abbreviations - link.springer.com978-0-387-34593-2/1.pdf · a system perspective 197 ip ipv4 ipv6...

Abbreviations

3G Third Generation A AS Adaptive Antenna Systems ADC Analog to Digital Converter ADSL Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line AFD Average Fade Duration AGC Automatic Gain Control AP Access Point API Application Program Interface ARCS Astra Return Channel System ARM Advanced RISC Machine (processor) ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise propagation chaimel BCh Broadcast Chaimel BE Best Effort Service BER Bit Error Rate BFWA Broadband Fixed Wireless Access BRAN Broadband Radio Access Networks BS Base Station BTS Base Transceiver System CATV Cable Television (originally Community Antenna Television) CCK Complementary Code Keying CID Connection Identifier CMOS Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor CP Cyclic Prefix CPE Common Phase Error CPE Customer Premises Equipment CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check CSI Channel State Information CT-2 Cordless Telephone 2"'' generation

196 Broadband Fixed Wireless Access

DAC Digital to Analog Converter DAMA Demand Assignment Multiple Access DECT Digital European Cordless Telephony DFE Decision-Feedback Equalizer DFS Dynamic Frequency Selection DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DIUC Downlink Interval Usage Code DL Downlink DLC Data Link Control DMA Direct Memory Access DMT Discrete MultiTone DOCSIS Data over Cable System Interface Specification DSL Digital Subscriber Line DSP Digital Signal Processing DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DVB Digital Video Broadcasting EC Echo Canceling ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institute FCC Federal Commission on Communications FDD Frequency Division Duplex FEC Forward Error Correction FFT Fast Fourier Transform FIFO First-In-First-Out (memory) FIR Finite Impulse Response (Filter) FNC Foreign Noise Contribution FSO Free Space Optics FTP File Transfer Protocol GEO Geostationary Earth Orbit GPRS General Packet Radio Service GSM Global System for Mobile communications( original Groupe

Speciale Mobile) HAP High Altitude Platform HFC Hybrid Fiber Coax HFFD Half Frequency Domain Duplexing HIPERACCESS High-Performance Access HIPERLAN High-Performance Local Area Networks HIPERMAN High-Performance Metropolitan Area Networks HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access HW Hardware ICI Inter Carrier Interference ID Identifier IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IF Intermediate Frequency IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform iid Independent Identically Distributed IL Implementation Loss IMEC Interuniversity MicroElectronics Center IMT International Mobile Telecommunications

A System Perspective 197

IP IPv4 IPv6 ISDN ISI IWT

Kbps LAN LCR LEO LMDS LMMSE LMS LOS LS LSB MAC MACh Mbps MBWA MCBS-CDMA MC-CDMA Mcps MIB MIMO ML MLSE MSB MMSE MT NLOS nRT-pS OECD OFDM OFDMA ONC ONU OSI PA PAPR PC PDF PDU PER PHS PHS PHSF

Internet Protocol Internet Protocol, version 4 Internet Protocol, version 6 Integrated Services Digital Network Inter-Symbol Interference Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders Kilobits per second Local Area Network Level Crossing Rate Low Earth Orbit Local Multipoint Distribution Service Linear Minimum Mean-Squared Error Least Mean Squares Line-of-Sight Least Squares Least Significant Bit Medium Access Control Multiple Access Channel Megabits per second Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Multi-Carrier Block-Spread Code-Division Multiple Access Multi-Carrier Code-Division Multiple Access Megachips per second Management Information Base Multi-Input Multi-Output Maximum likelihood Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation Most Significant Bit Minimum Mean Square Error Mobile Terminal Non-Line-of-Sight Non Real-Time Polling Service Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Own Noise Contribution Optical Network Unit Open System Interconnection Power Amplifier Peak to Average Power Ratio Personal Computer Probability Distribution Function Protocol Data Unit Packet Error Rate Personal Handy-phone System Payload Header Suppression Payload Header Suppression Field


PHSM Payload Header Suppression Mask PHY Physical layer PL Path Loss PLC Power Line Communication PON Passive Optical Network POTS Plain Old Telephone Systems QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QoS Quality of Service QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying RF Radio Frequency RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer RMS Root Mean Square RP Repeater RRC Root Raised Cosine RS Reed-Solomon (block error code) RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator RTOS Real-Time Operating System RT-pS Real-Time Polling Service RX Reception RU Ramp Up SAP Service Access Point SCBS-CDMA Single-Carrier Block-Spread Code-Division Multiple Access SC-CDMA Single-Carrier Code-Division Multiple Access SC Single Carrier SCa Single Carrier (802.16 variant below 11 GHz) SDMA Space-Division Multiple Access SDU Service Data Unit SINR Signal-to-Interference-and-Noise Ratio SIR Signal-to-Interference Ratio SISO Single-Input Smgle-Output SM Spatial Multiplexing SME Small and Medium Enterprise SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio SS Subscriber station STBC Space-Time Block Coding STC Space-Time Coding STTC Space-Time Trellis Coding SUI Stanford University Interim SW Software TCO TotalCost of Ownership TCP Transmission Control Protocol TD-CDMA Time-Division/Code-Division Multiple Access TDD Time Division Duplex TDM Time-Division Multiplex TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TH Tomlinson-Harashima TS Training Symbol


TX Transmission UGS Unsollicited Grant Service UL Uplink UIUC Uplink Interval Usage Code US United States (of America) UW Unique Word VDSL Very high speed Digital Subscriber Line VLAN Virtual Local Area Network VSA Vector Signal Analyzer WCDMA Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access WEP Wireless Equivalent Privacy WiFi Wireless Fidelity WLAN Wireless Local Area Network WLL Wireless Local Loop ZF Zero-Forcing

Variables

a empirical parameter in propagation exponent for BFWA ai real gain of the /* channel tap Ai(t) complex gain of the /* channel tap b wordlength b empirical parameter in propagation exponent for BFWA Baa pointing range of an adaptive antenna Bae beamwidth of an antenna element Bcoh coherence bandwidth of the channel B^p overlap of beamwidth between neighbouring antenna elements BW physical bandwidth c speed of light c empirical parameter in propagation exponent for BFWA c[k] My-dimensional spatial code vector C MjxNp spatial code matrix d distance between transmitter and receiver do reference distance between transmitter and receiver Dcoh coherence distance of the channel EMAC efficiency of the MAC EMAC.O efficiency of the MAC when PER equals 0 E MTX M T error covariance matrix / carrier frequency F FFT matrix fc carrier frequency fo Doppler spread or maximum Doppler shift F, sampling frequency F[n] M J X M T precoding matrix on the n* subcarrier (frequency

domain) G[n] MRXMR decoding matrix on the n* subcarrier (frequency

domain) h CPE antenna height


hb hit) h hLMMSE

hLS

hlVIL

H(f,t)

H(x,t) H,

H[ H;

H[n]

/ K, I Lp L

L MT

Mu n n{t) N

^BV/req

Nc ^CBPS

N, Nf NH

^OFDM

overheadbits

overheadsymboh

N, Nc Np K N' n[n]

BTS antenna height complex channel impulse response channel taps linear minimum mean squared error estimation of channel taps least squares estimation of channel taps maximum likelihood estimation of channel taps channel frequency response at frequency/and observation time t MRXMT M I M O channel impulse response MRXMT complex channel gain of the /* channel tap

MRXMT constant LOS matrix of the /* channel tap

MRXMT complex Gaussian-distributed NLOS matrix of the /"̂

channel tap MRXMT flat fading MIMO channel matrix on the «* subcarrier (frequency domain) In-phase component of a signal Ricean K factor of the /"̂ channel tap tap in a mutipath impulse response. packet size. number of OFDM symbols between every midamble

average communication distance number of transmit antennas number of receive antennas discrete time index noise signal number of nodes (subscriber stations) within one square meter number of antenna elements number of B W request slots number of subcarriers number of coded bits per OFDM symbol length of the cyclic prefix (in samples) effective number of data bits in a frame number of data symbols per frame number of channel taps number of hops to communicate from a subscriber station to a base station number of open connections number of OFDM symbols per frame that are available for data transmission number of overhead bits per frame number of overhead OFDM symbols per frame number of symbols in a pilot block number of active users (of the MAC) number of separations between bursts MR-dimensional received noise vector on the n* subcarrier (frequency domain)


Pif) "fading

Phjiy) PhiQ) PL(d) PLs(d)

r

ri

fp R

^mode

RRX

R{^d)

RiAt) s s

s

s[n]

t t

f hurst

^ coh

Tf ToFDM Q V

W x(n) Xp

y y[n]

power delay profile probability of fading Doppler power spectrum of the /* channel tap Angular power spectrum path loss for a distance d free space path loss for a distance d received signal (time domain)

estimation of the received signal (time domain) received signal distorted by I/Q mismatch (time domain) received signal for the /* OFDM symbol (time domain) received signal for the pilot symbol (time domain) effective data rate per node (subscriber station) physical communication rate for a coinmunication mode

transmit spatial covariance matrix of the /* channel tap

receive spatial covariance matrix of the /* channel tap

spaced-distance correlation function over Ad spaced-frequency correlation function of the channel frequency response over A/ spaced-time correlation function of the /* channel tap over At shadowing term in path loss transmitted data symbol

estimate (at receiver) of transmitted data symbol k* input data symbol Mx-dimensional transmitted symbol vector on the n* subcarrier (frequency domain) transmitted data symbol vector for the OFDM pilot symbol (frequency domain) observation time

frequency-domain transmitted symbol vector

average burst duration

bit duration coherence time of the channel frame duration OFDM symbol duration symbol duration quadrature component of a signal receiver velocity throughput per subscriber station signal (discrete time) transmitted data symbol vector for the OFDM pilot symbol (time domain) received frequency domain symbol vector . MR-dimensional received vector on the n* subcarrier (frequency domain)


yiq received frequency domain symbol vector distorted by I/Q mismatch,

ym mirrored version of the received frequency domain symbol vector.

yp received data symbol vector for the OFDM pilot symbol (frequency domain)

a attenuation coefficient a roll-off factor of root-raised cosine filter a I/Q mismatch distortion coeeficient P minimum signal-to-noise ratio for successful reception P I/Q mismatch distortion coeeficient 5(0 delta function ^d distance separation A/ frequency separation A/c carrier frequency offset

A

A/^ estimation of the earner frequency offset

An discrete time separation (in symbols) AFLy frequency correction term on path loss M'L^ CPE antenna height correction term on path loss A? time separation AT; time separation between burst (' and ;'+1

/STbursts average separation between two consecutive bursts EML Maximum likelihood estimation of symbol timing (j) grazing angle of internal wall Y path loss exponent "k wavelength \i. normalized clipping level V Doppler frequency variable 0 grazing angle of external wall

6 mean arrival angle 9/ phase shift of the /* channel tap p(A?j correlation coefficient for amplitude fading at A/

yC,.,̂ ' spatial correlation between transmit antennas ij and \2 of the /*

channel tap

Pj .̂' spatial correlation between receive antennas j i and J2 of the /*

channel tap Oe rms angle spread T average excess delay of a channel X delay time T; delay of the /* channel tap Xmax maximum excess delay of a channel IKMS RMS delay spread of a channel

Notation

X

X X^ x« X* X-' pinv(X) 11X11 diag(x)

E[x(t)] var[x(t)]

arg max (/((•))

tan''(x)

vector X matrix X transpose of matrix X Hermitian transpose of matrix X complex conjugate of matrix X inverse of matrix X Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse of matrix X Frobenius norm of matrix X square diagonal matrix with the elements of vector x as diagonal Expected value of x(t) variance of x(t) returns ; for which/(O is maximized

inverse tangent of x

Index

3G21

Adaptive Antenna Systems 71, 153 Ad-hoc Network 18 Alamouti's Space-time Block Coding 155 Algorithmic Design 103 Angular Power Spectrum 53 Architectural Design 104 Array Gain 135 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line 4 Auto-Correlation 117, 118 Auto-directing Antenna 165 Automatic Retransmission reQuest 70 Average Excess Delay 37

Beamforming 166 BER Degradation 101 Blind Channel Acquisition 112 Blind Channel Tracking 111 Block Turbo Code 87 Buffer 106 Burst formatting 91

Cable Modem 6 Carrier Frequency Acquisition 118 Carrier Frequency Tracking 119 Channel Acquisition 111 Channel Estimation 111 Channel Impulse Response 36 Channel State Information 151


Channel Tracking 111 Classifier 65 Clipping 121 Clipping Noise 122 Coherence Bandwidth 40 Coherence Distance 55 Coherence Time 41, 50 Common Phase Error 126 Communication Scheduler 174 Complementary Code Keying 20 Congestion Control 170 Connection Identifier 65 Convergence Sublayer 65 Convolutional Code 86 Convolutional Turbo Code 87 Crest Factor 120 Cross-Correlation 116 Cyclic Prefix 108

Data Link Layer 61, 68 Data over Cable System Interface Specification 6 Decision Feedback Equalizer 110 Delay Spread 37 Digital Subscriber Line 4 Direct Conversion Architecture 123 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 20 Discrete MultiTone 5 Diversity Order 135 Doppler Power Spectrum 42 Doppler Spread 42 Dynamic Frequency Selection 73

Echo Cancellation 5 Equal-gain Combining 137

Fast Fading 41, 42 Fiber-to-the-cabinet 8 Fiber-to-the-curb 8 Fiber-to-the-exchange 8 Fiber-to-the-home 8 Flexible Radio Interface 106 Foreign Noise Contribution 126 Forward Error Correction Coding 86 Free Space Optics 8 Free Space Propagation 31 Frequency Division Duplexing 5 Frequency-Domain Equalization 108 Frequency-flat Fading 38, 40 Frequency-selective Fading 38, 40 Front-to-back Attenuation 175


Geostationary Earth Orbit 9

Hardware Accelerator 105 Hardware Architecture 105 High Altitude Platform 10 High Speed Downlink Packet Access 22 HIPERACCESS 24 HIPERMAN 25 Home Gateway 3, 169 Hopping Pilots 96 Hybrid Fiber Coax 6

I/Q Mismatch 124 IEEE802.il Standard 18 IEEE 802.16 Standard 24, 62 IEEE 802.20 Standard 23 IEEE 802.21 Standard 27 Implementation Loss 101 IMT-2000 21 Infrastructure-based Network 18 Integrated Services Digital Network 2 Inter-block-spread CDMA 24 Interference Rejection Gain 136 Interleaver 88 Internet 2 Interworking 170 Intra-block-spread CDMA 24

Joint Linear Preceding and Decoding 150

Latency Degradation 102 Least Squares Estimator 112 Linear Minimum Mean-Squared Error Estimator 113 Linearity 120 Local Multipoint Distribution Service 11 Low Earth Orbit 9

Maximum Excess Delay 37 Maximum Likelihood Estimator 113 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation 147 Maximum-ratio Combining 137 Mean Arrival Angle 53 Medium Access Control 68 Mesh 72 Midamble 96 MIMO Antenna Systems 139 MIMO-OFDM 141 Minimum Mean Square Error Linear Equalizer 147


Minimum Mean Squared Error Preceding 149 Moose Method 118 Multi-Input Multi-Output 20, 51 Multipath Propagation 35

Normalized Clipping Level 121

OFDM Modem 108 OFDM Modulation 90 Optical Fiber 8 Optical Network Unit 8 Optimum Combining 138 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 20, 83 Outdoor-to-indoor Propagation 33 Own Noise Contribution 126

Parametric Channel Estimation 113 Path Loss 30 Path Loss Exponent 32 Pay as you Grow 174 Payload Header Suppression 67 Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio 120 Penetration Loss 34 Phase Noise 126 Phased Array Antenna 166 Physical Layer 79 Pilot-Based Estimation 111 Plain Old Telephone System 4 Power Delay Profile 37 Power Line Communication 10 Preamble 114 Processor 105

Quality-of-service 169 Quantization Noise 122

Radio Filter 127 Radio Front-end 106 Radio Transmitter 92 Rake Receiver 21 Reciprocity 151 Reed-Solomon Block Code 86 Reference Simulation 102 Repeater 174 RMS Angle Spread 53 RMS Delay Spread 38

Satellite 9 Schmidl and Cox Method 117


Scrambler 85 Security Sublayer 73 Selection Diversity 137 Service Flow 66 Shadowing 31 Single-Carrier Modulation 108 Slow Fading 41, 42 Space Division Multiple Access 71, 138, 178 Space-time Block Coding 139, 144 Space-time Coding 142 Space-time Trellis Coding 142 Spatial Correlation 55 Spatial Multiplexing 136, 146, 156 Spectrum 12 Stanford University Interim Models 38 Subchannelization 94 Switched Directive Antenna 167 Symbol Mapping 89 Symbol Timing 115

TD-CDMA21 Throughput Degradation 102 Time Division Multiple Access 68 Time-Domain Equalization 108 Timing Synchronization 116 Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding 149 Total Cost of Ownership 163 Training Symbol 109 Two-step Network 174

Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line 6

WCDMA21 Wireless Hot Spot 169 WirelessMAN-OFDM 82 WirelessMAN-OFDMA 82 WirelessMAN-SC 80 WirelessMAN-SCa 81 Word Lengths 121

Zero-forcing Linear Equalizer 147 Zero-forcing Precoding 148

SIGNALS AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

(continued from page ii)

Chaos-Based Digital Communication Systems Operating Principles, Analysis Methods, and Performance Evalutation F.CM. Lau and C.K. Tse ISBN 3-540-00602-8

Adaptive Signal Processing Application to Real-World Problems J. Benesty and Y. Huang (Eds.) ISBN 3-540-00051-8

Multimedia Information Retrieval and Management Technological Fundamentals and Applications D. Feng, W.C. Siu, and HJ. Zhang (Eds.) ISBN 3-540-00244-8

Structured Cable Systems A.B. Semenov, S.K. Strizhakov,and I.R. Suncheley ISBN 3-540-43000-8

UMTS The Physical Layer of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System A. Springer and R. Weigel ISBN 3-540-42162-9

Advanced Theory of Signal Detection Weak Signal Detection in Generalized Obeservations I. Song, J. Bae, and S.Y. Kim ISBN 3-540-43064-4

Wireless Internet Access over GSMand UMTS M. Tafemer and E. Bonek ISBN 3-540-42551-9

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