirkpatrick, Ivone, 2 Kitchener, Field Marshal Earl, x Kolchak, Admiral A. V., 60-1 Krasnovodsk, 64 Krassin, Leonid, leader of Russian

Trade delegation, 64, 67-9, 126

Labour Government (1924), 3, 74, 75, 157-8, 178, 188

Labour Party, 3, 9, 18, 23, 34-5, 47, 61-2, 63, 69, 72, 75, 77, 100, 106-7, 109, 121, 157, 187, 191-2

Lamb, Richard, 180 Latvia, 46 Lausanne Conference (1922-23),

32, 36, 72, 89, 90-3, 118-19, 176, 181

Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 92-4, 184, 199, 200

Law, Andrew Bonar, MP, Lord Privy Seal (1919-21), 43,

126, 148, 160 out of office (1921-22), 88-9, 90 Prime Minister (1922-23), 3,

31-3, 36, 40, 52, 62, 72-3, 89, 90, 91, 94, 111, 117-18, 119, 120, 174, 177-8, 180-1, 185, 188, 192, 197, 200

League of Nations, 6-7, 9-11, 18, 19, 43, 49-51, 52-4, 55-8, 76, 80, 104-6, 113, 115-16, 119-20, 123, 126, 140-1, 155, 162-3, 166-8, 180, 183, 190

League of Nations Union, 27 Lebanon, 101-3 Lee of Fareham, 1st Viscount,

First Lord of the Admiralty (1921-22), 129, 168-9

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyitch, President of Soviet of People's Commissars, 46, 61, 75

Leverhulme, 1st Viscount, 80 Liberal Party,

Asquithian (the 'Wee Frees'), 3, 9, 18, 23, 34-5, 61, 72, 75, 77, 80, 100, 105-7, 109, 121, 187, 191-2

Coalition (Lloyd George), 3, 23, 105, 107, 109, 121, 143, 187, 192

Lithuania, 42, 46, 49-50 Little Entente, 48-9, 58 Litvinov, Maxim, Deputy Commissar

for Foreign Affairs, 67 Lindsay, Ronald, Foreign Office

Under-Secretary (1921-24), 130 Lisbon, 137 Lloyd George, David, MP, Prime

Minister (1916-22), appoints Churchill to Colonial

Office, 110 & Cannes Conference (1922),

22-5, 70, 201 coalition government, x-xi, 3, 9,

12, 23, 31, 70, 86-7, 89, 94, 106-7, 117, 154, 173, 176-8, 181, 184, 192, 197

& Curzon, 1, 3-5, 11, 27-8, 39, 48, 64, 69, 75, 82-3, 89, 93-4, 109-10, 178-84

& Eastern Europe, 43, 181 & Egypt, 143, 148-9, 151-2, 154 foreign policy, aims of, x, 2, 11,

30, 39-40, 71 foreign policy, assessment of,

176-9, 181-5, 188, 197, 200-1

238 Index

foreign policy, indiscreet interventions in, 3-5, 27-8, 81-3, 94, 178-81, 182

& France, 14, 21, 27, 183 & Genoa Conference (1922),

28-9, 70-2, 185 & Germany, 14, 19, 30-1, 70,

181, 182, 183 & Greece and Turkey, 76-9,

81-90, 93-4, 176, 182-3 & Iraq, 105-6 & Japan, 168-9, 183 & Long-Berenger Oil Agreement,

102 & Middle East, 108, 115-16 at Paris Peace Conference, 5, 8,

14, 39, 161-2, 178 personal qualities, 4, 39, 188 & Poland, 43, 47-8, 183 resignation, 31, 89 & Russia, 22, 47-8, 60, 62-4,

65-72, 74-5, 181, 183, 185 & Syria, 101-3 & USA, 115-16, 161, 163, 183 & Zionism, 99

Lloyd-Greame, Sir Philip, MP, Secretary of Overseas Trade

Department (1921-22), 131, 164

President of the Board of Trade (1922-23), 119, 174

Locarno, Treaties of (1925), 40, 184, 201

London, Bishop of, 80 London Conferences: (Feb. 1921),

18-19; (March 1921), 82-3; (Aug. 1922), 30; (Dec. 1922), 32; (1923), 141

London money market, 56-7, 193 London, Treaty of (1915), 76 Long-Berenger Oil Agreement

(1919), 102, 115 Long, Walter Hume, MP, First Lord

of the Admiralty (1919-21), 67, 102

Loraine, Sir Percy, Minister to Persia (1921-26), 132-5

MacDonald, James Ramsay, MP,

Prime Minister (1924), 158, 188

Madrid, 137, 138, 142 Magyars, see Hungary Malay Archipelago, 171 Malone, Lt-Col Cecil L'Estrange,

MP, 61 Manchester Guardian, 61, 63, 66,

106, 145, 196 mandates, 6-7, 95, 101-6, 110,

112-17, 120, 122, 160, 164-5, 178, 185, 193, 196

Manuel, ex-King of Portugal, 137 Marienwerder plebiscite, 54 Maxwell, Sir John, 145 McMahon, Sir Henry, High

Commissioner in Egypt (1914-16), 96, 99

McNeill, Ronald, MP, Under­secretary for Foreign Affairs (1922-24), 72, 117-20, 177

Mecca, 96, 98-9 Medina, 98-9 Mediterranean Sea, 77, 136, 138,

142, 158-9, 185 Medlicott, W. N., 188 Meighen, Arthur, Prime Minister of

Canada (1920-21), 168-9 Mejliss (Persian parliament), 123-4,

126-9 Memel, 50 Merv, 64 Meshed, 64 Mesopotamia, see Iraq Middle East, 8, 39, 76-7, 95-9,

100-13, 115-18, 120-1, 134, 144, 149-50, 160, 162, 163, 164-5, 178, 189, 192, 193, 200, see also individual states and territories

Middle East Conference (1921), see Cairo Conference

Middle Eastern Department, 107-11, 114, 118, 121, 150

Middlemas, Keith, & Barnes, J., 180, 181

Milner, 1st Viscount, Colonial Secretary (1919-21), 15,

60, 79, 108, 109

Index 239

Milner Mission to Egypt (1919-20), 144-9, 153

Milner-Zaghlul Memorandum (1920), 148, 150-1

Minto, 4th Earl of, Viceroy of India (1905-10), 196

Mohammedans, see Muslim opinion Mohammerah, Sheikh of, 133 Montagu, Edwin Samuel, MP,

Secretary of State for India (1917-22), 6, 69, 78-80, 82-4, 99-100, 108-9, 146, 148, 153, 155, 168, 186, 196

Morel, Edmund D., MP, 72, 187 Morgan, Kenneth, 183 Morley, 1st Viscount, Secretary of

State for India (1905-10), 196 Morning Post, 34 Morocco, 12, 138-9 Moscow, 73, 126, 132 Moslems, see Muslim opinion Mosley, Oswald, MP, 177 Mosul, 91, 95, 97, 101, 106, 118-19 Mudania Conference (1922), 88-9 Munich Crisis (1938), 43 Murmansk, 60 Mushir-ed-Dowlah, Persian Prime

Minister, 124-7 Muslim opinion, 78-9, 82-3, 98-100,

129, 140, 152, 183, 189 Mussolini, Benito, Italian Prime

Minister, 52-3, 91 Mustapha Kemal, see Kemal Pasha

Nationalism, 6, 40-1, 52, 77, 83, 86, 92-3, 96, 103, 113, 116, 120, 131-4, 143-7, 150-3, 155-6, 158, 185, 189, 192, 195-6, 199

Near East, 26, 29, 30, 39, 76-7, 79, 82-4, 86-90, 93-4, 140, 155, 163, 177, 182-3, 190

Nejd, 99 Netherlands, 15-16, 169 Neuilly, Treaty of (1919), 42 New Zealand, 6, 86, 166 Nicholas II, ex-Czar of Russia, 61 Nicolson, Harold, ix, 19, 29, 36,

90, 91, 179, 189

Niemayer, Sir Otto, 55 Norman, Herman Cameron, Minister

to Persia (1920-21), 126-9, 131-2, 134

Northcliffe, 1st Viscount, 165 Northedge, F. S., 75 Novar, 1st Viscount, Secretary of

State for Scotland (1922-24), 119

Novorossisk, 61

O'Grady, James, MP, 65 oil, 98-102, 105-6, 115-17, 122-32,

160, 164-5, 171, 185 Oliphant, Lancelot, 133 O'Neill, Major Hugh, MP, 160 Ormsby-Gore, Hon. William, MP,

44, 108, 109, 111, 192 Otranto, Straits of, 51 Ottley, Major, 20 Ottoman Empire, see Turkish

Empire Overseas Trade (Credits and

Insurance) Act (1920), 55

Pacific Ocean, 6, 9, 143, 156, 158, 166-7, 169-71, 193

Palatinate, 38 Palestine, 76, 95-105, 107, 109-10,

112-17, 120-1, 122, 176, 177, 185, 192

Paris, 37, 84, 86, 103, 139, 140-1, 197

Paris Conference (1923), 32-3, 181 Paris Peace Conference (1919-20),

1, 5, 8-9, 11, 13, 14, 39, 41, 43, 44, 47, 51-2, 76-7, 78, 79, 95, 101, 105, 138, 160, 162, 164, 166, 178, 182

Peking, 167 Peel, 2nd Viscount, Secretary of

State for India (1922-24), 119 Peking, 167 Persia, 1, 41, 63-5, 67, 73, 98, 109,

122-35, 160, 164-5, 183-6, 189, 193, 195, 198

Persia, Imperial Bank of, 127-9, 131 Persian Cossack Brigade, 124, 127,

129

240 Index

Persian Gulf, 97-8, 185 Persia, Shah of, 133 plebiscites, 54, 190, see also

specific locations Poincare, Raymond, Prime Minister

of France (1922-24), 25-30, 31-3, 36-8, 53, 70, 84, 86, 88, 94, 140, 173, 181

Poland, 14, 19-20, 23, 41-2, 43, 46, 47-50, 58, 67-9, 74, 178, 183, 184, 185, 191, 195

Polish-Roumanian Treaty (1921), 48 Pollock, Sir Ernest Murray, MP,

Attorney-General (1922), 89 Portugal, 136-7 Prague, 189 Prime Minister's Secretariat

('Garden Suburb'), 4, 66, 179-80, 182

Primo de Rivera, General, Spanish dictator, 137-8, 142

protectionism, 3, 164, 175, 188, 199

Quai D'Orsay (French Foreign Office), 26

Rapallo, Treaties of, Italo-Yugoslav (1920), 52 Russo-German (1922), 29, 71, 74

Reading, 1st Earl of, Viceroy of India (1921-26), 84

Red Sea, 98 Reparations, 14-15, 16, 17, 18-25,

28-37, 39-40, 42, 70, 91, 140, 163, 173, 180, 182, 190, 192

Reza Khan, Persian Prime Minister, 129, 132-4

Rhineland, 13-14, 19, 20, 35-6, 38-9

Riga, 189 Robertson, Malcolm Arnold,

Consul-General, Tangier (1921-25), 141

Rodd, Sir Rennell, 145 Roddie, Lt-Col Stuart, 15 Ronaldshay, Earl of, 179 Roumania, 41, 42, 48, 49, 102 Royal Air Force (RAF), 29, 31,

107, 111-12, 116, 121, 143

Royal Dutch Shell Oil Co., 164 Royal Navy, 6, 35, 42, 45-7, 52,

54, 68, 72, 80, 94, 98, 129, 137, 138, 143, 156, 161-2, 167, 170, 186, 193-5, 198-9

Ruhr, Franco-Belgian occupation of (1923-24), 30, 32-8, 40, 53, 91, 142, 177-8, 181, 184, 188

Rumbold, Sir Horace, High Commissioner at Constantinople (1920-24), 85-6, 88, 92

Russia, see also Bolshevik propaganda; Bolshevism,

Allied intervention in, 2-3, 43, 45, 60-3, 64, 65, 176, 183-4, 194, 198

& Baltic States, 41, 45-6, 185 & Bolshevik government, 8, 13,

60-1, 66 & Eastern Europe, 41-2, 44, 57-9 & League of Nations, 9 Lenin's New Economic Policy, 75 & Middle East, 120 & Germany, 16, 29, 41, 60-1,

71, 74 & Great Britain, 47-8, 60-75,

130, 164, 176, 178, 181-3, 184-5, 187, 191, 192, 194, 198

& Persia, 65, 73, 122, 124-6, 128-32, 134-5, 186

& Poland, 42, 47-8, 58, 67-9, 184, 185, 191, 195

recognition, problem of, 22, 39, 66, 70, 72, 74-5

& Turkey, 76, 90, 96 & USA, 60, 70, 163 & 'war communism', 75

St Germain, Treaty of (1919), 42 St Jean de Maurienne, Treaty of

(1917), 76 Salandra, Antonio, Italian

statesman, 53 Salisbury, 4th Marquess of, Lord

President of the Council (1922-24), 90, 120, 177, 187, 188

Index 241

Samuel, Sir Herbert, High Commissioner for Palestine (1920-25), 112, 113

Sanders, Sir Robert, MP, Minister of Agriculture & Fisheries (1922-24), 72

San Remo Conference (1920), 66, 80, 102, 105, 115, 164

Sarwat Pasha, Egyptian Prime Minister, 153, 158

Scandinavia, 41, 44, 54, 57, see also individual states

Schleswig plebiscite, 54 Second World War, see World War

II self-determination, 20, 42, 51, 77,

96, 143, 165, 190, 195, 196 Serbia, 42, 43 Sevres, Treaty of (1920), 80-3,

85-6, 92-3, 94, 115, 176 Seyyid-Zia-ed-Din, Persian Prime

Minister, 129-30 Shah of Persia, 133 Sharp, A. J., 178, 180 Shaw, Thomas, MP, 177 Shuckburgh, Sir John Evelyn, 118 Siam, see Thailand Siberia, 60 Silesia, Upper, plebiscite in, 19-21,

54, 183, 185 Simon, Sir John, MP, 34 Singapore, 170, 193 Sinn Fein, 152 Siphardar-i-Azam, Persian Prime

Minister, 127-9 Smith, Armitage, financial adviser

to Persia, 124-5, 129 Smuts, General Jan Christian, Prime

Minister of South Africa (1919-24), 33, 34

Smyrna, 76-7, 82-3, 85, 92, 93 Solomon Islands, 69 South Africa, Union of, 33, 34, 86 South China Sea, 171 Southampton, 174 South Persia Rifles, 129 Soviet Union, see Russia Spa Conference (1920), 17 Spain, 136-9, 141-2, 194

Standard Oil Company (US), 116, 124, 130, 164-5

Starosselsky, Colonel, 124 Straits (Dardanelles & Bosphorus),

76, 81, 85-6, 90, 92, 183 submarines, 23-4, 170, 182, 195,

198 successor states, 2, 13, 41-2, 44,

45, 49, 55-6, 59, 189, see also individual states

Sudan, 107, 154, 157-8 Suez Canal, 97-8, 136, 143-4,

149-51, 154, 156-7, 159 Sultan of Egypt, see Egypt, Sultan of Sultan of Turkey, see Turkey,

Sultan of Supreme Council of the Allied

Powers, 10-11, 19, 44, 50, 55-6, 66, 77, 80, 93, 103, 105, 181, 190

Sweden, 50-1 Switzerland, 89 Sydenham, 1st Baron, 114 Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), 76,

95-6, 101-2 Syria, 95-6, 97, 101-4, 110, 111,

115, 189

Tabriz, 126 Tangier, 24, 26, 102, 138-42, 159,

182, 194 Tangier Agreement (1923), 142, 199 Teheran, 64, 123-4, 126, 129-32 Teschen, 42, 50, 185 Thailand (Siam), 12, 122, 185 Thrace, 92 Tibet, 168 Times, The, 44, 67, 80, 88, 90, 106,

128, 152, 165, 172 Tokyo, 143, 167 Trans-Caspia, 41, 60, 122, 186 Trans-Caucasia, 41, 60, 64-7, 75,

122, 186, see also individual states

Transjordan, 110, 112-13 Transylvania, 48 Treasury, 19, 21, 38, 53, 100, 107,

112, 121, 123, 124, 129, 131, 134, 137, 171-3, 180, 182, 193

242 Index

Trenchard, Air-Marshal Sir Hugh, Chief of the Air Staff (1918-29), 107, 112, 118

Trianon, Treaty of (1920), 42, 43, 56

Trotsky, Leon, 62 Turkey, 30-2, 41, 49, 52, 57, 59,

76-94, 96, 101, 111-12, 116-20, 122, 140, 163, 176, 183, 184, 185-6, 189, 190, 194, 195, 200

Turkey, Sultan of, Caliph, 76, 78-81, 93, 94, 185

Turkish Empire, 6, 76-9, 81-3, 92, 93, 95, 97, 100-1, 106, 120, 185, 190, 196

Turkish Petroleum Company, 98, 115-16

Ukraine, 47 Ulster, 162 unemployment, see Great Britain

(Unemployment) Unionist Party, see Conservative

Party Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(USSR), see Russia United States of America (USA),

& the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 6, 166-71, 174, 186, 196

& Canada, 6, 166, 168, 171, 195, 196

Congress, 162, 165 & debts, inter-Allied, 30, 38, 161,

171-4, 175, 186, 192-4 & European relief, 43 & France, unratified Guarantee

Pact to, 13-14, 17, 163 & Fiume, 164 & Great Britain, 115-16, 117,

160-75, 176, 183, 186, 196 & Ireland, 160, 162, 163, 165-6,

171, 174 isolationism, 12, 39, 40, 161,

162, 163, 171 & League of Nations, 9, 162-3 & Middle East, 96, 102, 115-16,

117, 120-1, 160, 162 Navy, 160-2, 166, 170, 183, 186,

198-9

& oi l , 102, 115-16, 117, 130-1, 160, 164-5, 171

overseas trade, 161, 164, 175 & Persia, 130-3, 160 & Poland, 47 & reparations, 36, 38, 163 & Russia, 60, 70, 163 Senate, 13, 160, 162-3 State Department, 115, 130 Treasury, 173 & Turkish peace negotiations, 163 & Washington Conference

(1920-21), 23, 166, 169-71 Washington Treaties (1921),

170-1, 175 & World War I, 160, 161, 175

Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 136

Venizelos, Eleutherios, Greek Prime Minister, 77, 81, 93-4

Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 8, 12, 13-15, 16-17, 30, 42, 45, 71, 76, 93, 94, 160, 162-3, 165, 176, 178, 182, 184, 185, 196

Vienna, 55 Villiers, Gerald Hyde, 137, 141 Vilna, 42, 49-50, 185 Vossugh-ed-Dowlah, Persian Prime

Minister, 123-6

war criminals, 15-16 War Office, 15, 16, 63-4, 76, 81,

88, 90, 107-8, 110, 117-19, 125, 156, 168, 182

Warsaw, 47, 48, 58, 67, 189 Washington, 197 Washington Conference (1921-22),

23, 166, 169-71, 186 Washington Five-Power Naval

Treaty (1922), 170-1, 175 Washington Four-Power Pacific

Pact (1922), 170-1 Wasserstein, Bernard, 100 White, Stephen, 68 Wilhelm II, German Kaiser, 15-16 Williams, Aneurin, MP, 80 Wilson, Lt-Col Arnold Talbot,

Acting Civil Commissioner Persian Gulf, 111

Index 243

Wilson, Field Marshal Sir Henry, Chief of Imperial General Staff (1918-22), 5, 44, 80, 126, 184

Wilson, Woodrow, US President (1913-21), 8-9, 18, 52, 76-7, 143, 160-3, 166, 190, 195

Winchester, 16th Marquess of, 181 Wingate, Sir Reginald, High

Commissioner for Egypt (1917-19), 144

Winterton, 6th Earl, MP, 106, 108, 111, 192

Wolmer, Viscount, MP, 176 World War I (1914-18), ix, 2, 7, 8,

11, 12, 34, 41, 60-1, 77, 81, 92, 95-9, 101, 108, 122, 136, 143, 160-1, 175, 176, 183-4, 185, 188, 189, 190, 191-2, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200-1

World War II (1939-45), 8, 59, 159, 170, 177-8, 197

Worthington-Evans, Sir Laming, Minister without Portfolio

(1920-21), 149 Secretary of State for War

(1921-22), 71, 84-5

Yangtse River, 166 York, Archbishop of, 80 Young, Hubert Winthrop, 103 Yugoslavia, 41-2, 44, 48, 49, 51-2,

56

Zaghlul Pasha (Saad Zaghlul), 143, 147-53, 156-8

Zeligowski, General, 49 Zionism, 96, 99-100, 112, 113-14.

121